Unit1Grammarandusage高一英语学与练（译林版2020选择性）

第2讲选择性必修一Unit1Grammarandusage目标任务目标任务课程标准学习目标围绕人与社会的主题语境，依托语篇，通过一系列英语学习活动，开展英语学科核心素养。1．在语篇中观看、探究语法现象，自主归纳语法规那么，并在新的语境和活动中正确使用语法。2．通过训练与本单元语法相关的练习加强同学的英语运用意识。002预习导学〔一〕课前阅读：本单元的语法是动词不定式作主语和表语：ToinfinitivesassubjectsandpredicativesBelowisablogentryabouteatingoutandeatingathome.Findthesentencesthatusetoinfinitivesassubjectsorpredicatives.〔黄色标注局部〕Notthatlongago,myfirstthoughtatmealtimeswastoeatatarestaurant〔作表语〕.Iwaseagertotrynewrestaurants.Toeatout〔作主语〕wasalsoasocialactivity,allowingmetoenhancetherelationshipwithmyfriends.Ioftenateoutuntillastmonth,whenIcameacrossacookingapp.Thereareavarietyofrecipesintheapptochoosefrom.Theyareuploadedbyusers,andofferdetailedinstructionssothatotherscanfollowthemstepbystep.Mostoftherecipesincludephotosorvideos,whichareveryusefulforbeginners.WhenIpickedapopularrecipeandgaveitatry,Idiscoveredthatitwasnotthatdifficulttomakeasimpleandtastydish〔作真正的主语〕.Inthelastfewweeks,I’vethrownmyselfintohomecooking,fromboilingnoodlesinthepottofryingsteakinthepan.Ihardlyeatoutanymore.Notonlyiscookingathomecheaper,butIcancookexactlywhatIwant.It’shealthiertoo.Nowonderpeoplesaynothingbeatshomecooking!NowIamgoodatcookingacoupleofdishes.Myplanistoinvitemyfriends〔作表语〕overattheweekendtoshowthemmynewfoundskills.Ihopethattheywilllikemycooking!ToinfinitivesassubjectsToeatoutwasalsoasocialactivity,…Toinfinitivesaspredicatives…,myfirstthoughtatmealtimeswastoeatatarestaurant.〔二〕根底梳理1〕动词不定式作主语构成与特点：动词不定式的根本形式为：to＋动词原形〔在某些状况下可以不带to〕。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化在，句中不行作谓语。动词不定式仍保存着动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，并有时态和语态变化。动词不定式具出名词、形容词、副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、〔后置〕定语、宾语补足语和状语。动词不定式的各种时态、语态变化如下:形式语态主动语态被动语态时态一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing/＊完成进行式tohavebeendoing/一般式动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作或状态，与句中谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生，或在之后发生〔表将来〕。当不定式的规律主语是不定式动作的承受者〔即动宾关系〕时，不定式一般要用被动式〔tobedone〕。如：Heseemedtobetired.〔同时〕Weexpecthertoe.〔之后〕〔=Weexpectthatshewille.〕进行式动词不定式的进行式表示不定式动作正在进行，或与谓语的动作同时发生。如：Theyseemedtobetalkingaboutsomethingimportant.“好像正在争论〞完成式假如不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前，就用完成式；假设是在此根底上表示被动含义，就用完成被动式〔tohavebeendone〕。如：HewassaidtohavewrittenanovelabouttheLongMarch.又如：①她说过，她遇见了你，感到很快乐。〔过去见过面〕Shesaidshewashappytohavemetyou.②她说过，她很快乐同你见面。〔将要见面或见面时就感到快乐〕Shesaidshewashappytomeetyou.不定式用法之作主语：如：例1Todothejobwellisnoteasy.要把这项工作做好并不简洁。〔表示详细的状况〕=Itisnoteasy(forus)todothejobwell.例2Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。例3Togiveisbetterthantoreceive.奉献比索取好。①由以上例句可知，动词不定式作主语时，一般表示详细的或一次性动作。作主语的不定式有时态和语态的变化，且谓语动词常用单数。提示许多状况下，作主语的动词不定式都可以用动名词替代，但表示某些详细状况，或表示剧烈的比照，或在某些固定说法中时，通常不用动名词替代，如例2和例3。②不定式或不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语即不定式放在后面，构成以下结构：(1)Itis/was+adj.+(of/forsb.不定式的规律主语)+todo...(2)Itis/was+a/an+名词+(forsb.)+todo...(3)Ittakes/took(sb.)+time/courage/patience/…抽象名词+todo...(4)Itmakes/madesb.+adj.+todo...如：Ittakestenyearstogrowtrees,butahundredyearstorearpeople.[谚]十年树木，百年树人。ItmademerelaxedtoknowthatIhavepassedtheexam.知道我通过了考试，我感到轻松无比。=3\*GB3③反射不定式如：Englishishardtolearn.→TolearnEnglishishard.→ItishardtolearnEnglish.此句为“主系表〞结构+不定式结构构成，不定式tolearn的规律宾语是句子的主语English〔反射到句子主语上〕，此时，不定式：(1)不定式要有及物性〔to+vt.或to+vi.+介〕；(2)用主动形式；(3)不定式后不再跟宾语。2〕动词不定式作表语不定式作表语，可以说明主语的详细内容，还可以表示目的、结果、支配、命令、打算、劝说、意愿等，其主语通常为task,aim,purpose,wish,hope,dream,duty,job,plan,choice,intention,decision,problem等名词，或是what引导的名词性从句。不定式作表语时，主语和表语有时可以调换位置，其意思不变。如：Alawyer’sdutyistoactinthebestinterestofhisclients.律师的职责就是代表客户的最大利益行事。Theimportantthingistosavelives.救人要紧。Mywishistowritegoodbookforchildren.我的愿望是为孩子们写一本好书。Themanseemstobefromthesouth.那人好似来自南方。Ourtaskistobuildthehighway.我们的任务是修建这条大路。〔三〕预习作业1.预习本单元Integratedskills&Extendedreading&Project局部的重点词汇和短语2.熟读这局部消失的文章003探究提升环节一变：单句语法填空1.It’sstandardpracticeforapanylikethisone______asecurityofficer.【答案】toemploy2.Youloseweightforawhile,only____________(gain)backmoreweightwhenyoustopyourweightlossprogram.【答案】togain3.The15­year­oldfromOaklandhasfascinatedaudiencesintheU．S.andChinawithhisability____________(sing)pitch­perfectMandarin(一般话)andperformtheancientChineseartform.【答案】tosing4.Wewenttoafastfoodrestaurantfordinnertogether.Myhusbandwenttothecounter____________(order)dishesandIstoodwithmyparents.【答案】toorder5．Whenyoumeetpeoplefromdifferentcultures，itisimportant____________(understand)whatyoucanandcannotdo.【答案】tounderstandWhenmakingacar,theyaskthattheoriginalcarbeshippedtothem____(check)andrepaired.【答案】tobechecked7.ThatmeanteverytimesomeonesentmeatextorIwantedtosendatext,Icouldonlyusethepopulartinypicturecharacters________(respond)toorstartaconversation.【答案】torespond8.Themediahavereportedthatmanymigrantworkersovertheageof50saytheywanttosaveasmuchmoneyastheirbodyallowsthem______(continue)earning.【答案】tocontinueA42yearoldphysicaltherapistfromBerlin,forexample,chosetogotoadentistinBudapest,______(draw)10.______(expand)thebusiness,HaroldChapmanJr.relocatedtheDollHospitalandincludedrepairstoothertoys,leathergoods,umbrellas,etc.【答案】Toexpand11.Someadviserssaythatstudentsneedbettertools,bothincollegesandinhighschools,_____(help)themfigureoutwhatmajorisbestforthem.【答案】tohelp12.ThismakesChinathethirdregion_____(manufacture)largepassengeraircraft,followingtheUS’BoeingpanyandtheEuropeanUnion’sAirbusline.【答案】tomanufacture环节二变：语篇语法填空Haveyoueverconsideredbackpacking?With(61)______spiritofadventureandcuriosityaboutdifferentcultures,moreandmorestudentsinChinaarebackpacking(62)______thecountry.AccordingtotheChinaYouthTravelService,Hainan,Dalian,ZhangjiajieandQingdaowereamongthemostpopularplaces(63)______werevisitedbyyoungChinesebackpackersin2014.Backpackingallowsthetraveleragreatersenseof(64)______(independent).“Icannolongerputupwiththeinstructionsofatouristguide,(65)______Ifeelupsetabout.〞saidHuangYe,(66)______isa19yearoldcollegestudentinBeijing.“Theyarealwaysdrivingyoutoplaces(67)______youdonotwanttogoandtryingtomakeyou(68)______(buy)thingsyoudon’tneed.〞Becauseofthis,Huanglikestobackpackalloverthecountry.ShepreferredanindependenttripthatshetookwithtwofriendstoJiuzhaigouinSichuanProvince,(69)______sceneryattractedthemmost.Inthisway,theyavoided(70)______(visit)theovercrowdedareas.【答案】61.a62.across/around/throughout63.that64.independence65.which66.who67.where68.buy69.whose70.visiting环节三变：单项选择()1.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,______itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake()2.Herwishis_____anengineer.A.beingB.beeC.tobeeD.became()3.Itisnotalwayseasy______invitations.A.torefuseB.refusingC.toberefusedD.beingrefused()4.______(bee)ateacherismydream.【答案】BCAC动词不定式作主语动词不定式作主语动词不定式动词不定式作表语04体系构建可以用Itis+adj+todosth句式改写可以用Itis+adj+todosth句式改写目的、目标、意图、任务、工作、目的、目标、意图、任务、工作、盼望、幻想、责任、方案、选择、打算、问题005记忆清单一、动词不定式作主语1.不定式作主语可以用Itisadj+todosth句式来改写2.不定式作主语会考查到动词适当形式填空和单句语法填空这类题型。3.动词不定式作主语同学可以作为一种句式主动运用在写作当中。二、动词不定式作表语1.动词不定式作表语通常是放在主语是task,aim,purpose,wish,hope,dream,duty,job,plan,choice,intention,decision,problem等名词的后面作它们的表语。2.不定式作表语时，主语和表语有时可以调换位置，其意思不变。00601强化训练一、七选五Continuouslearningbenefitsusinmanyways.Firstofall，itallowstheincreaseinknowledgeandabilityinourcareer.Forexample，watchingsomeoneworkcanmakeusabetterworker.36Forexample，wecanlearnaboutthegeneralworkforceandhowtheapplicationprocessworkstobetterprepareusforjobsearching.Thiscanhelpifforsomereasonyouloseyourjobandneedtofindotherwork.What’smore，continuouslearningcanopenourmind.Havinganopenmindandwillingnesstotakeonnewideascandowonders.Firstofallitbuildsyourattitudetowardschange.37Second，whenyoutakecontinuouslearningintoaccount，youcanbegintounderstandhowothersfeelaboutaparticularissue.38Theyarealwayslookingfornewexperiencesanddodifferentthings.Moreover，theynotonlyhaveknowledgeonvarioustopicsthataren’talwaysrelatedtopresentrolesbutalsoknowaboutthelatesttrendsandtechnologiesintheindustry.Todevelopcontinuouslearning，youhavetobeginwithsettingaclearandspecificgoal.39Onceyourgoalisset，buildasystemtohelpsupportyourstrategy.Youwanttobelookingfordifferentsourcesofinformation，butalsotobepickyaboutit.Inotherwords，trytolearnwithinyourspecificfieldbutensuretheinformationisingfromatrustworthysource.Atthesametime，dousetoolstohelpimproveyourlearningsystem.40Seminars(研讨会)，workshops，andliveclassesarethetoolsthatmodernlearnersneedastheymakelearningeffective.A．Learningcanimproveotherareasinourlives.B．Besides，learningcanprepareusfortheunexpected.C．Ifalwayslearning，youarealwaysimproving.D．Excellentcontinuouslearnersbehaveinaspecificmanner.E．Beingexcitedaboutchangecanaffectothersaroundyoupositively.F．There’revarioustoolstohelpyoupresentinformationandlearning.G．Knowingwhatyouwanttoachievecanencourageyoutokeeplearning.【答案】BEDGF【解析】依据空格下文“Thiscanhelpifforsomereasonyouloseyourjobandneedtofindotherwork.〞可推断，学习可以让我们为意外做预备，应选B项。空格前文提到“itbuildsyourattitudetowardschange〞，E项中的“change〞和前文相照应，应选E项。依据空格后文可知，他们总是在查找新的体验，做不同的事情。此外，他们不仅了解与当前职责不相关的各种主题，还了解行业的最新趋势和技术。这句话照应了D项“Excellentcontinuouslearnersbehaveinaspecificmanner.〞“They〞指代D项中的“Excellentcontinuouslearners〞，应选D项。依据空格前一句“Todevelopcontinuouslearning，youhavetobeginwithsettingaclearandspecificgoal.〞可知，知道自己想要到达什么目标，可以促动你不断学习，应选G项。依据空格后一句“Seminars(研讨会)，workshops，andliveclassesarethetoolsthatmodernlearnersneedastheymakelearningeffective.〞可知F项“There’revarioustoolstohelpyoupresentinformationandlearning.〞符合语境，应选F项。二、阅读理解CDoctorssayyouhadbetteruseitbeforeyouloseit.Themoreyousiteachday，themorechanceyouhaveofgettingsick.RichardRosenkranzofKansasStateUniversitywasamongtheresearchers.Hesaidpeoplewhosatforlongperiodswereatgreatriskofgettingdiseaseswhenparedwiththosewhosatless.Hesaidthatwasespeciallytrueforsomechronic(慢性的)diseases.RichardRosenkranzstudiedtherelationshipbetweensittingandchronicdiseasesinmiddle­agedAustralianmen.HeworkedwithresearchersfromtheUniversityofWesternSydney.Theyexaminedthehealthrecordsofmorethan63,000menfromNewSouthWales.Themenwerebetweentheagesof45and65.Themenreportedaboutwhatdiseasestheyhad，ordidnothave.Andtheykeptrecordoftheamountoftimeeachdaythattheysat.Thestudyalsoshowedthatexercisingeverymorningfor30minutesdidnotreducethehealthriskifyouspendthenexteighthourssittingatthedesk.Mr.Rosenkranzsaiditwasimportanttomakesureyouexercise.Buthesaiditwasalsoimportanttofindwaysnottositsomuchduringtheday.Manyjobstodayrequiresittingandworkingatthedeskallday.JamesLevineworksattheMayoClinicintheUnitedSates.Hesuggestsworkingwhilestandingathightablesomeofthetimeinsteadofsittingatadesk.Dr.Levinealsosuggestsstandingwhileusingthetelephoneoreating.Orheadviseswalkingwiththepeopleyouworkwithforanon­footmeeting.Andhenotesthatifyouspendmoretimeonyourfeet，youmayhavemuscleactivitythathelpsburnfatsandsugarsinyourbody.28．Theunderlinedsentenceinthefirstparagraphimpliesthat.A．doctorsshouldtreatallthepatientswellB．doctorsshouldmakeuseofeverymethodC．oneshouldvaluehishealthbeforehelosesitD．oneshoulddependonhimselftokeephealthy29．HowdidRichardRosenkranzmakethestudy?A．Byexaminingsomerecordsandreports.B．Bymakingsomelaboratoryexperiments.C．Bytalkingwiththedoctorsandpatients.D．Bywatchingthemen’sdailyperformance.30．AccordingtoDr.Levine，inordertoavoidtheharmoflong­timesitting，oneshould.A．exercisemoreoftenB．changehisjobC．stayawayfromthedeskD．standorwalkmore31．Wheredoesthistextprobablyefrom?A．Afashionmagazine.B．Ahealthmagazine.C．Abiologytextbook.D．Alifeguide.【答案】CADB【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要说明久坐影响人的健康，建议常常坐着工作的人尽可能多地站立或行走。DTheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB〞inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell­beingamongolderpeople，leadingtothembeingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe，theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin­vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom­madenavigation(导航)tools，nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains，“Formanyolderpeople，particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry，drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence，givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.〞“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.〞DrAmyGuo，theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy，explains，“TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeystresspointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.〞Forexample，mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly，wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.〞32．WhatisthepurposeoftheDriveLAB?A．Toexplorenewmeansoftransport.B．Todesignnewtypesofcars.C．Tofindoutolderdrivers’problems.D．Toteachpeopletrafficrules.33．WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?A．Itkeepsthemindependent.B．Ithelpsthemsavetime.C．Itbuildsuptheirstrength.D．Itcurestheirmentalillnesses.34．Whatdoresearchershopetodoforolderdrivers?A．Improvetheirdrivingskills.B．Developdriver­assisttechnologies.C．Providetipsonrepairingtheircars.D．Organizeregularphysicalcheckups.35．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ANewModelElectricCarB．ASolutiontoTrafficProblemsC．DrivingServicesforEldersD．KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad【答案】CABD【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了英国纽卡斯尔高校的争论团队为保证老年人自行驾车从而生活而进行的帮助驾驶系统的研发。三、完形填空Therearelotsofwaystoraiseawarenessforacause.Usually,the___21___theideais,themoreitgetsnoticed.Andthat’spreciselywhyone___22___Frenchmanhascaughtourattention.BaptisteDubanchetisbikingacrossEurope,surviving___23___ondiscarded(丢弃)food.Thethreemonth,1,900milejourneyfromParistoWarsawisDubanchet’s___24___ofraisingawarenessoffoodwasteinEuropeandthroughouttheworld.Asyoucan___25___,thetripisnopieceofcake.Whilerestaurants___26___tonsoffoodeachyear,muchofitremainsinaccessiblebecauseof___27___garbagecontainers,healthregulations,orbusinesspolicies.Onlyaboutoneintenplaces___28___himfoodthatwouldotherwisebediscarded.Forlegal___29___,mostrestaurantshaveapolicyagainst____30____foodwaste.“Somepeoplehaveeven____31____theirjobsbygivingmefood,〞Dubanchetsaid.What’s____32____interestingistheattitudevariouscitieshavetowardDubanchet’scause.Berlinhasbeenthe____33____whilethemostdifficultwastheCzechtownofPilsen.There,hehadto____34____atsome50differentstoresorrestaurantsbeforefindingfood.The____35____isallthemoreseriouswhenyouconsiderthe____36____exerciserequiredtobikefromFrancetoPoland.“Ihavetogetfood____37____becauseafterallthebikingIamtiredandIneedthe____38____,〞Dubanchetexplained.“Ismy____39____fullorempty?Thatisthemostimportantthing,notwhatIameating.〞Heaimsto____40____hisjourneybymidJuly.Withanyluck,he’llturnafewmoreheadsintheprocess.21.A.clevererB.olderC.strangerD.simpler22.A.garbageeatingB.sportslovingC.foodwastingD.lawbreaking23.A.secretlyB.finallyC.entirelyD.probably24.A.purposeB.wayC.opinionD.dream25.A.observeB.imagineC.suggestD.remember26.A.storeB.cookC.shopforD.throwaway27.A.lockedB.damagedC.connectedD.abandoned28.A.boughtB.offeredC.orderedD.sold29.A.reasonsB.rightsC.feesD.aids30.A.beggingforB.givingawayC.hidingD.causing31.A.didB.keptC.acceptedD.risked32.A.hardlyB.usuallyC.particularlyD.merely33.A.easiestB.nearestC.biggestD.richest34.A.workB.shoutC.askD.jump35.A.petitionB.conversationC.conflictD.challenge36.A.adequateB.rewardingC.demandingD.suitable37.A.againB.aloneC.laterD.fast38.A.spiritB.energyC.timeD.effort39.A.stomachB.handC.pocketD.basket40.A.arrangeB.restartC.reportD.finish【答案】21.C22.A23.C24.B25.B26.D27.A28.B29.A30.B31.D32.C33.A34.C35.D36.C37.D38.B39.A40.D【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲了一位法国人BaptisteDubanchet为了引起人们对铺张食物的重视，骑着自行车穿越欧洲，完全靠丢弃的食物生存的事情。【21题详解】考查形容词辨析。A.cleverer更聪慧的；B.older更老的；C.stranger更惊奇；D.simpler更简洁的。依据常识可知，通常观点越惊奇，它就会越受到关注。应选C。【22题详解】考查形容词辨析。A.garbageeating吃垃圾的；B.sportsloving爱好体育的；C.foodwasting铺张食物的；D.lawbreaking破坏法律的。依据下文可知，这个