英语语法基础知识大全

英语语法基础知识大全英语语法基础知识大全#英语语法基础知识大全英语语法基础知识大全3）先行词表时间时，关系词由关系副词when担任，在从句中作时间状语。例如：Thiswasatatimewhentherewasnoradio,TVorcinema、4）先行词表地方时，关系词由关系副词where担任，在从句中作地点状语。例如：Todaymanyofthemliveinspecialareaswheretheycancontinuetheirwayoflife>5）先行词表原因时（只有reason一词），关系词由关系副词why担任,在从句中作原因状语，先行词在句中常省略。例如：Idonotknow（thereason）whytheyquarreled、注：关系副词when与where有时可用"介词+which”代替,why可用forwhich代替。例如：Thereareoccasionswhenonemustyield、BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn、Isthisthereasonwhyherefusedouroffer?先行词虽然就是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。例如：比较：Thefactorywherehisfatherworkedhasclosed、Thefactorywhich/thatwasbuiltin1978hasclosed、比较：I’llneverforgetthedayswhenwelivedtogether、I'llneverforgetthedays（that）wespentinAustralia、比较：Thereason（why）shewas川wasthatshehadeatenbadmeat、Thereason（that）hegaveforhisabsencewasobviouslyfabricated>2、非限制性定语从句（nonrestrictiveattributiveclause）:在非限制性定语从句中，从句与先行词关系比较松散,用逗号隔开。1）先行词表人时，关系词由关系代词who,whom,whose担任（that不能担任非限制性定语从句得关系词）：⑴在从句中作主语用who例如：MartinLutherKing,Jr、,whowontheNobelPeacePrizein1964,wasanimportantpoliticalleaderintheUSA、⑵作宾语用whom（需置于从句之首）,who例如：Thatman,whom/whoImetyesterday,isafilmdirector>⑶作定语用whose（需置于从句之首）例如：Mybrother,whosearmshadbeenbrokenbythepolice,wasnottakentothehospital、注：关系代词作介词宾语时，可用whom,介词须置于从句之首。例如：ThesepapersbelongtoBernard,withwhomIamsharingaroom、whom常作of属格得宾语。例如：About2,000people,manyofwhomwereEuropeans,workedontheproject、whose也可置于介词之后作of属格宾语中得定语。例如：IdecidedtowriteaboutChaplin,oneofwhosefilmsIhadseenseveralyearsbefore、2）先行词表物时，关系词由关系代词which担任（that不能担任非限制性定语从句得关系词），在从句中作主语或宾语。例如：Thedam,whichisthebiggestintheworld,is3,830meterslong、注：关系代词which在从句中可用作介词宾语,介词可置于从句之首或从句之末;并常用作of属格得宾语。例如：Itwaslikesteppingintoasecretartmuseum,inwhichweweretheonlyvisitors、NorthIslandisfamousforanareaofhotsprings,someofwhichthrowhotwaterhighintotheair、3）先行词表时间时，关系词由关系副词when担任，在从句中作时间状语。例如：Agriculturefirststartedabout10,000yearsago,whenpeoplebegantogrowcropsintherivervalleysoftheNileinEgypt,intheMiddleEastandinIndia、4）先行词表地方时，关系词由关系副词where担任，在从句中作地点状语。例如：HereturnedtoDublin,whereheformedhisownpopgroup、3、判断就是否由that来引导定语从句1）习惯上要用that引导得定语从句（1）当先行词就是指物得all,little,few,much,any,anything,everything,nothing,none,theone时，或先行词被all,little,few,much,any,every,no等修饰时。例如：Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone、Hewilltellyoueverythingthatheheardaboutit、⑵先行词就是序数词或最高级形容词时,或者先行词被序数词（包括last,next）、最高级形容词及theonly,thevery等修饰时。例如：ThisisthefirstfilmthatIhaveseensinceIcamehere、⑶先行词包括人与物时。例如：Theyoftentalkaboutthepeopleandthethingsthattheyareinterestedin、⑷当主句就是以who或which开头得疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。例如:Whichisthehousethatcaughtfirelastnight?Whoistheladythatisplayingthepiano?2)习惯上不用that引导得定语从句⑴在非限制性定语从句中，不以能用that引导。例如:YesterdayImetMary,whoseemedveryexcided、⑵直接在介词后作宾语时,不能用that引导，要用whom,whose或which,且不能省略。例如:Thehouseinwhichweliveisnotlarge、Iknowtheyoungmanwithwhomyoulive、但当介词放在从句得末尾时，可以用that替代which,who替代whom,也可以省略关系代词。例如:Thehouse(which/that)weliveinisnotlarge、Iknowtheman(whom/who/that)youlivewith、⑶当先行词就是指人得all,any,few,one(s),anyone,everyone,those,people,he等时,只能用who。例如:Noneisblindasthosewhowon'tsee、Anyonewhoisoversixteenisallowedin、⑷当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂得短语或从句隔开时。例如：Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited、AnewmasterwilletomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman、4、由what,as引导得定语从句1)what引导得定语从句what作为关系代词时用法很特殊，被瞧作就是先行词与关系代词得结合体。一般情况下被理解为thethingsthat,allthat或somethingthat,在句中充当主语或宾语等名词性成分。它引导从句时,前面不应该再出现先行词。例如：ForW川iams,thoseactivitiesbecamewhathecalls“electronicheroin”...(1)what单独使用，后不接名词，表示物或人例如：Sheisnotwhatsheusedtobe、Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon、(2002)(2)what后接名词--“所有得……，尽可能多得……”例如：Heclaimstobeanexpertinastronomy,butinfactheisquiteignorantonthesubject、Whatlittleheknowsaboutitisoutofdateandinaccurate、(1997)2)关系代词as引导得定语从句as可引导限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句，根本区别在于：前者as只用在一些固定结构如such/thesame/as修饰得先行词后面;而后者没有结构要求。例如:Ascanbeseenfromtheparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition、(1999)定语从句Thehouse weliveisnotbig、inthatwhichinwhichD、thatHetalkedaboutthelecturersandschools hehadvisited、A、that B、whichC、who D、whomThescientisttheteacheristalking isleavingforBeijing、A、tohimB、whomC、 to D、tothatIwho yourteacher,will teachMarxismasatruth toyou、A、 is B、areC、were D、am theycoulddowastoworkhard、A、AllB、AllwhatC、AllwhichD、That6、 Doyouknowthereason hedidn’te?A、thatB、whichC、forD、why7、Theroom____windowsfacesouthishis、A、thatB、whichC、whoseD、who’s8、Thepark,____wevisitedyesterday,isverynice、A、whereB、whichC、thatD、when9、Thepark,____wemetwithhim,isverynice、A、whereB、whichC、thatD、when10、Thefirsttime Isawherwasin1989、A、whenB、whichC、thatD、as11、Payattentiontoall Ido、A、whichB、inwhichC、whatD、that12、I’vereadallthebooks yougaveme、A、whichB、themC、whatD、that13、Isthereanything Icandoforyou?A、whatB、whichC、thatD、itThewoman childhadfallenillwasadoctor、A、who B、herC、whose D、/Thepen I’musing ishers、A、which;it B、that;itC、it;/ D、/;/Ihavethesametrouble youhave、thatwhichas D、whatIt’stheverybook Iwanttofind、A、which B、thatC、it D、soHeistheonlyoneoftheboyswho Englishforfouryears、A、haslearntB、havelearntC、learn D、learningThisisoneofthebooks worthreading、A、thatis B、whichareC、itwas D、theyarebeenThisisthebestfilm beenshownthisyear、A、whichhasB、whichhaveC、thathasD、thathaveCanyoutellmethereasonyoudidn'teforyesterday?A、why B、howC、which D、whatThatisthereason hecametoseeyou、A、when B、thatC、which D、forwhichDoyoustillremembertheday wespenttogetherlastmonth?A、that B、inwhichC、when D、whereOct、1,1949wastheday theNewChinawasfounded、A、that B、inwhichC、 when D、 whereI’veneverseensuchalazyboy youare、A、 which B、 whoC、 that D、 asThereweremanygreatleadersinthehistory AbrahamLincolnwasthegreatestone、A、inwhich B、inwhomC、ofwhich D、ofwhomShanghai, Ihavevisitedtwice,hasalargepopulation、A、where B、whichC、what D、thatThestudentsdidn’tliketheway shewasdressed、A、/ B、whichC、what D、howIamdeterminedtolearnmysubjectsintheway youhavedone、A、inwhich B、bywhatC、what D、whereI’lldo tohelpyou、A、allIcan B、allwhatIcanC、allthoseImanageD、allwhichIcan（二）名词性从句名词性从句主要有四类,即主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句与同位语从句。引导名词性从句得常用连词如下图所示:名词从句得引导词对应得句子类型就是否做成分连词that陈述句that在从句中不作成分（只起连接作用,后接陈述句）连词whether,if一般疑问句whether,if在从句中不作成分连接副词when,where,why,how;连接代词who,whom,what,which,whose特殊疑问句when,where,why,how在从句中作状语；who,whom,what在从句中作主语,宾语或补语；which,whose在从句中作定语，后面接名词注：要特别关注这些连词在句中就是否充当句子成分。这就是考试得重点。例如：Concernswereraisedwitnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts、A、whatB、whenC、whichD、that一）主语从句在主句中担任主语得从句,叫做主语从句（SubjectClause）。主语从句可以由陈述分句、疑问分句与名词定语分句担任。例如：Whenhewasbornisunknown、Whathedidlastnightisbeinginvestigated、Thatmanyhandsmakelightworkisawell-knownsaying、主语从句中应注意：1、主语从句一般用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将主语从句放到句末。例如：Itispossiblethathehasstolenthecar、Isn’titstrangethatheshouldnothavepassedthetest?附：考研中常见得主语从句句型（作文中也经常用到）：1）It+过去分词+that从句It'sreportedthat…据报道……It'sbelievedthat…人们相信 2）Itis+形容词+that从句Itisclear（显然 [possible。门ikely（很可能 ）加2也问（很自然 ）3）Itis+名词短语+that从句Itisapitythat、、、可惜得就是 Itisafactthat、、、事实就是 4）It+不及物动词+that从句Itseems（似乎 ）/follows（因此 ，由此可见 ）/happens（碰巧 ）5）其她重要结构Itdawnsupon/onsb、that...某人突然想起 Itoccurstosb、that...某人突然想起 Itmakesnodifferencethat...无所谓Itdoesn'tneedtobebotheredthat…不必担忧 Itisoflittleconsequencethat...无关紧要if引导主语从句时,只能用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将if引导得主语从句放到句末。例如:ItisuncertainifhewillleaveforBeijingtomorrow、that引导主语从句放在句首时,that不可省，但在句末口语中可省。例如：Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears、（2006）Thathewasillyesterdayisknownnow、连词whether以及连接代词或连接副词引导主语从句只能放在句首。例如：Whethertheeyesare"thewindowofthesoul"isdebatable;thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalmunicationisafact、Whohasbrokentheglassisunknown、Whathewantsisallhere、Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted、主语从句中主句得谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，但what引导主语从句得主句谓语动词得形式须根据句子得意思来判断。例如：Howheworkeditoutisstillasecret、WhattheymakeinthisfactoryareTVsets、二）表语从句在主句中担任表语得从句,叫做表语从句（PredictiveClause）。表语从句可以由陈述分句、疑问分句与名词定语分句担任,通常置于系动词之后。例如:MyideaisthathecanteachchildrenEnglishinthisschool、Thequestioniswhetherweshallrunoutoffoodsoon、ThatishowAnniecametobewithus、AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem、(1997)表语从句中应注意:连接词that一般不能省略，但当主句中含动词do得某种形式时,that可以省略。例如:WhatIwanttodois(that)Icangouptohimandthankhim、当句子得主语就是:advice,demand,decision,desire,idea,insistence,instruction,order,plan,proposal,remendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish等名词时，表语从句须用虚拟语气，即:should+do。例如:Myadviceisthatyoushouldgotoapologizetohim、三)宾语从句在主句中担任宾语得从句,叫做宾语从句。宾语从句有三种,即直接宾语从句,形容词宾语从句与介词宾语从句。1、直接宾语从句，即在及物动词(双宾语动词)后作宾语;它可以由陈述分句、疑问分句、名词定语分句与感叹分句担任。例如：Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn'tknowforsure?(2005)Prof、Lee'sbookwillshowyouhowwhatyouhaveobservedcanbeusedinothercontexts、Ithought(that)itwasgoingtobeinteresting,butinfactitwasn’t、Hewantedtoseeforhimselfwhattheproblemsare、Goodness!NowIseewhatyou’retalkingabout、Now,youknowhowimportantyouaretoyoufamily、形容词宾语从句,它可以由陈述分句、疑问分句担任。例如:I’msorrythatyouarenothappyyetinyournewschool、I’mafraid(that)alltheseofficesarenon-smokingoffices、I’mnotsureifshewouldbewillingtomeetus、介词宾语从句,它只能由疑问分词与名词定语分句担任。例如:Iwillgivethisdictionarytowhoeverwantstohaveit、(1992)Weneedtothinkabouthowmuchweshouldchargeourcustomersforusingthephones、Theywereastonishedbywhattheyfound、宾语从句中须注意:.that在口语中常被省略,但在正式得文体中,不能省;并且它一般不能引导介词得宾语从句,但可弓I导except,but,in等少数介词得宾语从句。例如:Ididn’tknow(that)hewasLiLei、IwilldoanythingIcantohelpyouexceptthatI’mill、.宾语从句之后带有补足语成分时，一般须用it作形式宾语,把宾语从句放到句末，即“动词+it形式宾语+宾语补足语+that从句”，此时得that不能省。例如:Theboyhasmadeitclearthattheycan’tplaywithhistoys、Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromnaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,theybuilduptheirtheories、(1993).动词advise,ask,demand,desire,insist(坚决主张)，order,propose,request,suggest(M议)等代得宾语从句须用虚拟语气，即：(should)do得形式。例如:Heaskedthatwe(should)gettherebeforenineo’clock、Theteacheradvisedusthatwe(should)notwasteourtime、.宾语从句得时态与主句得时态须呼应。即：1)当主句谓语动词得时态就是现在时或将来时,从句得谓语动词可用任何所需要得时态表示。例如：Healwayssaysthatheisourgoodfriend、Whentheteacherknowswhatwehavedone,hewillsaythatwehavedoneagooddeed、当主句谓语动词得时态为过去时,从句得谓语动词须用响应得过去时。例如：Hedidn’ttellushecamefromShanghai、Hesaidhehadreadthebook、但当从句得内容就是客观真理或客观事实,而不受时间得限制时,即使主句谓语动词为过去时,从句仍用一般现在时。例如：ChairmanMaosaidthatalltheimperialistsarepapertigers、Whenwewerechildren,weweretoldthatChinaisintheeastoftheworld、四)同位语从句当名词后面所接得从句表示与名词同位并为名词得实际内容时,这个从句就就是同位语从句(AppositiveClause)。我们通常所见得同位语从句往往由that引导，而很少用whether,if以及连接代词或连接副词弓导;因为我们补充名词得内容时多用陈述句,而很少采用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句。例如：ThenewsthatChinahasjoinedtheWTOexcitesusall、Hetoldusthetruththathefelldownfromhisbikethisafternoon、同位语从句也可由whether,if以及连接代词或连接副词引导，但不常用。例如:Thereisnoargumentwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry、(1999)常用得同位语从句两大句型:1)名词+that+陈述句例如:Thereisapopularsayingthatfamilyinstabilitycausessocialinstability、Hewaspreparedtoprovehistheorythattwodifferentweightswouldfalltothegroundatthesametime、Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears、(2005)Suchbehaviorisregardedas“alltohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance、(2005)2)名词+其它成分+that+陈述句例如:Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold、Concernswereraised witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts、(A、whatB、whenC、whichD、that)同位语中应注意:1、能带同位语从句得名词不多，常见得有:answer,belief,conclusion,decision,discovery,doubt,explanation,fact,hope,idea,information,knowledge,law,message,news,opinion,order,possibility,problem,promise,proof,proposal,question,report,risk,rumor,story,suggestion,truth,theory,thought,wish,word等。例如:Hesentusamessagethathewon’tenextweek、Thereisnodoubtthatheisfitforthisjob、表示“命令、建议、要求”advice,demand,decision,desire,idea,insistence,instruction,order,plan,proposal,remendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish等名词得同位语,须用虚拟语气。例如:Hemadeclearhisdesirethatheshouldworkhardtogotocollege、同位语从句与定语从句得区别:定语从句就是形容词从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,就是用来修饰前面得名词或代词得;同位语从句就是名词从句,其作用相当于一个名词,就是对前面得名词作进一步解释得。例如:Weheardthenewsthathehadtoldher、Weheardthenewsthathehadwonthegame、定语从句得引导词在从句中充当一定得成分,可作主语、宾语、状语等;而同位语从句中得引导词在从句只起连接作用,不作任何句子成分。例如:Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly、Thefactthattheydidn'tfinishtheworkhastobefaced、引导定语从句得关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时,可以省略或被其她词代替;而同位语从句得引导词一般不能省略,更不能被代替。例如:Thenewsthatsheheardistrue、Thenewsthatshewillgoabroadistrue、Thereasonwhyhewaschosenremainsunknown、Theideawhyhewaschosenattractedourattention、同位语从句与其所修饰得名词之间就是一种同位关系,二者之间存在逻辑上得系表关系,可用“主+系+表”结构来表示。例如:Thenewsthathewonthefirstplaceistrue、上句若用“主+系+表”结构来表示,则就是:5)定语从句所修饰、限定得先行词可以就是各类名词，可以有复数形式;而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位,一般没有复数形式。例如：Thepossibilitiesthatshewasofferedseemedverygreat、Hermotherwasworriedaboutthepossibilitythatherdaughterdisliketogotoschool、6)由when,why,where引导得定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点得词，但它们引导得同位语从句一般不与表示时间或地点得词同位。例如：IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing。Ihavenoideawhenshewillbeback、ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago、Thequestionwhereweshallhaveameetinghasn'tdecided、如果在定语从句与同位语从句得学习中能把握住上述几种区别,那么在阅读文章时,就会迎刃而解,收到更好得效果。五)名词从句得复杂“嵌套”一个句子可能含有多个名词从句,形成嵌套结构,遇到时要仔细分析句子结构。例如：IrealizedthatwhatIsaidwasnotexactlywhatImeanttosay、Thequestionishowwhatyouhavelearnedcanbeputintopractice、有时,这种名词从句得嵌套结构还带有定语从句得修饰。例如：Nooneisintheleastinterestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecanconcludefromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldo

betterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisageattaskswhichwethinkrequire“generalintelligence”、(1992)名词性从句部分练习 Iwanttoknowis itisworthdoing、A、What;that B、What;whetherC、That;why D、That;what visitstheGreatWallwillbestruckbyit、A、Anyone B、EachC、Whoever D、Everybody theworkersinsistedonwasthatthey morepay、A、That;mustbegiven B、What;shouldgiveC、Whether;wouldbegiven D、What;begivenSheasked 、whatIwasdoingwhensherangmeupWhatwasIdoingwhensherangmeupWhensherangmeupwhatwasIdoingWhendidshe ringme upwhatIwasdoingWritingstories andarticles Ienjoymost、A、 isthat B、 arethatC、 iswhat D、 havebeenwhat6、A、C6、A、C、7、A、B、C、D、8、That;lay B、Which;trueWhat;lie D、Whose;truthItwasnotuntiltheheadmastercame、andsothestudentsgotdowntoworkdidthestudentsgetdowntoworkthatthestudentsgotdowntoworkthenthestudentsgotdowntowork youdid?No,asamatteroffactIdidn’tneedto、A、Isthatwhat B、IswhatthatC、Whatisthat D、IsthatwhichSheispleasedwith youhavegivenherandall youhavetold、A、that;that B、what;whichC、what;that D、all;whatTheyexpressedthehope theywouldeovertovisitChinaagain、A、which B、thatC、whether D、forwhich(三)状语从句在主句中担任状语得从句，叫做状语语从句(AdverbialClause);它就是由从属连词将几个分句连接起来,来表达分句之间特定得逻辑关系。状语从句得引导词主要有:副词从句种类常用连词特殊连词时间状语从句1、一些时间名词:一些副词:instantly,immediately,directly2、固定搭配得连词:nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when地点状语从句wherever,anywhere,everywhere原因状语从句seeingthat,consideringthat,nowthat,giventhat,inthat,inasmuchas,insomuchas目得状语从句lest,forfearthat,incase,inthehopethat,onpurposethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat结果状语从句suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,tosuchanextentthat条件状语从句suppose,supposing,providing,provided,onconditionthat,solongas,aslongas让步状语从句while,as(用于倒装结构),whether..。，wh-ever:whatever,whoever,whichever,however,whenever,whereveras+adj、+as+主谓结构(用在句首)比较状语从句themore.,themore.;justas.,so.;AistoBwhat/asCistoD;nomore.than;notAsomuchasB/notsomuchAasB方式状语从句一)时间状语从句据主句与从句得时间关系,时间状语从句可分为主句与从句同时发生,主句发生在从句之前,主句发生在从句之后与主句在从句之后立刻发生四种情形。主句与从句同时发生，由when,whenever(每当),while,as(常用语口语，强调同一时间)等引导，意为“当……时候”。1)when表一个特定时间(atthattime),从句可置于主句之前或之后。例如:Whenhewasstillayoungman,hewasforcedtoleavehishomelandforpoliticalreasons、Youareusingenergyevenwhenyouareasleep、when引导得从句可用一般现在时表将来。例如：SeeyouwhenIgetback、在从句中如用现在完成时则表示将来得过去,即主句从句均为将来,但从句发生在将来之前。例如:Whenyouhavefinished,pleasefoldthemapandoutitaway、如从句用过去完成时,则主句用一般过去时。例如:Whenshehadfinishedlisteningtothenews,sheturnedofftheradio、考研真题分析:Hardlyhadhebeguntospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim、(1991)Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytruewhenitestoclassroomtests、(1998)OnarainydayIwasdrivingnorththroughVermontwhenInoticedayoungmanholdingupasignreading“Boston”、(2000)2)while表一段时间(duringthattime),从句可置于主句之前或之后。while所引导得从句常用延续性动词得进行时态。例如:IhurtitwhileIwasdoinggym、⑵while所引导得从句常与系动词be连用表状态。例如:Yourfriendsareingtostayinyourhouseforoneweekwhileyouandyourfamilyareawayonholiday、考研真题分析:Thephenomenonprovidesawayforpaniestoremaingloballypetitivewhileavoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdensimposedbyemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans、(1997)butwhileandwhereas主句发生在从句之前，常用before,until,till引导，意为“在……之前”。从句可置于主句之前或之后。before得翻译--不要千篇一律翻译为“在……之前”例如:Ittookafewmonthsofinvestigationbeforeitbecameclear、TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe、until,till意为"直到……时候”从句通常置于主句之后。until前得主句谓语必须就是延续性得;其后得从句谓语必须就是短暂动词或接时间点。若主句谓语动词就是短暂动词,则要用否定形式。故有“not…until…”:“直到……才……”得结构。例如:UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution、(1998)Itwasnotuntilthe19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electricmedium、(2002)主句发生在从句之后,由after,since引导，意为“在……之后”。例如:SinceIwasachildIhavelivedinEngland、主句在从句之后立刻发生，由once,immediately(that),assoonas引导，意为“刚刚，一 就……”。例如:IhavedecidedthatonceIreturntoEnglandIshallmakenomorelongexpeditions、IwillringyouassoonasIhaveanymoreinformation、二)地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere等引导，从句可置于主句之前或之后，意为“在……地方,无论在……地方”。例如:Staywhereyouare、Whereverhehappenstobe,Clintcanmakehimselfathome、Everywheretheyappeared,thereweretroubles、三)原因状语从句原因状语从句由because,as,since,for等引导，从句可置于主句之前或之后，意为“因为,由于”。because语气最强，只有它能用来回答why得问句，引出得往往就是听话人不知道得或最感兴趣得原因。例如:TheymakefunofmebecauseIamshorterthananyoneelse、since通常置于句首，引出人们已知得不需要强调得原因，译为“既然”。例如:Sincewedonothaveclasstomorrow,whynotgooutforapicnic?as与since用法差不多。例如：Wearstrongshoesasweshalldoalotofwalking、for表推断得理由，就是对前面分句得内容加以解释说明。例如：Itrainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetthismorning、其她复合连词表示原因:inthat,seeingthat,nowthat,consideringthat,giventhat意为“鉴于……，考虑到……”例如:Vitaminsaredifferentinthattheirelementsarearrangeddifferently、(1996)Given/Seeing/Nowthattheyareinexperienced,theyhavedoneagoodjob、Theydidthejobverywell,consideringthattheyhadnoexperience、四)目得状语从句目得状语从句主要由sothat,inorderthat,that引导，意为“为了，以便”。从句通常置于主句之后。由于目得状语从句所表达得就是一种尚未实现得愿望,因此,从句中要求有一个情态动词can/could,may/might,shall/should,will/would等。例如:FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutofthewaysothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential、(2003)其它引导词:lest,forfear(that),incase,译为“以免，以防止，生怕”;inthehopethat,onpurposethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat等来表目得，从句谓语动词一般用should加动词原形。例如:They(scientists)shouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth、(2003)五)结果状语从句结果状语从句常由so(…)that(so后面接形容词、分词或副词),such(…)that(such后接名词),withtheresultthat引导，从句只可置于主句之后。例如:Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue、(1999)Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod”,frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy”、Andhomeapplianceswillalsobeesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorderkitchenrage、(2001)NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarntosendsecretmessages、(2004)Diplomatsandcrabsarecreaturesthatmoveinsuchawaythatitisimpossibletotellwhethertheyareingorgoing、Hisangerwassuchthathelostcontrolofhimself、=Hisangerwassoexplosivethathelostcontrolofhimself、注：以上句型中，为了强调，还可将主句中得so或such置于句首构成倒装句。例如：Soinvolvedwiththeirputers thatleadersatsummerputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames、A、becamethechildrenbeethechildrenhadthechildrenbeedothechildrenbee其它弓1导词:tothedegree(that),totheextent(that),tosuchadegree(that),tosuchanextent(that)等。当它们位于句首表强调时，主句需倒装。例如：“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,”totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse、”(2002)Tosuchanextentdidhishealthdeterioratethathewasforcedtoretire、六)条件状语从句这里只分析真实条件句,非真实条件句将在以后得虚拟语气考点中讲解。1、条件状语从句由if(如果，倘若)，unless(除非),aslongas(只要),solongas(只要)等引导,从句可置于主句之前或之后。例如：Ifyouarewaitingforabus,everyonestandsinaqueue、Donotlendbookstofriendsunlessyoucanbesureofgettingthemback、So/Aslongasyouworkhardenough,anironrodcanbegroundintoaneddle、2、比较onlyif(只有)与ifonly(只要)例如:Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookformeifonlyshecouldrememberwholastborrowedit、(1996)Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamilyonlyifheproducesasurplus、must/willhavetodo...if...betodo结构 如果(从句)一定得怎么样，那么(主句)也必须得怎么样。例如:Thefirsttwomustbeequalforallwhoarebeingpared,ifanyparisonintermsofintelligenceistobemade、(1992)Ifitdoesn’trainwithinthenextfewweeks,thecropswillhavetobewaterediftheyaretosurvive、其它弓I导词:suppose(that),supposing(that),providing(that),provided(that),onconditionthat等。例如:YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovided(that)youdon’tmindtakingthenighttrain、(1992)Supposenothinghappenstoyou、5、其它表示条件意味得句型：1)祈使句/省略句+and…:if从句+主句例如：Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou'llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered、2)祈使句/省略句+or/orelse=unless从句+主句例如:Giveitbacktomeor(else)I’lltellyourparents、=Unlessyougiveitbacktome,I’lltellyourparents、七)让步状语从句让步状语从句主要由although,though,if,evenif,eventhough,while等引导，主句前不可用but,但可用still/yet。例如:Althoughhetriedhard,(yet/still)hefailed、Theengineersaregoingthroughwiththeirhighwayproject,eventhoughtheexpenseshaverisen、(1992)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildmittingacriminalact,althoughadirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished、(2004)所有这些条件都会增加青少年犯罪得可能性,虽然其中得直接因果关系尚未证实。1、表示让步转折关系得介词:despite,inspiteof,forall,notwithstandingo注:这些介词后加名词,不接从句。例如:Despitewhatheachievedinmedicine,heremainedmodest、2、表示让步转折关系得副词:however,nevertheless,nonetheless,though(还可用作副词“不过,然而”)等。例如:Thisview,however,isgenerallythoughttobewrong、Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionaluseforexcessvitamins、Manypeople,nevertheless,believeinbeingonthe“safeside”andthustakeextravitamins、(1996)3、置于句首得“while”一般表示“尽管……”例如:Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisacplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems、4、nomatterwh-Nomatter+what,who,when,which,where,how可代替whatever,whover,whenever,whichever,wherever,however来引导让步状语从句，表示“无论 ”。注:除however后加形容词或副词外，其它都可单独使用。例如:Thereareover100nightschoolsinthecity,makingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobereeducatednomatterwhathedoes、(1998)ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus、(2000)5、as引导得倒装句表让步as引导得倒装句结构:adj、/adv、/分词/名词(无冠词)/短语+as+主语+谓语例如:Youngasheis,heisbrave、MuchasIrespecthim,Icannotagreewithhim、Againashefailedindoingthisexperiment,hedidn’tlosehisheart、另外，可把动词原形置于句首，即:v、+as+主语+助动词(may/might,will/would,can/could,do/does/did)。例如:LosemoneyasIdid,Igotalotofexperience、6、as/so+形容词+as+主谓结构，放在句首，表示让步例如:AsmuchasJohnhatestodoit,hemuststayathomeandstudytonight、7、be得倒装句表示让步例如:Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon、(2002)八)比较状语从句1、as引导得比较状语从句1)as+形容词图词+as例如:Ifindrecordsareoft