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Thought
you
knewthe
Scope
3issues
in
yoursupply
chain?Think
again.Gaining
visibility
to
hiddenhot
spots
to
move
fromtargets
toaction
to
valueFrom
insightsto
action,thepathto
extraordinary
value
starts
here.AcknowledgmentsKris
TimmermansLead
–
SupplyChain&OperationsResearchMarketing
+
CommunicationsStephen
MeyerAccentureResearchLead
–SupplyChain&OperationsIngrid
RubinMarketing+CommunicationsLead
–SupplyChain&OperationsPeter
LacyLead
–
SustainabilityServices&ChiefResponsibilityOfficerBobby
JamesAccentureResearchManager
–SupplyChain&OperationsTereza
HolubováMarketingSpecialist
–SupplyChain&OperationsJan-Willem
JanninkManagingDirector–
IndustryX,SustainableValueChainLeadDeepak
TantryAccentureResearchAssociateManager
–SupplyChain&OperationsStephen
MeyerAccentureResearchLead
–SupplyChain&OperationsYuhui
XiongMatias
Pollmann-LarsenManagingDirector–SupplyChain&Operations,SustainableValueChainLeadAccentureResearchManager
–SupplyChain&Operations,EconomicModellingandDataScienceRebecca
Sternberg
MarttilaManagingDirector–Operations,SustainabilitySaranya
HariPrincipalDirector–
Operations,SustainableValueChainJosh
WhitneyManagingDirector–
Sustainability,SustainableValueChainNorthAmericaThought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.2ForewordWith
the
climateclock
ticking,reducingScope
3emissions—thosethat
are
the
result
of
activities
fromassets
notowned
or
controlled
by
thereportingorganization,but
that
the
organization
indirectlyimpactsin
its
value
chain1—has
become
a
toppriorityforcompaniesaround
the
world,especially
thosethat
havecommitted
to
net
zero.
It’sa
tremendouslydifficult
problemto
solve,
given
thehuge,
complexglobal
supply
chainnetworks
that
are
thebackboneofmodern
companies.
Most
largecompanies,
forexample,
don’t
even
know
thesuppliersbeyondTier
1,those
they
interact
with
directly—letalone
haveanysort
ofinfluence
or
control
overthem.companies
have
made
little
progress
to
datein
dealing
with
Scope
3
emissions
becausethey
just
don’t
know
where
to
find
them.•
Itenables
chief
supply
chain
officers
andprocurementleaders
to
understandhow
to
embedresponsible
procurement
acrossthe
enterprise
todrivemeaningfulreductions
in
upstreamScope
3.It’s
vital
forcompanies
to
be
able
to
identify
allthesources
oftheir
upstreamemissions
because,Accenture
researchhas
found,most
oftheseemissions—nearly
two-thirds—come
fromTier
2suppliers
(i.e.,
subcontractors)and
beyond.•
And
itcan
uncovera
wide
range
ofopportunitiesforcompanies
to
generatebroaderenterprisevalue
beyondemissions
reduction
by
creatingmoreefficient,
resilient,
cost-effectiveandcustomer-centricsupply
chain
networks.Visibility
into
the
supplier
base
is
key
to
puttingcompanies
in
the
position
to
act:The
challenge
of
reducingemissions
is
enormous,but
notinsurmountable.
In
this
report,
we
explorehow,
with
the
right
combination
of
visibility,actions
and
collaboration,
we
can
reach
ourgoals
and
put
the
planet
on
the
road
to
amore-sustainable
future.•
Ithelps
them
make
better-informeddecisionsabout
howandwhere
to
allocatetheirresources
todeliverthe
greatestimpact.
That’sespecially
criticalnow,as
companies
need
to
acceleratetheirprogress
if
they’re
to
meet
their
ambitiousdecarbonization
goals.This
lack
ofvisibility
means
companies
onlyknowwhat
theycan
see—which
isn’t
all
thatmuch.
Theycan’t
trulymanage
Scope
3
emissions
beyondTier
1suppliers
and
report
themina
consistent,repeatableand
auditable
way.
In
fact,
the
vast
majority
ofKris
TimmermansLead
–
Supply
Chain&
OperationsPeter
LacyLead–
Sustainability
Services&
Chief
Responsibility
OfficerThought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.3Companies
looking
to
decarbonize
Scope
3emissions
are
missing
the
mark.While
focusing
their
efforts
onengaging
Tier
1
suppliers,
Accentureanalysis
reveals
that
most
companies’carbon
intensity
hot
spots
liebeyond
their
Tier
1
suppliers,
withintensity
varying
greatly
dependingon
geographic
location
or
networkcomplexity.
Companies
need
to
drivemulti-tier
emissions
visibility
andregional
supplier
engagementstrategies
to
create
targeted
impact
atscale.
This
paper
presents
insights
andactions
for
companies
to
acceleratethe
decarbonization
of
theirScopes
1,
2
and
3:What’s
the
difference?Scope
1
emissions
are
directgreenhouse(GHG)emissionsthatoccur
fromsources
thatare
controlledor
owned
by
anorganization(e.g.,emissions
associated
withfuelcombustion
inboilers,
furnaces,
vehicles).Scope
2
emissions
are
indirectGHG
emissionsassociated
with
the
purchaseof
electricity,steam,heat
or
cooling.Scope
3
emissions
are
the
result
of
activitiesfromassets
notowned
or
controlled
by
thereporting
organization,but
that
the
organizationindirectly
impactsin
its
valuechain.
Scope
3emissions
include
allsources
not
within
anorganization’sScope
1
and
2
boundary.TheScope
3
emissions
forone
organization
are
theScope
1
and
2
emissions
of
anotherorganization.supply
chains.Source:
Environmental
Protection
Agency(EPA),United
StatesThought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.4IntroductionThe
United
NationsGlobal
Compact
(UNGC)
CEOstudydone
in
collaborationwith
Accenture
saysthe
supply
chain
is
the
key
to
winning
the
battleagainst
climate
change.
That’sbecause
supplychains
are
thebiggestcontributor
to
theproblem—they
generate
up
to
60
percentofglobal
emissions.2ofcompanies
are
tracking
atleast
some
elementsofScope
3
emissions.
Of
thatsmall
group,
only9
percentare
achievingtheir
emissions
target.Chief
supply
chain
officers
must
stillbalance
whatcan
oftenbe
conflictingpriorities—cost,
quality,service
and
now,
sustainability.And
in
that
equation,sustainability
oftentakesa
back
seat.
Accordingto
a
recent
Accenture
survey,5
just
22
percentof
procurementleaders
see
sustainability
as
atop3
priority.attraction,
lowering
thecost
ofcapital,
mitigatingregulatory
disruption,
improvingresilience
andmitigatingrisk.Generatingsuch
benefits
starts
with
gainingrealvisibility
intoScope
3
emissions—particularly
thosecoming
from
upstreamsuppliers.
This,
in
turn,requirescompanies
to
trulyunderstand
all
thesources
oftheir
upstreamemissions—across
everytieroftheir
supplier
base—and
thedifferences
inthose
sources
at
thesupplying
industry
andcountry
levels.These
insights
are
the
prerequisitesto
subsequently
takingaction
to
reduceChief
executiveofficers
(CEOs)
recognize
thechallenge.
Of
theglobal
2000
(G2000)
companies,34
percenthaveset
anambitiousnet
zero
targetinline
with
climatescience.
Manycompanieshavecommitted
to
net
zero
operationsby2040,or
possibly
earlier.3
Manycompanies
are
alreadycommitted
to
poweringtheir
operationswithrenewables.
So,
thebig
priority
is
nowshiftingto
efficiently
measuring
and
reducingClearly,companies
need
to
domore
to
addressemissions
to
achieve
their
decarbonization
goals.
Butit’s
notjust
about
carbon.
A
focus
on
eliminatingScope
3
emissions
is
critical
because
it
can
bringvalue
beyond
emissions.
Depending
on
their
sector,companies
are
linkingsustainability
outcomes
totheir
enterprise
value
creationagenda.
This
includesaccessing
premium
customersegments,
expandingmarketaccess,
improvingtalent
retentionandScope
3
emissions.Scope
3
emissions.Yet
CEOs’
intentions
haven’t
translated
intosignificantactions.
According
to
a
CDPsurvey,4
only10percentThought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.5Opening
eye
s
to
the
opportunitiesGaining
“n-tier”
supply
chain
network
visibility
is
necessary
to
identify
the
main
driversof
upstream
emissions—”hot
spots.”
Such
visibility
allows
companies
to
see
what’sstrategically
important
to
the
supply
chain
and
where
to
focus
their
efforts.An
Accenture-developed
data
model
enables
the
connections
between
differentindustries
to
be
quantified,
which
in
turn
gives
an
accurate
picture
into
the
location
andsize
of
upstream
greenhouse
gas
emissions.Based
on
this
data
model,
we’ve
identified
the
insights
and
actions
that
will
helpcompanies
accelerate
the
decarbonization
of
their
supply
chains.Thought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.7Insight
#1
|
Insight#2
|
Insight#3Insight
#1Nearly
two-thirds
of
upstream
emissions
laybeyond
Tier
1
suppliers
and
in
geographicallycomplex
networksOur
research
found
themajority
of
upstreamemissions
formost
industries
lies
beyondIndustries
that
haveless-complex
supplier
networkstend
to
havea
largerportion
oftheir
emissionscoming
fromtheir
Tier
1
suppliers.
These
sectorsinclude
energy,
utilitiesand
naturalresources.Tier
1
suppliers
(Figure
1).
Across
allindustries,
Tier
1suppliers
areresponsible
onlyfor
anaverage
of36
percentof
total
upstreamemissions.
Industrieslikeaerospace
and
defense,high
tech,andautomotive
have
approximately80
percentoftheirupstreamemissions
coming
from
beyondTier
1.In
most
cases,
if
upstreamemissions
area
significantportion
ofa
company’s
totalemissions,
they
tend
tooccur
deeper
in
thesupplier
network,
asillustratedby
Figure
2.Thought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.8Insight
#1
|
Insight#2
|
Insight#3Figure
1:
Distribution
of
upstream
emissions
by
supplier
tierFigure
2:
Upstream
emission
importance
and
visibility
by
industryAverage=36%Tier1Tier221%22%23%Tier3Tier4toNth19%19%41%Aerospace&DefenseHighTechUpstream
emissionvisibility(Tier1
emissionoftotalupstream
emission)Bubblesizerepresentsindustry’stotalupstream
emission20%21%19%19%39%37%AutomotiveHealth75%Morevisibility28%31%28%23%18%16%17%17%26%Energy30%30%CG&SUtilities31%33%33%33%34%35%37%22%FinancialServicesCommunications&MediaTravelCG&S_Agri50%24%29%34%25%26%26%26%22%18%NaturalResources16%15%RetailChemicalsIndustrialHealthTransportationIndustrialCG&STransportationTravelFS16%16%16%24%23%22%25%Communications&MediaA&DAutomotiveChemicalsHighTechUpstream
emissionsare
a
smallerUpstream
emissionsare
a
largerpercentoftotalRetailLessvisibility45%53%57%24%13%18%14%12%7%percentoftotalNaturalResourcesCG&S_Agri22%21%11%10%0%05101520253035UtilitiesRatioofScope2andupstreamScope3
emissionstoScope1emissions67%18%7%EnergyEmissionintensitytonGHG/$MSource:
Accenture
Research
analysis
based
on
EXIOBASE
3
dataset,
2022Source:
Accenture
Research
analysis
based
on
EXIOBASE
3
dataset,
2022Thought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.99Insight
#1
|
Insight#2
|
Insight#3Figure
3:
Upstream
emission
visibility
and
geographic
dependence
by
industryNetwork
and
geographic
complexity
playadetermining
role
too,asFigure3
illustrates.Infact,some
sectors
have
themost
emissionswithin
thesame
country
and
geography.
Utilities,natural
resourcesand
agriculturebenefitfrom
relativelyshortervaluechains,
whileothers
(consumergoods
and
services
(CG&S),communications
and
media,
and
aerospaceand
defense)
have
relativelycomplexLessvisibilityMorevisibilityNational&
visible100%95%90%85%80%75%70%65%60%55%50%5%National&
complexNationalCG&S-
AgriUtilitiesNatural
Resourcesupstreamemissions.IndustrialFinancial
ServicesA&DTravelCG&SOther
sectors
have
moregeographicallydispersed
sources
ofemissions,
and
whiletheenergy
valuechain
is
relativelysimple,
othersmust
face
complex
upstream
valuechains
(e.g.,automotive,
high
techandchemicals).HealthCommunications
&
MediaRetailHigh
TechChemicalsAutomotiveTransportationEnergyInternational&
complexInternational&
visible
International0%0%20%40%60%80%100%ShareofTier1emissionwithintotalupstreamemissionBubblesizerepresentsthetotalupstreamintensityoftheindustrySource:
Accenture
Research
analysis
based
on
EXIOBASE
3
dataset,
2022Thought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.1010Insight#1
|
Insight
#2
|
Insight#3Insight
#2For
nearly
50%
ofindustries,
realupstream
hot
spotsdiffer
from
thoserepresented
byTier
1
suppliersThe
largesources
ofemissions(“hotspots”)
vary
acrossindustries(Table
1),
and
so
do
the
targeted
actionsneeded
to
address
them.In
manycases,
the
hotspots
indeeper
supplier
Tiers
(2and
beyond)are
different
fromthose
inTier
1
(Table
1,
highlighted
in
green).To
identify
and
target
the
rightset
of
hotspots
that
will
make
thelargestimpact,
visibility
to
suppliersbeyondthose
inTier
1is
essential.Thought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.11Insight#1
|
Insight
#2
|
Insight#3Table
1:
Upstream
Scope
3
hot
spots
by
supplier
tierIndustryTier
1
hot
spot%
of
Tier
1emissionsBeyond
Tier
1
hot
spot%
of
beyond
Tier
1emissionsAerospace&
DefenseAutomotiveMetal
processing
suppliersMetal
processing
suppliersAgricultural
raw
materials34.2%26.3%64.0%18.9%10.9%80.8%29.5%43.0%26.1%27.9%17.7%Metal
processing
suppliers18.7%17.7%Petroleum
and
natural
gas
suppliersAgricultural
raw
materialsConsumer
Goods
&
ServicesChemicals35.3%22.5%17.1%Chemical
suppliersPetroleum
and
natural
gas
suppliersPetroleum
and
natural
gas
suppliersPetroleum
and
natural
gas
suppliersPetroleum
and
natural
gas
suppliersPetroleum
and
natural
gas
suppliersPetroleum
and
natural
gas
suppliersAgricultural
raw
materialsCommunications&
MediaEnergyTransportation
suppliersPetroleum
and
natural
gas
suppliersMetal
processing
suppliersConstruction
material
suppliersPetroleum
and
natural
gas
suppliersAgricultural
raw
materials39.1%17.6%23.9%27.8%33.3%15.9%High
TechIndustrialNatural
ResourcesTravelUtilitiesPetroleum
and
natural
gas
suppliersPetroleum
and
natural
gas
suppliersExcluding
purchased
power
generation
(i.e.,
Scope
2)Note:
Highlighted
in
green
arethe
industries
where
their
hot
spot
beyond
Tier
1
emissions
is
different
fromthe
Tier
1
emissions
hot
spot.Source:
Accenture
Research
analysis
based
on
EXIOBASE
3
dataset,
2022Thought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.12Insight#1
|
Insight
#2
|
Insight#3Figure
4:
Sources
of
upstream
emissions
by
supplier
tier
and
industryForinstance,
look
at
Figure4.
Whilefora
foodand
beverage
companyin
the
United
States
the
hotspotthatcan
be
identified
inTier
1
is
alsothe
hotspot
acrossall
tiers,thisisnotso
evident
in
the
automotivesector
in
Germany,
where
onlymulti-tiervisibility
reveals
the
realvaluechain
emission
hotspot,whichmight
notbe
obviousjustlooking
at
theTier
1
suppliers.Automotive
in
GermanyCG&S
(Food
&
Beverage)
in
USRaw
materialProcessingUtilitiesWithout
visibility
intomulti-tier
emissions,
companiesmay
end
up
focusing
andManufacturingRetailspending
resources
on
actionsthat
ultimately
may
not
have
asignificant
impact
on
reducingoverall
Scope
3
emissions.TransportServicesTier
1Tier
2Tier
3Tier
4
Tier
5
Beyond
Tier
5Tier
1Tier
2Tier
3
Tier
4...Source:
Accenture
Research
analysis
based
on
EXIOBASE
3
dataset,
2022Thought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.1313Insight#1
|
Insight#2
|
Insight
#3Insight
#3Figure
5:
Geographic
source
of
upstream
emissions
by
countryGeographical100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%footprint
of
yoursupply
chain
matters,as
it
significantlyinfluences
your
actualupstream
emissionsThe
degree
ofdependency
on
local
versusglobal
suppliersvaries
bycountry,
even
in
thesame
industry,
whichin
turnhas
animpact
onthe
amountand
source
of
upstreamemissions.
This
is
clear
when
allindustries
are
aggregated,as
shown
in
Figure5.
Interestingly,
the“BRIC”countries(Brazil,Russia,
India
and
China)
tend
to
havemost
oftheirupstreamemissions
concentrated
within
theircountry.
Conversely,for
EuropeanUnion
countries,the
greatestpercentage
of
upstreamemissionstend
to
come
fromoutside
their
borders.SameCountrySameContinentRestoftheWorldSource:
Accenture
Research
analysis
based
on
EXIOBASE
3
dataset,
2022Thought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.14Insight#1
|
Insight#2
|
Insight
#3Consider
the
high
tech
industry.As
Figure6
illustrates,
there’s
considerable
difference
in
the
geographic
source
of
upstream
emissionsfor
high
techcompanies
in
the
United
States,Japan
and
China.
ForChinese
companies,
almost
80
percentofemissions
are
within
the
nationalborders;
the
figureis
lower
than50
percentin
the
United
States.Figure
6:
Difference
between
countries
–
high
tech
industryHigh
Tech
in
ChinaHigh
Tech
in
JapanHigh
Tech
in
United
StatesRaw
materialProcessingUtilitiesManufacturingRetailTransportServicesEmission
(milliontonnes,
CO2)%
of
totalemissionsEmission
(milliontonnes,
CO2)%
of
totalemissionsEmission
(milliontonnes,
CO2)%
of
totalemissionsTotalupstream
emissionsfrom
ChinaTotalupstream
emissionsfrom
JapanTotalupstream
emissionsfromUnited
States1970.779%99.459%44.146%2486.7168.695.6Totalupstream
emissionTotalupstream
emissionTotalupstream
emissionTotalupstream
emissionintensity
(per
$M)857Totalupstream
emissionintensity
(per
$M)340Totalupstream
emissionintensity
(per
$M)152Source:
Accenture
Research
analysis
based
on
EXIOBASE
3
dataset,
2022Thought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.15Insight#1
|
Insight#2
|
Insight
#3Figure
7:
Metals
manufacturing
industry
emission
intensity
(ton/$M)Emission
intensity
(emissionper
unit
of
purchase)withina
specific
industry
also
varies
to
a
largeextent
by
region.For
example,
in
themetalsindustry,a
country
such
as
India
has
a
muchhigher
intensity
for
bothScope
1
and
totalupstreamemissions
compared
with
the
UnitedStates
(Figure
7).This
intelligencecan
augmentactionsto
strategicallydiversifythesupplier
baseor
strategicallyinfluence
the
flows
ofgoods
toavoid
exposure
to
increased
emissions
dueto
geography.2,500BubblesizerepresentsthetotaloutputoftheindustryinthecountryAsiaPacificAmericasEuropeIndia2,000RestofworldChinaJapan1,500
South
KoreaMulti-tiervisibility
allowsbetter
understandingof
the
source
ofemissions
and
more
accuratetargeting
ofemission
reductionefforts
foreachcase
(Figure
8).Rest
of
AsiaPacificMiddle
EastTaiwanBrazil1,0005000Rest
of
AmericasAustraliaCanadaGermanyUnitedStatesFranceItalyRussia0100200300400500600700800900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400Scope1emissionintensity(tonGHG/$M)Thought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.Source:
Accenture
Research
analysis
based
on
EXIOBASE
3
dataset,
20221616Insight#1
|
Insight#2
|
Insight
#3Figure
8:
Metals
industry
upstream
emissions,
United
States
and
IndiaMetal
processing
in
USMetal
processing
in
IndiaRaw
materialProcessingUtilitiesManufacturingRetailTransportServicesTier
1Tier
2Tier
3Tier
4
Beyond
Tier
4Tier
1Tier
2
Beyond
Tier
2Source:
Accenture
Research
analysis
based
on
EXIOBASE
3
dataset,
2022Thought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.1717Start
moving
fasterFive
key
actions
from
our
insightsThe
preceding
three
insights
are
valuablefor
severalreasons.
They
show
how
transparency
and
data
onupstream
Scope
3
can
help
companies
make
theiremissions
actionable,
auditable
and
reportable.Theycan
help
companies
identifywhere
theycanreduce
potentialcost,
regulatory,
reputation,andother
risksand
pressuresthat
may
exist
in
thesupplychain,
acrossbothsupplier
tiersand
geographies.In
turn,companies
can
use
data-driveninsights
tomake
better,
more
informed
purchasing,design,manufacturing,planning,
after-salesservices,
productend-of-lifeand
otherdecisions
thatreduce
end-to-end
data-powereddigitalcore.Based
on
the
insightssupply
chain
emissions.
And
companies
can
use
these
fromour
research,
we’veidentified
five
key
actionsinsights
to
focustheefforts
of
limited
resourceson
the
companies
need
to
focus
on
now
to
begin
makingemissions
and
generating
greater
enterprise
value,theyalso
need
to
act,
fast-trackingtheir
path
to
aareas
where
actioncan
have
thebiggest
impact.an
impact.But
companies
need
more
thanjust
visibility.To
accelerate
their
progress
inaddressing
Scope
3Building
a
digital
core
means
pulling
data,
AI
and
technology
into
every
part
of
the
businessto
create
an
“intelligent
operation.”First
layer:
Modern,
cloud-based
infrastructureand
securityNext
layer:
Data
and
AI,
whichhelps
enterprises
ask
newquestionsand
find
newanswersto
drivedecision-making.
Functionalandenterprisetransformationis
then
enabled
throughre-platforming.layer
thatis
automated,
agileand
secure
bydesign.Thought
you
knew
the
Scope
3
issues
in
your
supply
chain?
Think
again.19Action
1
|
Action2
|
Action3
|
Action4
|
Action5Action
1Conduct
a
real
multi-tier
emissions
hot
spotanalysis
to
set
targets
and
drive
the
right
actionsAll
upstreamemissions
aren’t
createdequal
andlargesources
existhidden
fromnormal
view.Some
supplying
industries
or
countriescan
account
for
anoutsizedproportion
ofemissions
compared
withothers.
Therefore,
to
focuson
what’smostimportant,
companies
should
conduct
a
detailed
analysis
oftheir
supplier
base
todetermine
thebiggest
sources
ofemissions.
The
insights
fromsuch
ananalysisprovide
the
foundation
for
anactionplan
to
address
the
areas
ofmostsignificant
impact.Accentureis
currently
working
witha
global
pharmaceutical
company
to
use
theirTier
1
purchasingdata
to
identify
hotspots
intheir
extended
supplier
network.Combining
the
results
of
the
industry/country-level
datamodel
with
company-specific
relationship
data,
thelocations
ofsignificant
sources
ofemissions
inTiers
2
and
3havebeen
identified.
These
hotspots
havebeen
traced
to
the
relatedTier
1
suppliers,
enabling
thesupply
chain
team
to
have
data-driven
conversationswith
its
suppliers
that
can
lead
to
specific
actions
to
reduce
emissions.Tho
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