谈商务英语信函的词语汉译

PAGE论文编号：题目：谈商务英语信函的词语汉译姓名：张彬学号：060114106系别：外语系专业班级：商务英语A班指导教师：翁涛2010年04OnChineseTranslationofEnglishWordsinBusinessLettersAThesisSubmittedtotheDepartmentofForeignLanguagesZengchengCollegeofSouthinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofBachelorofArtsByZhangBinTutor：WengTaoApril16,2010ContentsAbstract i中文摘要 ii1Introduction 12LiteratureReview 22.1Anoverviewofbusinesscommunication 22.2ThecurrentstudiesofbusinessEnglishletterstranslation 33ReviewsofStudiesonLexicalFeatures 34TranslationMethodandTechnique 64.1Literaltranslationandfreetranslation 64.2Thewaystodeterminethemeaningofaword 64.3Differentwordswiththesametranslation 74.4ChinesetranslationofEnglishwordsinbusinessletters 74.4.1Chinesetranslationfortradeterms 74.4.2Chinesetranslationforwordswithdifferentmeanings 74.4.3Chinesetranslationforsynonyms 125Conclusion 12Bibliography 14Acknowledgements 15AbstractWithChina’sentrytotheWTO,businessEnglishlettershavereceivedfrequentusageandplayedanincreasinglyimportantroleinforeigntrade.Therefore,theChinese-translationofBusinessEnglishgraduallyarousestheattentionofscholars,suchasZhangXin-ming,LiMing,ChangYu-tianandsoon.Forthereasonthatpowerfulwordshaveagreateffectuponamajoraspectofcommunication,thethesisfocusesonChinesetranslationofEnglishwordsinbusinessletters.TheauthorfirstlylearnsthemainlexicalfeaturesofbusinessEnglishcorrespondencefromtherelevantstudiesandhasafurtherstudyonwordstranslationmethodsandtechniquesamongwhichthesuitableonecanbechosenfortranslationaccordingtothelexicalfeatures.ThepurposeofthethesisistoraiseawarenessofthekeyfeaturesofEnglishwordsinbusinessletterandimproveitsChinese-translationskills.Keywords:BusinessEnglishletter;lexicalfeatures;ChinesetranslationofEnglishwords中文摘要随着中国加入世贸组织，商务英语信函在对外贸易中的使用越来越频繁，作用越来越重要。因此，商务英语翻译逐渐引起各学者的关注,如：张新红、李明、常玉田等。而在商务信函中，強有力的詞語是影响交际效果的一个主要方面。本文主要研究商务英语信函的词语汉译。首先，作者参照英语词汇特征理论，了解商务英语函电的词语主要特点；进而研究词语的翻译技巧，并结合商务英语词语的特点选用适当的翻译技巧。本文研究的目的是：加深对商务英语函电的词语主要特点的了解，提高对商务英语信函的词语汉译能力。关键词：商务英语信函；词语特征；词语汉译1IntroductionAsinternationalbusinessactivitiesincludingforeigntrade,internationalfinance,foreign-relatedinsurance,internationaltransportationandoverseasinvestmenthavebeenincreasing,businessEnglishhasbeenwidelyused.Asthesayinggoes,needdeterminesdemand.Itleadstoin-depthstudyonthetranslationofbusinessEnglish.Nowadays,somedomesticscholarshaveexpoundedtheirviewsonit.ZhangXin-hong&LiMing(2003)proposedthatasforbusinessEnglish,translatorsshouldbeproficientinChineseandEnglish,haveagoodunderstandingoftheirculturesandmastertranslationskills.Besides,itwasamusttogainawideknowledgeofbusinessandknowlinguisticfeaturesandusefulexpressionsinthefieldofbusinessEnglish.WhenChangYu-tian(2005)spokeoftheprincipleofthetranslation,hethoughtthatthebasictaskoftranslationwasnottoconvertlanguage,butconveymeaning,messagesandcontent.Itwasso-calledsemanticequivalence,whichconcernednotonlycommonmeaning,butspecialmeaningrelatedtoindustrialcharacteristics.ThishelpedtoexplainwhybusinessEnglishtranslationisdifferentfromliterarytranslation,andotherstylistictranslations.However,fewassociateslexicalfeatureswiththewordtranslationofbusinessletter.InordertoraiseawarenessofthekeyfeaturesofEnglishwordsinbusinessletterandimproveitsChinese-translationskills,thethesisfocusesonChineseTranslationofEnglishWordsinBusinessletters.Togiveageneralideaofthethesis,itwillshowthelayoutasfollows.Chapter1servesastheintroduction.Firstly,itgivesabriefintroductiontothecurrentstudyofbusinessEnglishtranslationbecausethesubjectofthethesisfallswithinthescopeofbusinessEnglishtranslation.Secondly,itspecifiestheaimofthestudy.Lastly,itprovidesanexplicitlogicalorderofthethesis.Chapter2givesabriefliteraturereviewrelatedtothedefinition,classificationandfunctionsofbusinesscorrespondence.Itlaysemphasisontheimportanceofbusinessletterinforeigntrade.Chapter3isbasedonthestudiesonlexicalfeatures.Intermsofwords,itconcernsnotonlythelexicalfeaturesingeneralEnglishbutalsothedistinctivelexicalfeatureinthefieldofbusinessEnglish.AgreatnumberoffrequentwordsinEnglishbusinessletteraregivenasexamplestoshowlexicalfeatures.Chapter4isthekeyforthisthesis.Atthebeginning,itliststheChinesetranslationmethodsandtechniquesofwords,namelyliteraltranslation&freetranslationofaword,theskillsofchoosingthepropermeaningofawordanddifferentwordswithsamemeaning.Undertheguidanceofthetranslationtechniquesfromlexicallevel,theauthordealswiththetranslationproblemscausedbyhomonymy,polysemyandsynonymyphenomenawhichappearwidelyinbusinessEnglishvocabularyandappliestotheChinesetranslationoftechnicaltermsandcommonwordswithbusinessmeaninginEnglishbusinessletter.ThepurposeistofacilitatethetranslatortocreateaperfectChinesebusinessletter.2LiteratureReview2.1AnOverviewofBusinessCommunicationWiththeconstantdevelopmentofelectricaltechnology,businesscommunicationintheinternationaltradehaschanged.Inthepast,telegramwasthemostcommonmethodofcommunication.Itwasabriefmessagewhichcouldbesenttomostpartsoftheworldthroughthetelegraphwiresinacablethatlayonthebedoftheseaorocean(GanHong,1996:63).Besides,atelexwasausefulmethodofbusinesscommunicationbecauseofitsefficiency.Itwasapieceofmessagewhichcouldbesentorreceivedthroughateleprinter(GanHong,1996:75).Atpresent,bothcablesandtelexesarehardtofind.Instead,businesscorrespondencetodaymainlyreferstobusinessletter,faxandE-mail.Businessletteristheprofessionalwriting,whichrecordstheprogressofimport&exportbusiness(ZhangXin-hong&LiMing,2003:159).Faxmachinecantransmitacopyofdocumentinanelectronicformalongtelephonewiresandthenprintit.E-mailreferstotheofficialsystemusedforsendinganddeliveringletters.AsZhangXin-hong&LiMing(2003:159)said,“Althoughthetelephone,cablesandtelexeshavebeenwidelyused,businessletter(includinge-mail)isstillthemostimportantmediainvolvedintheinternationalbusinessactivitiesfortworeasons.Firstly,whathasbeenmentionedthroughthetelephone&telegramneedthefinalconfirmationbymail.Secondly,itcangiveafullexplanationandadescriptiontothedetailsofproblembecausethenumberofwordsisunlimitedinaletter.Itisafterthepromotionoffax,E-mailandtheircombinationthatmessagescanbetransmittedmorerapidly.”Thedefinitionofbusinessletterhasbeenmentionedabove.Thuswehaveanideathatthecontentofbusinessletterrunsthroughbusinessoperation.Fromtheperspectiveofthecontentintheprocessofabusinesstransaction,businessletterscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingcategories:establishingbusinessrelations,salespromotion,statusenquiries,enquiriesandreplies,quotations,offersandcounter-offers,insuranceandshipment,complaintsandadjustments,invitationsandthank-younote.Thewholeprocessofbusinesstransactioniscoveredfromenteringintotraderelations,creditcounseling,inquiries,offersandcounter-offers,acceptance,payment,shipmenttoinsuranceandclaims(ZhangXin-hong&LiMing,2003:160).Accordingtotheclassificationofbusinessletters,itisnoticeablethatthefunctionsofabusinesslettermaybesaidtobuildortomaintainasocialnetwork,toobtainortoconveyinformation;tomakeortoacceptorrejectanoffer;todealwithmattersconcerningbusinessnegotiations.2.2TheCurrentStudiesofBusinessEnglishLettersTranslationThefunctionsofbusinessEnglishlettersarethebestproofthatbusinessEnglishlettershavegreatimpactonforeigntrade.Asaresult,moreandmorestudiesareappearinginthefieldofbusinessEnglishletterstranslation.Ingeneral,thecurrentstudiesofbusinessEnglishletterstranslationmainlydiscussfromtwoaspects.Ononehand,itstudiesfromtheperspectiveoftranslationtheoryandskill;forexample,ApplicationofTheoryofDynamicEquivalencetoBusinessEnglishTranslationbyZhouLi-renin2000publishedinINTERNATIONALBUSINESSRESEARCH,OntheSkillsinTranslatingCommercialLettersbyShanYi-mingin2007publishedinSHANXISCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,AnalysisontheTheoryofFunctionalismandItsInfluenceonBusinessEnglishTranslationbyCuiGuang-jiein2009publishedinTHEROADTOSUCCESSetc.Ontheotherhand,itfocusesonbusinessEnglishletterstranslationaccordingtowritingfeatures,writingprinciplesandlexicalfeaturesofbusinessEnglishletters;forinstance,thethesisforthedegreeofM.A.byZhangJin-lingin2002—ApproachestoBusinessLetterLanguagewithFocusonChinese-EnglishTranslationwhichreferredtowritingprinciplesofbusinessletter(completeness,conciseness,clarity,concreteness,courtesy,considerationandcorrectness),OnWritingFeaturesandTranslationoftheInternationalBusinessLetterbyZhangJing-fengin2004publishedinJOURNALOFHENANMECHANICALANDELECTRICALENGINEERINGCOLLEGE,TheLexicalFeaturesandItsTranslationintheInternationalBusinessEnglishLetterbyZhangLi-guiin2008publishedinTECHNOLOGYANDMARKETetc.Besides,otherdiscussionsexist,suchasTheChoiceandTranslationofBusinessEnglishWordsbyTangBen-saiin2005publishedinJOURNALOFNANNINGPOLYTECHNIC,EuphemismApplicationandTranslationinBusinessEnglishLettersbyCongLi-junin2006publishedinDATAOFCULTUREANDEDUCATION,NominalizationApplicationinBusinessEnglishLetterWritingbyChenXia-nanin2006publishedinJOURNALOFDALIANMARITIMEUNIVERSITY(SOCIALSCIENCEEDITION),TheCooperativePrincipleinBusinessEnglishLetterTranslationbyLiYanin2008publishedinKAOSHIZHOUKANetc.Onthebasisofpreviousstudies,thethesisconnectsthekeylexicalfeaturesinbusinessEnglishletterstoChinese-translationskillsonthethemeofChinesetranslationofEnglishwordsinbusinessletters.3ReviewsofStudiesonLexicalFeaturesBusinesslettersareoneofbusinessEnglishcourseswhichrefertovariousofformalandinformaldocumentsusedfortheexchangeofgoodsandservices.Intermsofstyle,thefeaturesoffrequentwordsinbusinessEnglishcoursesareillustratednext(ZhangXinhong&LiMing,2003:144).Firstly,suchstyledeploysarangeofcommonwordstogiveageneraldescription,butitinvolvesawideoftechnicaltermsandcommonwordswithbusinessmeaningduringcommercialactivities.Thedistinctivepointofbusinesslanguageistheusageofprofessionalvocabularysothattherearemanytradetermsandcommonswordswithbusinessmeaning(ZhangXinhong&LiMing,2003:144).Ononehand,tradetermreferstotheunderstandingbetweenabuyerandasellerastothediscounts,paymentperiod,deliveryexpensesandtime,returns,andthestandardmeaningofterminologyusedintransactionsandtradedocuments①.Itfrequentlyappearsinallstagesofbusinessoperation,inparticular,incommercialcorrespondencescoveringpriceterms,packing,paymentterms,insuranceandshipment,suchasthesixcommonlyusedterms:FOB,CFR,CIF,FCA,CPT,CIP(Incoterms2000);billofexchange,combinedtransportdocument,insurancecertificate,trimmingcharges,QualityControl,F.P.A,W.P.A,AllRisk,warehousetowarehouseclause,Riskofintermixtureandcontamination,cashagainstshippingdocuments,paymentafterarrivalofthegoods,LetterofCredit,D/Dandsoon.Ontheotherhand,generalvocabularyhasaspecialsenseinbusinessfield.Forexample,‘policy’isgenerallyconsideredtoaplanofactionagreedorchosenbyapoliticalparty,abusiness,etc.butismeanttoawrittenstatementofacontractofinsuranceinthefieldofbusinessEnglish;‘discount’incommercialactivityreferstoanamountofmoneythatistakenofftheusualcostofsomething,whereasinfinancialEnglishreferstoaservicethatafterthepurchaseofusancebill,thebankerdeductstheinterestfromtotalinvoicevaluefromthedatefordiscounttomaturity,andreturnthebalancetotheholder.For‘extension’,itsgeneralmeaningisanewpartthatisaddedtoabuildingwhileitscommercialmeaningisanextraperiodoftimeallowedforsomething.Itisthesamecasewiththefollowingwords:deposit,premium,protection,etc.Secondly,Englishlanguageforbusinessisrichandflexible.Wordmeaninghaschangedalotbecauseofcollocationandthesingularandpluralnouns.Besides,ambiguityappearswidelyinbusinessEnglish.Lastly,businesscorrespondenceinlong-termuseabsorbmanyborrowwordsandenlargeitsvocabulary,whichreachesacommonsensethatwordsvariedfromtheoriginexpressthesimilarconnotationanddenotationinthespecificcontext(ZhangXinhong&LiMing,2003:145/168).FromtheperspectiveofsenserelationsinEnglishlexicology,whatmentionedabovearecommonlexicalrelations—homonymy,polysemyandsynonymy.Insemantics,aparticularlexememaybesimultaneouslyinanumberoftheserelations,sothatitmaybemoreaccuratetothinkofthelexiconasanetwork,ratherthanalistingofwordsasinpublisheddictionary.Animportantorganizationalprincipleinthelexiconisthelexicalfield.Thisisagroupoflexemeswhichbelongtoaparticularactivityorareaofspecialistknowledge,suchasthetermsincookingorsailing;orthevocabularyusedbydoctors,coalminersormountainclimbers(JohnI.S.,2000:63).Thereareanumberofdifferenttypesoflexicalrelations.Thispaperfocusesonhomonymy,polysemyandsynonymy.Homonymsareunrelatedsensesofthesamephonologicalword(JohnI.S.,2000:63).SomeauthorslikeLinChengzhangandLiuShiping(2005)distinguishamongperfecthomonymsandpartialhomonyms.Forexample:①enquiry[in'kwaiəri]noun.arequestforinformationonthesupplyofcertaingoodsverb.toasktobetold(aperson’sname,business,etc.);Toaskfor②range[reindʒ]nounavarietyofthingsofaparticulartype;asetofproductsofaparticulartype;thedistanceverbtovarybetweentwoparticularamounts,sizes,etc.includingothersbetweenthem;toincludeavarietyofdifferentthingsinadditiontothosementioned.③subject[ˈsʌbdʒikt]Nounheading;something(tobe)talkedorwrittenaboutorstudiedadjectiveconditional(ly)upon①obligedadj.(formal)usedwhenyouareexpressingthanksoraskingpolitelyforsomething,toshowthatyouaregratefultosomebody.②standingadjectiveexistingforalongtimenounperiod;thepositionorreputationofsomebody/something.Inexample1,allhavedifferentpartsofspeechandstandforwordsidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaning.Inexample2,thepresenttenseandthepresentparticipleoftheverb‘stand’,thepasttenseandthepastparticipleoftheverb‘oblige’,standforwordsquitedifferentinmeaningbutidenticalinsometheirgrammaticalforms.Despitethedifferenceallexamplesarewithinscopeofhomonymy.Thereareotherhomonymslikeclaim,discount,due,following,establishedetc.Polysemyalsodealswithmultiplesensesofthesamephonologicalword,butpolysemyisinvokedifthesensesarejudgedtoberelated(JohnI.Saeed,2000:64).Takethefollowingasexamples.termnoun.aphraseusedasthenameofsomethingespeciallyoneconnectedwithaparticulartypeoflanguage;aperiodoftimeforwhichsomethinglasts;aniteminalegaldocumentthatsaysthataparticularthingmustormustnotbedone.referverb.speakof;turnto,goto,forinformation,etc.;send,handover(tosomebodyorsomething),tobedealtwith;direct(someone)toasourceofinformation,etc.athand—closetoyouintimeordistancebyhand—byapersonratherthanamachine;aletterisdeliveredbyamessengerorbythepersonwhowroteitratherthanbymail/post.onhand—available,especiallytohelppossibilitynoun.thefactthatsomethingmightexistorhappen,butisnotcertainto;somethingthatgivesyouachancetoachievesomething;opportunitiestoimproveatadiscount(AAD)—atthereducedprice;(goods)ofnomarket;unpopular.Whateveritisawordoraphrase,eachexamplehasarangeofdifferentmeanings.Thereareotherpolysemicwordslikeindustry,interest,arrangement,acceptance,booking,appreciate,deliveretc.Synonymsaredifferentphonologicalwordswhichhavethesameorverysimilarmeanings(JohnI.S.,2000:65).Thefollowingexamplesmayillustratethepoint.Forinstance,theword‘withreferenceto’issynonymouswith‘concerning’,‘about’.When‘reference’referstothemarkorsign,asanumber,letter,orsymboldirectingthereadertosth.,itissynonymouswithsuchwordsas‘direction’,‘indication’asinthesentence‘YoumayrefertoourletterreferenceNo.663concerningyourrequirements.’Itisobviousthatwordsaresimilarinmeaningonlyinacertainsense,notinalltheirmeanings.Anotherexampleisthatthesynonymsmayhavebelongedtodifferentdialectsandthenbecomesynonymsforspeakersfamiliarwithbothdialects,likeBritishEnglish‘answer’andLatinEnglish‘reply’.Here‘answer’hasthesamemeaningas‘reply’.4TranslationMethodandTechnique4.1LiteralTranslationandFreetranslationLiteraltranslationreferstotargettext,whichnotonlyreflectthecontentofthesourcetext,butalsoretainitsthoughtslikethemetaphor,theimageoftheorigin,theethniccultureandsoon.Bycontrast,freetranslationismerelytoconveythemessageofthesourcetext,withoutrestrictionsliketheformality,theimage,theethniccultureandsoon.(ZhangXinhong&LiMing,2003:5)Inthewordlevel,itgenerallyreferstowordextension,synonymsubstitution,literal-meaningconversion,pattern-to-patternbyChineseequivalentetc.Takethewordofpackageasanexample,itistranslatedtobaozhuang包装“abox,bag,etc.inwhichthingsarewrappedorpacked”,thatistheoriginalmeaning.Packagesistranslatedtotaozhuangdeorchengtaode套装的或者成套的(“tobeaset”;ChangYutian169),whichissemi-fixedtranslationbasedonthecontext.Eitherpackagedserviceorservicepackagesistranslatedtoyitiaolongfuwu一条龙服务“asetofitemsorideasthatmustbeboughtoracceptedtogether”，thatisextendingthemeaningoftheword(ChangYutian,2005:169).4.2TheWaystoDeterminetheMeaningofaWordInsemantics,contextualeffectsseemtopullwordmeaningintwooppositedirections.Thefirst,restrictinginfluenceisthetendencyforwordstooccurtogetherrepeatedly,calledcollocation.Contextualeffectscanalsopullwordmeaningsintheotherdirection,towardscreativityandsemanticshift.Itoccursinambiguityandvagueness(JohnI.S.,2000:60).Tofigureoutwordmeanings,thereare3translationtechniques,namely,theskillsofchoosingthepropermeaningofaword,theskillsofextendingaword’smeaningandthewayofpraiseanddisparage.Tobespecific,thechoiceofwordmeaningsistopickuptherightmeaningofawordaccordingtothecontextamongalltheexistingmeanings.ForChinesetranslation,thepropermeaningofawordisselectedaccordingtopartsofspeech,thesingularandpluralformofnouns,occasionandcontextandmatchingofwords.(HuangYanglou,2002)4.3DifferentWordswiththeSameTranslationSuchatranslationtechniqueisintroducedbyChangYutian常玉田(2005).Forexample,asanindividualword,neither“contract”nor“confirmation”hasanintersectionbetweentheirconnotationandtheirdenotation.However,twowordsrespectivelyconstituteaphrasewithsales—salescontractandsalesconfirmationandthepairshavethesametranslation—hetong,合同“anofficialwrittenagreement”.4.4ChineseTranslationofEnglishWordsinBusinessLetters4.4.1ChineseTranslationforTradeTermsInChapter3,wenoticethattherearealotoftradetermsinbusinessletters.Withrespecttotheusageoftradetermsinforeigntradeactivities,itisnoticedthattradetermsfocusesonthethemeoftradeandplaytheimportantroleinmakingefficientcommunication.Inthelonghistoryofinternationaltrade,theyhavebecomethefixedexpression.InthecourseofChinesetranslation,itshouldrefertotheliteraturesofbusinessEnglishathomeorabroadtofindoutthefixedmeaning.Examplesare:(1)PleasequotetheDCmotorunderF.O.Bterms.Intheexample1,F.O.BisoneofpricetermsanditsfixedChinesemeaningiszhuangyungangchuanbianjiaohuo装运港船边交货；quote,here,meansbaojia报价inbusinessfieldinsteadofyinyong引用indailysituation.TheChinesetranslationofthewholesentenceis请对DC电机报F.O.B价。(2)WeshallcoverWPAonyourorder.Inthissentence,WPAisatechnicaltermsanditsfixedChineseequivalentisshuizixian水渍险.Thetargettextofthewholesentenceis我们将为你们的货物投保水渍险.Herecanweadopteitherliteraltranslationmethodoroneoffreetranslationmethods--pattern-to-patternbyChineseequivalence.4.4.2ChineseTranslationforWordswithDifferentMeaningsToreviewthecontentofchapter3,wordswithdifferentmeaningsmaymeantobehomonymyandpolysemy.TheskillsofchoosingthepropermeaningofawordmentionedaboveisthebestchoicefortheChinesetranslationofhomonymsandpolysemicwords.Inlinewithfouraspectsofthatmethod,itsapplicationisdividedintofourparts.(i)AccordingtoPartsofSpeechItisparamounttomakesureofpartsofspeechandthegrammaticalfunctionofwordsinasentence.Andthenthelexicalmeaningcanbeselected(HuangYanglou,2003:15).Examplesare:1.Thewordofrangeservesaseithernounorverb.Itisusedinthedifferentcircumstanceanditsmeaningisdifferent.(1)Wecansupplycarpetsinawiderangeofdesigns.Inthissentence,‘range’isanoun,whoseChineseequivalentisleiorzhong类；种“asetofproductsofaparticulartype”.TheChinesetranslationofthewholesentenceis我们能供应花样繁多的地毯.(2)Afullrangeofshippingdocumentsinduplicateshouldbesenttous.Inthissentence,rangeisalsoanoun,whoseChineseequivalentisyixilie一系列“avarietyofthingsofaparticulartype”.TheChinesetranslationofthewholesentenceis你方应该发送一整套装运单据的副本.(3)Thereisonlyanarrowrangeofprices.Inthissentence,rangestillservesasanoun,whoseChineseequivalentisfanwei（变化或浮动的）范围“thelimitsbetweenwhichsthvaries”.TheChinesetranslationofthewholesentenceis价格仅有很小的距离.(4)Inregardtowoolenserge,stockisavailableinvariousshadesofblue,pricesrangingfromRMB…to…peryard.Inthissentence,rangeisnotanounanymore,butaverb.ItsChineseequivalentiszaiyidingdefanweineibianhua,biandong(在一定的范围内)变化，变动“tovarybetweentwoparticularamounts,sizesetc.includingothersbetweenthem”.TheChinesetranslationofthewholesentenceis关于毛哔叽不同深浅蓝色的有货可供，每码价格自人民币××元到××元不等.(5)Ourscopeofbusinessrangesoveranextensivelineoflightindustrialproducts.Inthissentence,rangeasaverbhasdifferentmeaningincomparisonwithexample4,whoseChineseequivalentiscong…dao…zhijiandegeleishiwu（从。。。到。。。）之间的各类事物“toincludeavarietyofdifferentthingsinadditiontothosementioned”.TheChinesetranslationofthewholesentenceis我们的经营范围包括多种轻工业品。2.Thewordofclaimalsocanbeusedasanounoraverb.ItshouldmakeadistinctionindifferentsentencesforTranslation.(1)Thefirmclaimstobewellplacedforpromotingthesalesofyourproduct.Inthiscircumstance,claimisatransitiveverb,whoseChineseequivalentisshengcheng声称“tosaythatsomethingistruealthoughithasnotbeenprovedandotherpeoplemaynotbelieveit”.TheChinesetranslationofthewholesentenceis对于推销你公司产品，该公司声称处于有利地位.(2)OnlytheholderoftheB/Lmayclaimtobetheowneroftheshipment.Inthiscircumstance,claimisatransitiveverb,whoseChineseequivalentisyaoqiaohefaquanli要求合法权利“demandlegalright”.TheChinesetranslationofthewholesentenceis只有提单持有人才能要求取得货物的所有权。(3)Ouruserhasclaimeduponusforinferiorquality.Incomparisonwithexample2,claiminthissentenceisanintransitiveverb,whoseChineseequivalentissuoyao索要“toaskformoneyfromacompanybecauseyouhavearighttoit”.TheChinesetranslationofthewholesentenceis我方用户已因为质次想我方索赔.(4)OurclaimonyourL/CNo.84hasnotbeenpaid.Thewordofclaiminthesentenceisanoun,whoseChineseequivalent