Translation-of-Personal-Names-in-English-Literary-Works-英语文学作品中的人名汉译毕业论文

PAGE届别2017届学号毕业设计（论文）英语文学作品中的人名汉译（宋体、小二）TranslationofPersonalNamesinEnglishLiteraryWorksTranslationofPersonalNamesinEnglishLiteraryWorks（英文标题：TimesNewRoman,小三，加粗）AThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsFortheBachelor’sDegreeinEnglishLanguageandLiteratureBy(汉语拼音)UndergraduateProgramDepartmentofForeignLanguagesXiangnanUniversitySupervisor:AcademicTitle:Signature＿______ApprovedDecember2016CONTENTS（TimesNewRoman大写、小三，居中、加粗、空一行）（目录内容：TimesNewRoman,五号字，其中一级标题还要加粗，分散对齐，行间距20磅，标题除每一行的首字母和专有名词大写外，单词首字母不要大写；各级标题的排序用阿拉伯数字表示，不能用ChapterOne或PartOne之类的标识，引言、结论、参考文献和致谢部分不要排序；各级标题各自对齐，二级标题比一级标题缩进3个字符后，再对齐，以此类推；中文摘要和英文摘要的页码标序分别用小写的i,ii表示。）AbstractinChinese……….…………………iAbstractinEnglish…………………….……iiIntroduction………...……...………….……..………………1Thedefinitionandcharacteristicsofpersonalname21.1Thedefinitionofpersonalname…..…21.2Thecharacteristicsofpersonalname……..…………21.2.1Symbolicness21.2.2Definiteness31.2.3Variation3Personalnameandculture52.1Relationshipbetweenpersonalnamesandculture52.2Culturalinformationinliteraryworks52.3Personalnamesinliteraryworks6NamingmethodsofpersonsinEnglishliterature…...….………….73.1Implyingthemeaninginpronunciation………...………….…………73.2Expressingthemeaningbypersonalnames…………..………………...73.3Originatingfromtheallusions………..………………74.Translationstrategies..………………...…….…94.1Twofundamentalstrategies:domesticationandforeignization…..………..…..……………..94.2Translationstrategiesforpersonalnamesinliteraryworks……….………94.2.1Foreignization………………..…………….…………9Transliteration………………...….………………94.2.2Domestication……..………..……….…….…..….………..…………..10Culturecompensation……………..……..………..Givingupthename,onlygettingthemeaning..……………..…..11Conclusion………………………..……...12Bibliography………………………….13Acknowledgments….14PAGE16摘要（小三，宋体、居中、空一行）（正文：宋体、小四、行间距20磅）人名是一门艺术，也是人类社会中最普遍的语言现象，是人们利用语言符号区别他人的特定标志。人名同复杂的社会文化有着深刻的联系，因而有着深刻的文化内涵。本文选取了文学作品中的人名作为研究对象。文学作品中的人名，往往是作者根据其创作意图，为更深刻地揭示人物性格，预示人物命运，体现作品的背景和主题而精心设计的，具有深远的延伸寓意。然而某些寓意深刻的人名增添了文学作品的复杂性，从而使译者在翻译时难以把握。为了最大限度地传达原作的寓意，保持原作的风格，译者在翻译文学作品中的人名时，应从文化的角度入手，采取归化和异化的基本翻译策略，以音译、文化补偿和取意舍名等方式灵活处理。关键词：人名翻译；文学作品；文化内涵；翻译策略（关键词之间用分号隔开）ABSTRACT（TimesNewRoman、大写、小三、加粗、居中、空一行）（正文：小四、TimesNewRoman、行间距20磅）Namingisanart.Names,whichareusedbyhumanbeings,arethecommonestlanguagephenomenoninhumansociety.Theyarethesignsforpeopletodistinguishonepersonfromanother.Namingisaspecialandlinguisticphenomenonwhichrelatestoculturesextensivelyandprofoundly.Thepresentpaperwillfocusonthestudyofpersonalnamesinliteraryworks.Someofthesenamesgivevividimagesofthecharacters,someofthemshowthetemperamentsofthecharacters,andsomeofthemsuggestthefateofthecharacters.Suchpersonalnamesinliteraryworksaremuchmoreintentionallygiventhanindailylife.Theytakethetasktohelpwiththedevelopmentofthewholework,sothetranslationofthemshouldalsobetakenintocarefulconsideration.Forthepurposeofbeingfaithfultothemeaningandstyleofthesourcetext,whentranslatingthepersonalnamesinliteraryworks,atranslatorshouldstartfromtheperspectiveofculture,flexiblytakingthetwobasictranslatingstrategies:domesticationandforeignization.Keywords:translationofpersonalname;literaryworks;culturalconnotation;translationstrategies.（关键词除了专有名词之外，单词首字母不要大写；关键词之间用分号隔开）特别说明：一、封面和封二之间插入“分页符”；二、封二和目录之间插入“分节符”（方法：点击“插入—分隔符—分节符类型中的“下一页”—“确定”）；三、目录和中英文摘要之间插入“分节符”，中英文摘要之间则插入“分页符”，中英文摘要的页码分别用“i、ii”标记；四、中英文摘要和正文之间插入“分节符”；五、正文各节之间插入“分页符”六、页眉部分为“外国语学院英语专业2017届毕业论文”（楷体_GB2312、小三号字,但页眉部分的文字内容只出现在论文正文部分，其它部分（不含封面和封二）页眉只留一条下划线，没有文字内容。）外国语学院英语专业2016届本科毕业论文Introduction（TimesNewRoman、顶左对齐、小三、加粗、不空行）（正文内容：小四、TimesNewRoman、每段的首行向右缩进3个英文字符、行间距20磅）Eachpersoninthesocietyhashisorhernamewhichdiffershimorherfromothermembersinthecommunity.Namesareusedbyhumanbeingsandtheyarethesignsforpeopletodistinguishonepersonfromanother.Namingisaspecialsocialandlinguisticphenomenonwhichrelatestoculturesextensivelyandprofoundly.Theinformationofanation'shistory,language,psychology,religion,customs,conceptsofmoralandvalueareallimplicatedinpersonalnames.Thereforepersonalnamesarenotonlylinguisticsymbolsbutsocialsymbols,whicharewindowsforpeopletoseethroughdifferentculturesindifferentsocieties.Theycontainprofoundcultureconnotation,sothestudyingofnamesattractsanumberoftranslators.Forexample,AndreLefevere,adoctorofBelgium,makesadiscussionabout“names”inhisworkTranslatingLiterature:PracticeandTheoryinacomparativeLiteratureContext.Here“name”referstothosefamouspeople’snamesorcharactersinEnglishliteraryworks.Personalnamesinliteraryworksworkquitedifferentlyfrompersonalnamesindailycommunication.Theyarenotonlysimplesignsforlabelingsomepersons,butcloselyconnectedwiththesepersons'characteristicsandevenfates,bothinrealityandinfiction.So,inlateruseofthesenames,peoplefamiliarwiththesourcesofthesenamescaneasilygettheproperassociationsintheirminds.Thus,thepopularityandfrequentuseofthesenameshasbecomepartoftheculture,andbymanymeanstheusageofthesenameshasbeenspreadtosomeothercultures.Inthispaper,IwilltalkabouttranslationofpersonalnamesinEnglishliteraryworks.（特别提醒：各节之间要插入分页符，即1和2之间，2和3之间，插入分页符，但一节之内的各小点之间不要插入分页符，即1.1和1.2之间不要插入分页符，也不需要空行。插入分页符的办法：单击文档上方的“插入”，选择“分隔符”中的“分页符”，单击“确定”，即可。）英文引文文内标注法：另外注意引文后句号的位置。如果在引文中已经出现作者，那么在引文后标注（作者名字+文献年份：页码）就可以了。例如：（刘重德,1996:56)或者（Nida,2003:45)Somescholarsbelievethat“identityisfoundattheunstablepointwherethe‘unspeakable’storiesofsubjectivitymeetthenarrativesofhistory,ofaculture”(Hall,2006:13).Whatisplagiarism?Simplyspeaking,“Usinganotherperson’sideasorexpressionsinyourwritingwithoutacknowledgingthesourceconstitutesplagiarism”(Gibaldi,Manual,2008:143).1.TheDefinitionandFeaturesofPersonalName1.1.TheDefinitionofPersonalName（小四，加粗，二级标题在一标题的基础上往右缩进3个英语字符,三级标题和二级标题的位置一样）Asweknow,“name”isveryimportantinourdailylife,wehavetousevarious“names”everyday,butwhatis“name”?Canyougivethedefinitiontous?InOxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionary,“name”isdefinedas“anameorwordsthataparticularperson,animal,placeorthingisknownby

”.Thedefinitionisverysimple,andErnstPulgraminhis“TheoryofNames”offersamoredetaileddefinitionofanameasfollowing:“Apropernameisanounusedinanon-universalfunction,withorwithoutrecognizablecurrentlexicalvalue,ofwhichthepotentialmeaningcoincideswithandneverexceedsitsactualmeaning,andwhichisattachedasalabeltooneanimatebeingoroneinanimateobject(ortomorethanoneinthecaseofcollectivenames)forthepurposeofspecificdistinctionfromamonganumberoflikeorinsomerespectssimilarbeingsorobjectsthatareeitherinnomannerdistinguishedfromoneanotheror,forourinterest,notsufficientlydistinguished.”(Dunkling,LeslieAlan,2001:56)Itiseasyforustoknowthat“personalname”arepeople'sname-thenamethatapersoninheritsatbirthandtheothernamethataregiventohimorher.Inthisarticle,wewillfocusonpersonalnamesinliteraryworks.1.2.TheCharacteristicsofPersonalNameFromthedefinition,wecanseeanameisbasicallyfunctionedas“alabel”,withthepurposeof“specificdistinction”.Asspecialsignsindicatingindividualsinthesociety,personalnames,havesomeparticularcharacteristicsthatnoothersignscanreplace.1.2.1.Symbolicness（三级标题与二级标题的位置一致，字体为小四，加粗，起始的正文内容则还是保持与原来的一致，即首行只往右缩进3个英文字符。）Personalnames,asabranchofthesystemofnames,aresymbolswhichrepresentdifferentfiguresofthehumanbeings.Thestartofnamingpeopleisanimportantmarkwhichdistinguishmenfromanimals.Allhumanbehaviororiginatesintheuseofsymbols.Itwasthesymbolwhichtransformedouranthropoidancestorsintomenandmadethemhuman.Allcivilizationshavebeengenerated,andareperpetuated,onlybytheuseofsymbols.ItisthesymbolwhichtransformsaninfantofHomosapiensintoahumanbeing;deafmuteswhogrowupwithouttheuseofsymbolsarenothumanbeings.Allhumanbehaviorissymbolicbehavior;symbolicbehaviorishumanbehavior.Thesymbolistheuniverseofhumanity.Thestatementrevealsthatonebasiccharacteristicofpersonalnamesissymbolic.Onceamanhasgothisname,thenameworksasasymboltodistinguishhimselffromtheotherpeople.1.2.2.DefinitenessThesecondfeatureofpersonalnamesisdefiniteness.Eachpersonalnamerelatestoaconcreteperson.It’saspecifiedmarkforeachperson.Thisisdifferentfromtheothercommonnamesorcollectivenounswhichrefertothingsofthesamecategory.Forinstance，诸葛亮(ZhugeLiang)usuallyreferstotheprimeministerinShuinThreeStatesPeriodinChina.MargaretThatcherreferstothewomanprimeministerintheUK.MarieCuriereferstothefamousPolishphysicistandchemistwhodiscoveredtwonewelements(radiumandpolonium).1.2.3.VariationItisnecessaryforustoknowthatpersonalnamesarenotpurelylinguisticphenomenon.Asasocialphenomenonofhumancivilization,personalnamecanreachtoeveryaspectofhumanbeings,includingculture,history,economy,andsoon.Thethirdcharacteristicofpersonalnamesisvariation.Thevariationreflectsmainlyintwoaspects-meaningandfunction.Thevariationofmeaningisthatpeopleoftenbreakthroughthesymbolicnessofpersonalnameswhentheyarenaming.Theyconsciouslymakethepersonalnameshavecertainmeaningordeliberatelypursuegoodnames.Inthenamingsystemsofmostpeoples,thereisatendencythatpeoplechoosethewordswhichhavegoodconceptualmeaningsandexcludethosewithbadconnotations.InthenamingsystemofChinesepeople,thepurelysymbolicfamilynames,cooperatingwithgivennames,usuallyregaintheoriginalmeaningandmakethepersonalnamesexpressgoodconnotation.Asweknow,thefunctionofpersonalnamesistodistinguish.Eachpersonalnameisattachedtoaconcretepersonandusedtorefertotheperson.Butinrealitythepersonalnamessometimesdeviatefromthefeatureofdefinitenessandthusproducethevariabilityoffunction.Foronething,severalpersonsmayhavethesamepersonalnamesbecauseoftheinfluenceofpeople'scommonpsychologyinnamingprocess,thereforethedefinitenessofpersonalnamescannotbeassured.Foranotherthing,personalnameswhicharepropernounsareoftentransformedintocommonnouns.Thisisthegeneralizationofpersonalnames.Theyarenotusedtorefertothedefiniteperson,butusedasageneralreference.Sothereisthedeviationfromthedefiniteness.TherearemanyexamplesinEnglish.Forinstance,JohnHancockwasapoliticianduringtheAmericanCivilWar.Nowhisnamemeans“tosignthenames”asinthesentence“PutyourJohnHancockonthispaper.”In1776,whentheIndependenceDeclarationwaspassedafterhotdiscussion,JohnHancocksignedhisnamesfirst.Hisnameswerebigandnoticeable.Whenothersaskedhimwhyhesignedhisnamesinthatway,heexplained,“SoFatGeorgeinLondoncanreaditwithouthisglasses”(张逵,2006:23).BecauseJohnHancocksignedhisnamesfirstandhissignaturewasverynoticeable,peopleoftenuseJohnHancocktorefertoone’sownsignature.Sandwichisalsoapersonalnameusedasacommonnoun.

2.PersonalNameandCultureCulturereferstoallthewaysoflifecreatedinhumanhistory,includingtheexplicitandtheimplicit,thereasonableandunreasonable,andeverythingfarfrombeingreasonableorunreasonable.Namingrelatestoculturesextensivelyandprofoundly.2.1.RelationshipbetweenPersonalNamesandCulture“Idefinedcultureasthewayoflifeanditsmanifestationthatispeculiartoacommunitythatusesaparticularlanguageasitsmeansofexpression.”(Newmark,2001:24).Personalnamesaretheproductsofthehistoricaldevelopmentofhumansociety.Theyreflecttheancientcivilizationandsplendidculturesfromdifferentperspectives.Thechoiceofnamestellsusabouthumanthoughtprocessesatthattimeandreflectsthesocialreality.Thereforethedevelopmentofpersonalnamescannotbedivorcedfromthesocialculturebackground.Namesareaninseparablepartofcultureandtheinevitableoutcomeoftheculturalevolution.Personalnameshaveevolvedwiththedevelopmentofhumansociety,sojustlikeotherlinguisticphenomenatheyplaytheroleofcarrierandpropagatorofcultures.Cultureinfiltratesintoeveryaspectofhumansociallivesandexertsanimperceptibleinfluenceonpeople’sbehavior.Personalnamesaretheoutcomeofhumansocialbehavior,sotheinfluenceofculturecanbeseenfromthechangingofnames.Forexample,ChinesepeoplearegreatlyinfluencedbyConfucianism,soobviousproprietycolorcanbeseeninChinesepeoplenames;EnglishpeoplebelieveChristianityandreligiouscolorcanbefoundintheirnames.What’smore,personalnamesexertitsinfluenceandactiononsocietyandculture.Forexample,thetabooonusingthepersonalnamesofemperorswasformedundertheinfluenceoffeudalhierarchyculture.Inaword,personalnamesandcultureinfluenceeachother,restricteachotherandactoneachother.Frompersonalnames,peoplecanseetheculturalsimilarityanddifferenceindifferentsocieties.2.2.CulturalInformationinLiteraryWorksLiteraryworkisthemostimportantcarrierofculture.AsmentionedinChapterOne,wewillfocusonthepersonalnamesinliteraryworks,forliteraryworksoftenembodymuchculturalinformation.Cultureisthesumofanation’sknowledge,experiences,beliefs,senseofvalues,divisionofclasses,andtheattitudetowardtimeandspace.Culturalinformationinliteraryworksmeanstheelementsreflectingthecultureofanationornationsinliteraryworks.Itisrathersimpleatfirstsight;however,withoutbeingpaidattention,agreatdealofculturalinformationwillescapethereadersorthetranslators.Forexample,theChinesewritingstylesareverydifferentfromthatinEnglish.TheChinesewriterstendtodeveloptheparagraphsinacircularwaywhereastheEnglishliketofollowastraightline.TheChinesewayofdevelopingparagraphs,infact,areinfluencedbytheirphilosophicalconceptof“Man’sUnitywithHeaven”,andcommonreaderscannotrealizethisintheprocessofreading.2.3.PersonalNamesinLiteraryWorks“Literaryworkhasbeentaking‘humanity’asitsfocussinceit’sbeginning.Charactersarealwaysthefocusofliteraryworks.Thebackgroundtheyarein,theexperiencetheytake,andthepersonalitytheyhave,arecombinedtoformthewholestory.”Authorscreateinthenovelsthepersonalitiesoftheircharactersandevenindicatethefatesanddestinationsoftheirheroesbyallkindsofmethodslikedepictingthehistoryandculturebackground,expressingtheinternalthoughtsofthecharactersorendowingwiththemsomeparticularnameswithspecialmeanings.Amongthesemethods,givingnameswithconnotationstotheheroesinthenovelisoneofthemostdirectandeffectivewaystoapproachtheessentialthemes.Someofthesenamesgivevividimagesofthecharacters,someofthemshowthetemperamentsofthecharacters,andsomeofthemsuggestthefateofthecharacters.Mostoftheauthorswillimplytheirstandpoints,hopes,likesanddislikesinthosenamesoftheirheroesorheroinestoindicatethedevelopmentoftheirstories.Thus,theauthorhaveformedalotpunsinthenamesoffictionalfigures,someinpronunciation,whilesomeothersinmeaning.TakeEnglishforexamples:InJohnBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgress,EnglishreaderscaneasilygetthefirstimpressionfromsuchnamesasMr.WorldlyWiseman,Faithful,Hopeful,GiantDespair,andMr.Nogood.Thesenamesoffictionalfigures,intentionallygivenbytheauthors,canhelpreadersgetabetterunderstandingofthewholework,andastheliteraryworkhasbeenacceptedbythereaders,someofthepersonalnameswillbealsokeptinthereaders’mindsandbewidelyusedhereafterinthedailylifeinarhetoricwaylike“Hamlet”inEnglishculture.

3.NamingMethodsofPersonsinEnglishLiteratureWriterssometimesusenamesnotjusttonamecharactersinapoem,story,novel,orplay,butalsotodescribethosecharacters.Whennamingacharacter,especiallynamingahero,authorsarealwaystryingtheirbesttochooseaperfectnameaccordingtotheintentionsoftheirwork.Threemethodsinthisthesis.3.1.ImplyingtheMeaninginPronunciationThefirstnamingmethodistoformanamewithimpliedmeaninginpronunciation.Forexample:Gatsby:ThenameofthecharacterinF.ScottFitzgerald’sTheGreatGatsby,is“Thegreatgetsby”,i.e.“ThegreatAmericandreampassesby”.WillyLoman:ThenameofthecharacterinArthurMiller’sTheDeathofaSalesman,is“Willies+lonelyman”,i.e.“Alonelymanwhoseheartisfullwillies”.AllthesenamesarecombinationsofChinesecharacterandpronunciations.3.2.ExpressingtheImpliedMeaningbyNames“Thenameusuallycontainsanallusiontoacertainwordinthelanguage,andthatallusionallowsreaderstocharacterizecharacterstoagreaterextent”(AndreLefevere36)Let’slookatthefollowingexample:GoodmanBrown:ThenameoftheprotagonistinHawthorne’s“YoungGoodmanBrown”.Brownitselfisaneutralname,butGoodman,whichoriginallymeantsomethinglike“mister”andisnolongerincurrentusage,tendstoaddashadeofimpliedmeaning.3.3.OriginatingfromtheAllusionsSometimes,writerschoosenamesforthecharactersfromallusions.FollowingsaretheexamplesbytwocharactersofHermanMelville’sMobyDick:AhabandIshmael.Ahab:ThenameofthecharacterinMobyDick.IntheBible,AhabwasakingofIsrael,whointroducedtheworshipofpagangodsintohiscountry.Inthetwenty-secondchapter,KingJehosophatcomestovisitKingAhabofIsrael.AhabpersuadesJehosophattoassisthimonamilitaryexpeditiontogetoneofhiscitiesback.JehosophatinsiststhattheprophetsbeofficiallyconsultedsothattheycanhaveJehovah’sblessing.Ahabsummonsfourhundredprophets,whoallprophesygreatsuccess,butJehosophatrefusestobelieveit.SoAhabhastosendamessengertosummontheprophetMicaiah,who,instead,prophesiesthedefeatofAhab’sarmy,andhisowndeath.LikeKingAhab,CaptainAhabintroducestheworshipofpagangodstothePequod,thatis,henotonlyhiressomepaganharpooners,buthasalsoactedblasphemouslytoGodseveraltimes.He,too,hashis“Micaiah”,theSatanicOriental,Fedallah,whopredictshisowndeathandthefailureofAhab’spursuitofMobyDick.KingAhabisafinewarrior,butheiskilledinbattle.CaptainAhabcanalsoberegardedasafinewarrior,andheisfinallykilledandburiedunderthesea.Ishmael:ThenameofthenarratorinMobyDick.IntheBible,Ishmaelisthehalf-bredsonofAbrahamandtheEgyptianslaveHagar.HeisconceivedwhenAbrahamandhiswifeSarahfearsthattherewillbenoheirtocarryontheline,butwhenheisstillaboyheisbanishedafterSarahboreIsaac.ThoughtoJewsandChristians,Ishmaelisabastardandanoutcast,yettoArabs,heisthefatheroftwelvesonswhoaretoleadtwelvetribes,fromwhomallpresent-dayArabsaredescended.Sothenameof“Ishmael”,issymbolicofawandererordisplacedperson.ItcanbefoundinthenovelthatIshmaelnotonlywandersoverthephysicalworld,butalsowandersspirituallyinsearchofthemeaningoflife.

TranslationStrategies4.1.TwoFundamentalStrategies:ForeignizationandDomestication“Atranslationstrategyisamethodadoptedbyatranslatortodealwiththeproblemsintranslation,ofwhichtherearetwobasictranslationstrategies,whicharetermed‘foreignization’and‘domestication.”4.2.TranslationStrategiesforPersonalNamesinLiteraryWorksTranslationisabridgethatconnectsoneculturewithanother.Inanotherword,translationshouldtransferadequate,accurateinformation;ontheotherhand,translationshouldkeeptheflavoroftheoriginalasmuchaspossible.Namely,agoodtranslationshouldhavetheexoticflavororcontainexoticculturalelements.Whenwearetranslatingthesenames,wearenotjusttranslatingbetweensignsaswedoinordinarycommunication.“Jack”into“杰克”isnolongerenough,andwhatwedoneedisnotthesignitselfbutitsdescriptivefunction.Andfordifferentsituations,weshouldtakedifferentwaystodealwith,startingfromtheperspectiveofculture,flexiblytakingthetwobasictranslatingstrategies:domesticationandforeignization.Thisthesisprovidesthreestrategiesforpersonal-nametranslation.4.2.1.ForeignizationForeignizationmeansatermtodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichatranslational-literaryworkisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal..TransliterationTransliterationistotranslatethepersonalnamesaccordingtotheirpronunciation.IntranslatingEnglishnames,translatorswilltrytochoosesomeChinesecharacterswiththesameorsimilarsoundtothatoftheEnglishnames.Forexample,thenameoftheheroineinGonewiththeWindisnamedasScarlet,oneoftheChineseversionofthisnameis“斯佳丽”,whichhasthesimilarpronunciationtothatofitsoriginalone.Ifwehavethesharedbackgroundknowledgeorthesamepragmaticpresupposition,wecaneasilygetthefunctionalequivalencebyjusttransliteration.Forexample,sincetherearemoreandmorechannelsforcross-culturecommunication,wegettoknowalotofforeignnameswiththecomingoftheforeignculture,like“亚当(Adam)”,“夏娃(Eve)”and“诺亚(Noah)”intheBible,and“罗密欧(Romeo)”,“朱丽叶(Juliet)”and“奥塞罗(Othello)”inShakespeare’sworks.Thereisnodoubtthatiftheliterarynamesarequitepopular,thatistosay,ifthecultureoftheoriginalworkhasalreadyacceptedthesenamesbecausemostofthepeoplearequitefamiliarwiththeheroesinthoseliteraryworks.Then,translatorscanadopttheliterarytranslationbythesound.Thenumberofthesenamesisincreasingasthedevelopmentofworldliterature.Forexample:HeisreallyaBillGates.MostofChineseinmodernsocietyknowwhoisBillGates.Sointhissentence,thespeaker’srealintentionistoexpresshisadmirationtohisfriendwhoisgoodatcomputer.WecantranslateBillGatesinto“比尔·盖茨”directly,becauseinthissentence,boththeChineseandEnglishsharethesameinformationbackground.However,thisisnotthebestwaytotranslateliterarynamesbecausetwoofthemostimportantelements(theconnotationsandthemetaphorofpuns)areoverlooked.Sowhentranslating,translatorsshouldtakeanothertwotranslationstrategieswhichbelongtothedomestication.4.2.2.DomesticationDomesticatingtranslationisactuallytheextremeoffreetranslation,anditsoppositionwhichkeepstheexoticismoftheoriginalworkisfreetranslationtotheutmostdegree.CultureCompensationInsomenames,theirconnotationsortheirfurthermeaningsaremuchimportantthantheirfunctionasnames.Inmostoccasions,thesenameslosttheiroriginaldistinguishingfunctionasnamesbutbecomegeneralwordreferringtosomepersonsoractionsorsituations.Iftranslatorsdisregardtheirconnotationbytranslatingthemdirectly,thismayresultinthemisunderstandingandconfuses.In,wehavementionedthename“Othello”,andnowlet’sseeanexample:“…Allmarriedmenwithlovelywivesarejealous,aren’tthey?Andsomeofthemjustcan’thelpplayingOthello.”“跟漂亮女人结婚的男人都爱吃醋，我难道没有说对?还有人会不由自主地扮演奥塞罗.”(李静,李崇月,2007:130)Inthissentence,theEnglishreadersorsomeoftheChinesereaderswhoknowthestoryofOthellowillhavenodifficultyingettingtherealconnotationofthespeaker.ButtothosecommonpeoplewhomayneverknowwhoorwhatisOthello,itisimpossibleforthemtounderstandtheChinesesentence“还有人会不由自主地扮演奥塞罗”.Sowhentheallusionortraditionbehindapersonalnameisstrangetothereaders,whichmeansthatthereisneithersharedbackgroundknowledgenorthesamepragmaticpresupposition,thereaderswillgetthevacuumofsense.Tosolvethisproblem,atfirstthetranslatorsshouldhaveboththebilingualcompetenceandbiculturalcompetence,whichmeansthattheyshouldatfirstknowtheculturebehindthenameandthenhavetheabilitytocompensatetheculturalgapformedbythedifferences.Wecanmakethecompensationtoexplainthenameinthetextbyamplification,whichmeansaddingdescriptivecontentstothetransliteration.Forexample:IamnoHamlet.我不是犹豫不决的哈姆雷特。Hermanneriscool.She’stheGraceKellytype.(MichaelCrichton,Disclosure)她举止冷淡，很像美国著名冷艳影星葛丽丝·凯莉。Mostofthepersonalnamesinrhetoricusehavecertainallusionsbehindthem,sothetranslationshouldbefirstbasedontheunderstandingoftheallusions..GivinguptheName,onlyGettingtheMeaningIntranslatingthoseliterarypersonalnames,thetranslatoralwaystriedtofindoutamostequivalentpartinthetranslational-literaryworkfortheimageintheoriginalwork.Thus,theygottheimagetransferred,notthenameitself.Forexample:WiththesestatementweenterSimon’sworld,whereheisHumpty-DumptyandweareAliceswhomustwaituponhimtotelluswhatwordmean.（Alice’sAdventuresinWonderland）“耳闻西蒙之论，我们走进了他的那个世界——在这里，他倒像是个目空一切、自鸣得意的“文字专家”，我们却成了一群冥顽不灵的、大字不识的“女流之辈”，什么词表达什么意思非得他说了算不可。”(包惠南，2001:80)TherearesomeotherexamplesinJohnBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgress:Obstinate(顽固的,固执的),Pliable(顺从的,易受影响的),Evangelist(传播福音者)(卜爱会174)

ConclusionPersonalnamesarenotassimpleassigns.Theypossessthelinguisticcharacteristicsassigns,andalsohavesomevarietiesundertheinfluenceofvariousculturefactors.So,thepersonalnameisnotonlyalinguisticphenomenonbutalsoaculturalphenomenon.Inourtranslationofliteraryworks,weshouldtakeboththelin