机经综合口语答案

Thereadingpassagedefinesatermcalledapproach-avoidance.Itreferstothethatpeopleencounterwhentheyhaveagoalthatisbothappealingbutatthesametimehardtoachieveandthusdiscouraging.Theprofessorcitesoneofhisfemalefriendsasanexample.Whenshewasintheuniversity,shebecamesointerestedinteachingandwantedto eateacher.Thenwhenshewasabouttograduate,shehadtheopportunityofpracticingteaching.Duringpracticeshefoundoutthatteachingwasmuchmoredifficultthanshehadexpected.Forexample,shehadtospendalotoftimeathomegradingpapers,andsometimesshehadtogiveupweekendsforherworktoo.Soshehadthisemotional:shereallyenjoyedbeingintheclasswiththestudentsbutshewasalsoworriedthatshemightnothaveenoughenergytohandlealltheworkandpressure.Theman’professorhas mendedthemanatopicforhishistorypaper,butabookinthelibraryonthistopicwaslenttoanotherstudentandhasnotbeenreturnedyet.Themancouldeitherbuyanewbook,orhecouldtalktotheotherstudentandtrytosharethebookwiththestudent.Iwouldmendtheboytobuyanewbook.First,Ithinkeveniftheotherstudentcanlendthebooktotheman,itwillnotbeuntilnextweekwhentheotherstudenthasfinishedwritinghispaper.Bythenitwouldbetoolatefortheman.Hewouldn’thaveenoughtimetoreadthebookandwriteagood-qualitypaper.Second,Ithinkthemandoesn’thavetoworrytoomuchabouttheexpenseofbuyinganewbook,becausehecansellitoncehehasfinishedusingthebookandgetsomemoneyback.Thelecturediscussestwotypesofprocessincreatingsculpture.Thefirstprocessissubtractiveprocess.Thisprocessusessolidmaterial.Thesculptorcutspiecebypieceonthematerialuntilsomeshapeisformed.Subtractiveprocesshasadrawback:itdoesn’tallowthesculptortoamendthemistakestheymakeduringtheprocess.Forexample,whenyousculptureaface,youdothenosefirstandthentheeyes.Butthenyoudon’tlikethenose.Youhavetogetridofthewholepiece.Thesecondprocessisadditiveprocess.Inadditiveprocess,thesculptorbuildsthework,addingmaterialastheworkproceeds.Thisprocessallowsmistakestobecorrected.Themainmaterialusedforthisprocessisclayorster.Forexampleifyoumakeanoseandyoudon’tlikeit,youcansimplycutitoutandrebuildthenose.Theschoolisintroducinganewenergysavingn.Itwillrecethecurrentlightsinthelibrarywithenergysavinglights.Also,itnstosetthetemperatureoftheairconditionerhigher.Intheconversation,however,thegirldisagreeswiththisn.Shesaysthatratherthanrecinglightsinthelibrary,theschoolshouldturnoffthelightsintheemptyclassroombuildingsfirst.Andsheisafraidthatoncetheenergysavinglightsareused,becausetheyaretoodim,studentswillbringtheirownlampstothelibrary.Thisisnotenergysavingatall!Moreover,thestudentarguesthatitisunbearablyhotinthelibrary.Ifairconditioningisnotgoodenough,thenstudentswillhavetostayintheirowndormrooms,whichisnotanidealcetostudy,becausethedormsroomsarealwaystoobusyandnoisy.Thereadingpassageintroducesatermcalledbehaviorchaining,whichmeansbreakingdowntheproceduresofngsomethingintoachainofsmallsteps,sothatitiseasiertolearntodothisthing.Theprofessoruseshisowndaughterasanexample.Hetriedtoteachher3-year-olddaughtertowashherhands.Insteadofteachingitasoneaction,theprofessorbroketheproceduresofwashinghandsinto5simplesteps,beginningwithturningonthewater,thenwettingthehands,puttingonsoap,washinghands,andfinallyturningoffthewater.Eachday,hetaughtherdaughteronesteponly,andanotherstepthenextday.Gradually,herdaughtercouldperformallfivestepscontinuously,washingherhandsindependentlywithoutanyinstructions.Theboyhasanimportantinterviewtomorrowbuthehaslefthissuitathisparents’ce.Hecouldeitherborrowhisroommate’ssuit,orhecouldbuyanewsuitlatertodayafterhe’sfinishedhisclass.Iwould mendtheboytowearhisroommate’ssuittotheinterviewinsteadofpurchasinganewone.Theboyalreadyhasonesuit.Heonlyforgotitathisparent’sce.Sobuyinganewsuitforjustoneinterviewisnotthatnecessary.Plustheboymentionedthatheneedsthemoneytobuyabicycle.Ontheotherhand,Ithinkasuitborrowedfromhisroommatewilljustdothejob.Itmightbeabitlarge,butI’msuretheinterviewerwillnotnoticewhathewearstoomuch.Whattrulymattersistheapplicant’sworkexperienceandjobabilities.Thelecturetalksabouthowtopreventfoodfromspoiling.Therearetwokeystothis.Thefirstkeyistemperature.Thehigherthetemperature,themorelikelythefoodisspoiled.Forexample,afishexposedoutsideinahotdayiseasilyspoiled.However,ifit’sfrozeninthefridge,itcanbepformonths.Thesecondkeyismoisture.Highermoistureprovidestheenvironmentforfoodtogobadeasily.Forexample,ordinaryliquidmilkcanonlybefreshforafewdays,whiledry,powderedmilkcanbep formuchlongertime.Theuniversityhasmadeanewparkinginordertoreducethetrafficproblemoncampus.Thenewsaysthatfirstyearstudentsarenotallowedtousetheparkinglotsoncampus.However,intheconversationthemandisagreeswiththis.Hesaysthatfreshmenonlyconstituteasmallnumberamongthosewhoapplyforschoolparking.Tobanfreshmenfromparkingoncampuswon’thelpsolvetheproblem.Inaddition,hesaysthatdemandsforschoolparkingfarexceedtheavailablespace,sotheschoolshouldconsiderconvertingtheemptyspacebehindtheoldfootballfieldintoanewparkinglottomeetstudents’parkingneeds.Thereadingpassageintroducesatermcalledextinctionofbehavior.Itmeanspeopletendtorepeatacertainbehaviorwhenthatbehaviorisrewarded,whiletheytendtostopthebehaviorwhenitisignored.Theprofessorthengivesanexample.Amothertakesherkidtoagrocerystore.Thekidwantshismomtobuyhimsbutmomwouldn’t.Sothekidstartscryingandscreaminguntilhismomgivesinandbuyshim s.Thenthekidlearnsthatcryingisusefulandinthefuture,hewouldcryeverytimehewantstohavesomethingfromhermom.Instead,ifmomignoresherkidandallowshimtocry,thekidwouldlearnthatcryingisnotuseful,andisnotlikelytousecryingasawayofgettingwhathewants.Thelecturediscussestwotypesof sthatyouneedtoprepareinordertostartabusinessandtoattractinvestment.Thefirst isabusinessn.Itisalonganddetaileddescriptionofhowyountoachieveyourbusinessgoal.Theproblemwithabusinessnisthatitistoolong,likeabook,soinvestorsusuallydon’thavetimetoreadit.Thesecondisanexecutivesummary,whichisasummaryofthemostimportantpointsinthebusinessn.Ifinvestorsareinterestedinthesummary,theywillcontinuetoreadthebusinessn.Forexample,afriendoftheprofessorwastryingtostarta sellingofficefurniture.Atfirsthehadabusinessnonbutnoonereadit.Later,whenhepreparedanexecutivesummary,investorsstartedreadingthesummaryandsomedecidedtogivehiminvestment.Theschoolhasannouncedanew,requiringeachstudenttocompleteatleast10hoursofcommunityservicebeforetheycangraduate.Intheconversation,however,thegirldisagreeswiththis.Shearguesthatcommunityserviceshouldbevoluntary.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtotakepartincommunityservice,notrequiredtodoso.Sothisisgoingtocauseresentmentamongstudents.Furthermore,shesaysthatmanycommunityserviceprogramsarelocatedfarawayfromtheschool.Moststudentsdonothaveacarandpublictransportationisnotconvenienteither.Sothisnewisnotpractical.Thestudentwantstoattendacareerfair,buthehastoworkinarestaurantatthesametime.Hecouldeitherswitchhisworkhourswithaco-worker,orhecouldgotothecareerfairearly,spendonlyafewminutesthere,andthenhurrytotherestaurant.Ithinkit’sbetterforthestudenttoaskaco-workertocoverhisshiftsothathecangotothecareerfair.Thisisbecauseacareerfairisveryimportant.Alotofcompanieswilldirectlygiveofferstostudentsafterashortinterview.Soifthestudentislookingforajob,thenheshouldnotmissthecareerfair.Also,Idon’tthinkheshouldworrytoomuchabouthiscurrentjobattherestaurant,sincethisisonlyapart-timejob.I’msurethestudentcanfindamuchbetterjobatthecareerfair.Itwasthoughtthatparentsestablishemotionalbondwiththeirbabiesbyfeedingthem.Butaccordingtothelecture,itisthewarmandlovingtouchwhichparentsgivetotheirbabiesthatdeterminesthedevelopmentofmother-childbonding.Thelecturergivesanexperimenttoprovethistheory.Severalbabymonkeysaredividedintotwogroups.Bothgroupsarefedrespectivelybyadummymothermonkeyandthebabymonkeyscanalsotouchthedummymother.However,themotherinthefirstgroupiscoveredbysoftclothwhileinthesecondgroupthemotherismadeofmetalwires.Later,itturnsoutthatallthebabymonkeysprefertostaywiththe“clothmothermonkey”ratherthanthe“metalmother”,regardlessofwhichmonkeymotherwasfeedingthembefore.Theschoollibraryhasdecidedtoputelectronicversionsofitsreferenceandjournalsonline,andwillnotprovidepaperversionsinthefuture.Intheconversation,theboyagreeswiththisnewdecisionandgivestworeasons.First,theboyusedtoworkinthelibrary,soheknowstheamountofspaceittakestophysicallystoreallthebooksandjournalsthere.Soinsteadofexpandingthelibrarytoholdmoreofthesematerials,it’scost-savingtojustputthemonline.Furthermore,heexinsthatsinceeverystudenthasaccesstoacomputerinthedormthatisconnectedtotheInternet,theycanviewthoseonlinematerialsveryeasily.Thereadingpassageintroducesatermcalledcyclicpopulationchange.Itmeansthatinanecosystem,thechangesinthepopulationofdifferentspeciesalwaysoccurinacycletowardsapointwherethenumberofpredatorsandthatofpreysarebalanced.Thelecturergivestheexampleofmiceandtheirpredator,akindofwolf.Theirrespectivenumberschangeincyclicpatternsconsistingofthreestages.Inthefirststage,becausethereareabundantmice,thewolf’spopulationgrowscontinuously.Butinthesecondstage,becausethemicefacetoomanypredators,theirnumbersdecline,andinturn,becauseoffewermicetopreyon,thewolf’snumbersalsodecline.Inthethirdstage,becauseoffewerpredators,themice’spopulationincreasesagain,completingthethree-stagecycle,andstartinganewcycle.Theboy’spaperisduetomorrow.Inordertofinishthispaperhehastogotothemuseumtonightsinceitwillbeclosedtomorrow.Buthehasaclassthesamenight.Hehastwooptions.Hecouldeitherskiptonight’sclassandgotothemuseum,orhecouldaskhisprofessorforanextensiononthepaper.Iwould mendtheboytoaskforleavefromtonight’sclass.Ithinktheboycanexintotonight’steacherthathehasaveryurgentassignmentrelatedwithhispaper.I’msuretheteacherwillunderstandhimandforgivehismissingtheclassforthisonlyonce.Also,theboycanmakeupforthemissedlessonbyborrowingotherstudents’notesafterwards.Ifheasksforanextension,ontheotherhand,I’mafraidtheprofessorwillbeangry,andtheboyrisksbeinggivenalowscoreorevennoscoreatall.Thelecturetalksaboutreinmentinpsychology.Therearetwotypesofreinment,namelypositivereinmentandnegativereinment.Bothtypesofreinmentmotivateatoengageinaparticularbehaviorbuttheyworkindifferentways.Positivereinmentworksbyintroducingsomethingpleasurable.Forexample,byrewardingyourselfwithgoodfoodeverytimeyougetupearly,youaremakingyourselfinclinedtogettingupearly.Bycontrast,negativereinmentworksbyremovingtheunpleasantconsequencefromabehavior.Forexample,ifyoudon’tlikegettingupearlybecauseyouhatetakingashowersoearlyinthemorning.Youcantakeashoweratnightinstead.Thisway,youwillnotrejectgettingupearly,becauseyouhaveremovedtheunpleasantconsequenceofit.ThereadingpassagedefinesatermcalledAbileneparadox.AccordingtoAbileneparadox,whenagroupofpeoplereachadecisiontogether,thisdecisionisoftendifferentfromtheindividualdecisionpreferredbyeachgroupmember.Thisisbecausememberswanttoavoidandtrytopleaseeachother.Thelecturethengivesanexampleofadecisionmadebyafamily.Oneday,dadsuggestedgoingdowntownandhavedinnerinarestaurant.Thoughmomthoughtitwouldbeaboringlongway,shestillagreedbecauseshethoughtthat’swhatdadwanted.Thedaughterdidn’tlovegoingthereeither,butshedidn’twanttoletherparentsdown,soshesaidyesanyway.Itturnedoutthatthetripwasexhaustingandthedinnerwasterrible.Onlythendidallthreeadmitthatgoingtothisrestaurantwasnotactuallytheirpreferredidea.Thewomanhasbrokenherankle,soshecouldnotdrivetotowntoteachsomehighschoolstudentsthere,andthereisnobusavailable.Thefirstsolutionistotakeacab,andthesecondsolutionistoaskoneofherfriendstogiveheraride.Ithinkitwouldbebetterforthestudenttotakeacabinsteadofaskingherfriendforhelp.Althoughitwouldcostalotofmoneytakingacab,shewon’thavetodoitforlong.Maybeshewillhealinjustafewdays.Sothetuitionshereceivesbytutoringthesehighschoolkidsshouldbeenoughtocovertheexpenseduringthisperiod.Secondly,lettingherfrienddriveherbackandforthandalsowaitforherforalmostanhourwhileshedoestheteachingseemstoomuchtroubleforherfriendandtoobigafavortoaskinmyopinion.Thelecturetalksabouthowmarineanimalsuselighttoprotectthemselves.Thefirstmethodistousesuddenlighttofrightenthepredator.Forexample,whenadeepseashrimpisunderattackbyitspredator,itwillgiveoutaflashofverybrightlight.Thislightonlylastsforaveryshortperiodoftimebutitiseffectiveinturningawaythepredator.Then,thedeep-seashrimpescapestosafety.Thesecondmethodistoproduceconstantlight.Forexample,thehatchetfishproducesconstantlightfromitsstomachwhichlightlookslikesunshine.Bygivingoffthislightthehatchetfishcanavoidcastingashadowbeneathitandthereforecanavoidbeingseenbypredatorsthatlookforshadowswhentheyhunt. Astudenthaswrittenalettersuggestingthattheschoolshutdownthecampuscoffeehousebecauseitisalwaysemptyandthelightstherearetoopoor.Intheconversation,however,thegirldisagreeswiththissuggestion.Shesaysthatalthoughthecoffeehouseisemptyduringtheday,that’sbecauseeveryoneishavingclasses,andmorestudentscometothecoffeehouseintheevening,andthey’llgetsomethingtoeatandmeetwitheachotherthere.Secondly,thegirlsaysthatthelightswerepoorbefore,butnotnow.Afterrenovation,thelightsatthecoffeehouseareasgoodasinthelibrary.Everytablehasgoodlightingsoit’sagoodcetohangoutanddosome Thereadingpassageexinsatermcalledmethodofloci,whichisamethodofmemoryenhancementwhichusesvisualizationtoorganizeandrecallinformation.Thelecturethengivesanexampletoillustratethisterm.Ifyouwanttomemorizethenamesofthenetsinthesolarsystem,youcanassociateeachntwithasignpostyouencounteronyourwayfromyourdormtothestudentcentertothedormeveryday.Supposethefirstthingyouseeisthefrontdoor,thenthetree,thenthestatueinfrontofthelibraryandthenthesciencebuilding,andsoon,youcanassociatentMercurywiththefrontdoor,Venuswiththetree,Earthwiththestatue,andMarswiththebuilding,etc.Thiswillhelpyoumemorizethenetsintherightorder. Thegirlneedstodoaprojectforherfilmclass.Theproblemisthatsheneedstoshootasceneonasunnydaybutitisraining,soshemaynotbeabletomeetthedeadline.Shecaneitherre-writetheyandmovethesceneintoabuilding,orshecanshootthescenethenextday,whentheweatherturnsfine.IwouldsuggestthatthegirlshootthesceneinthebuildingbecauseI’msurethat’sonlyaminorchangetoonlyonesceneofthewholey,soitwouldnotmaketoomuchdifferencetotheviewers,whohaven’treadtheyanyway.Postponingtheshootingtillthenextdaysoundsgood,butwhatifitcontinuestorainthenextday?Andsincethedeadlineisonlytwodaysaway,thegirlmightnothaveenoughtimeforediting. Thelecturetalksaboutfishthathavetheabilitytoproduceelectriccurrent.Itexinshowthefishcanbenefitfromthisability.Thefirstbenefitisthatthefishisabletogetfood.Forexample,byproducingacurrentofelectricity,theeelisabletoshockandparalyzeasmallfishnearbyandtheneatit.Thesecondbenefitisself-defense.Forexample,theknifefishoftenexploresdarkareasunderthewaterusingitselectricfieldfornavigation.Ifthereisarocknearby,theelectricfiledwillchange.Theknifefishisabletosensethischangeandavoidcrashingintotherock.cemarketingisamarketingstrategytopromotethemostuniquefeaturesofaceinordertoattracttouriststothisce.Theprofessorfurtherillustrateshowcemarketingworks.Hegivestheexampleofaseasidetown,whichhasabeautifulbeachandmanybicyclepathsaroundit.Sothetownusestheseasitsuniquefeaturesformarketingns,advertisingthattouristscannotonlyenjoybeautifulbeach,butalsoyvolleyball,docyclingandothersportsactivities.Thisappealsparticularlytotheinterestsofactiveyoungpeople,sothetownreceivesalargenumberofyoungtourists,andasaresultthetown’shoandrestaurantindustriesbegintothrive,leadingtoaprosperoustowneconomy.Thelecturetalksabouttwoadaptationsdevelopedbytreestoprotectthemselvesfromafire.Thefirstadaptationistheabilitytocooldownitsinnerpart.Forexample,thebirchtreehasathickbark,whichactslikeashieldagainstthefireandaninsulationtotheinsideofthetree.Sowhenafirecausesthesurroundingtemperaturetorise,thewaterandnutritionalcontentsinsidethetreeisnotlost.Thesecondadaptationisremovingpartsthatmighteasilycatchafire.Forexample,thepinetreefrequentlyshakesoffitssmallbranchestokeepoffthefirefromclimbingontothemainTheuniversityhasdecidedthatallstudentsshouldtakethreefineartscourses.Itishopedthatbytakingthesecoursesstudentswillbemorecompetitivewhentheyentertheworkce,andthatitisagoodwaytohelpstudentsrelax.However,intheconversation,theboycominsthatthisisnotagood.Hesaysthattakingmandatoryfineartscoursesmeansthatstudentswillhavelesstimetakingtheirmajor-relatedcourseswhichareofcoursemoreimportant.Furthermore,hesaysthemajorityofthestudentsdonothaveatalentoraninterestinart.Soforthem,thismeansawasteoftimeandanevenmorestressfulcollegelife.Self-servingbiasreferstothetendencyforpeopletoattributetheirsuccesstointernalfactorswhileblamingexternalfactorsfortheirfailures.Theprofessorthengivesanexampletoillustratethisterm.Agroupofpeopleweregivenaninligencetest.Whenthetestresultwasreleased,halfthetestsubjectsweretoldthattheydidwell,whiletheotherhalfweretoldthattheydidpoorly.Then,allsubjectswereaskedwhatfactorshadcontributedtotheirsuccessorfailureonthetest.Notsurprisingly,thosewhodidwellsaidthatitwasduetotheirinligence,whilethosewhodidpoorlysaidthattheywereunfavorablyinfluencedbyotherfactors.Theboy’sfeetgothurtwhenhewasyingbasketballsohenstogotothehospitaltomorrow,buthehasanexamonthesameday.Intheconversation,thegirlsuggeststhatboycouldgotothehospitaltoday,orhecouldgotothehospitalafterhehasfinishedhisexamtomorrow.Ithinkthattheboyshouldseeadoctorassoonaspossiblebecauseeventheslightestillnesscouldturnintosomethingseriousifnottreatedimmediay.Whenitcomestotreatingillness,hoursorevenminutescount!Also,iftheboymissedthereviewsession,hecouldmakeitupbyborrowingnotesfromhisfriends,andngsomecrashreadingthenightbeforethetest.Thelecturetalksabouttwoadaptationsdevelopedbytreestoprotectthemselvesfromafire.Thefirstadaptationistheabilitytocooldownitsinnerpart.Forexample,thebirchtreehasathickbark,whichactslikeashieldagainstthefireandaninsulationtotheinsideofthetree.Sowhenafirecausesthesurroundingtemperaturetorise,thewaterandnutritionalcontentsinsidethetreearenotlost.Thesecondadaptationisremovingpartsthatmighteasilycatchfire.Forexample,thepinetreefrequentlyshakesoffitssmallbranchestokeepthefirefromclimbingontothemainTheschoolhasmadeanewlimitingprintinginthecomputerlab.Inthefuturestudentscanonlyprint10pagesforandhavetopay5centsforeachadditionalpage.Theisintendedtosavepaper,andthemoneychargedcanbeusedtopurchasemoreprinters.Intheconversation,thegirlsupportsthis.Shesaysthatthiswillmakestudentsmoreconsciousabouthowmanypagestheyneedtoprint,sotheywillavoidprintingthoseunnecessarypageslikethetitle.Also,sheagreesthatthemoneywhichstudentspayforadditionalprintingcanbeusedtopurchasemoreandbetterprinters,whichinturnwillbenefitstudents.Informationoverloadoccurswhentheamountofinformationexceedspeople’scapacitytoprocessit.Whenfacedwithinformationoverload,peoplemayprocesspartoftheinformationorchoosetoignoreallofit.Theprofessorgivestheexampleofa whichisrecruitingnewemployees.Onthefirstday,the receivedtoomanyapplications,soitdecidedtoonlylookatthemostimportantpartoftheapplication –theapplicant’sresumewhichshowedworkexperience.Anotherexampleisachemistwhousedtoreadthenewslettershereceivedonceeveryweek.Butlaterthenewslettersweresentdaily.Thechemistdidnothavetimetoreadthemeveryday,sohestillreadthemonceeveryweek,ignoringtheotherdays’newsletters.Thegirlistotakeasummerjobandhasfoundanewcetolivenearthejobintown.Nowsheisnotsurewhattodowiththedormshecurrentlystaysin.Shecouldeitherrentthisdormtoanotherandcollectsomerent,orshecouldleavethedormemptybutshe’llhavetopayforboththedormandhernewapartment.Iwouldsuggestthatthegirlrentherdorm.First,byrentingouthercurrentdorm,thegirlcanmakesomeextramoneytohelpcoverthecostofhernewapartmentandalsothecomputershewantstobuy.Second,shecancarefullyselectanewtenantwhoisneatandorganized,soshedoesnothavetoworryaboutherdormbeingmessedup.Perhapsshecandosobypostinganadvertisementwithallthespecificrequirements.Thestudentletterasksformorefundingfortheschool’snatureclub,sotheclubcanorganizemoreactivitiestogetstudentsclosetothenatureandlearnfromit.However,thegirlintheconversationdisagreeswiththisproposal.Shesaysthatmanystudentsdon’thavethetimeforsuchactivities.Forthosewhodohavetimeandwanttoseethenature,theydon’treallyhavetojoinaclub;theycansimplytakeabustogettothecetheylike.Withastudentpassyouevendon’tneedtopayfortheride.Secondly,joininganatureclubdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatyoucanlearnfromnature.Youneedsomekindofguidance,likewhenyouarelearninganysubject,soanatureclubdoesnotreallyhelpmuchifitonlygetsyouclosetonature.Thereadingpassageintroducesaterminpsychologycalledconfirmationbias,whichmeansthatpeoplehavethetendencytoacceptinformationthatconfirmstheirbeliefwhileignoringinformationthatdoesnot.Tofurtherillustratethisterm,theprofessorusestheexampleofafemalefriendwhowantstobuyacarthatiseco-friendlyandfuelefficient,thetypeofcarthatmanywomendriveontheroad.However,thereareobviousdrawbackswiththistypeofcars.Theyareunstable,andthemaintenancecostisveryhigh,sotheprofessorshowedsomereportsaboutthesedrawbackstoher.However,hisfriendintentionallyignoressuchinformationandonlyacceptsthepositiveinformationaboutthecarbecauseshehasalreadybelievedthatthisistherightcarforher.Theboyissupposedtoperforminanactingclasswithhispartner,buttheproblemisthathispartnerhasdroppedthatclass.Sothegirlgiveshimtwosolutions.Thefirstsolutionisfortheboytoactbyhimself,andthesecondsolutionistoinviteanother torecehispartner.Iwouldmendtheboytofindanewpartnerbecausefirstly,hemusthavebeenpracticingforawhilewithhisoldpartner,soifhedecidedtoactonhisown,hewouldhavetomakealotofchangestotheperformance,whichwouldnotbeeasy.Secondly,thegirlsaysthatshecouldactashispartner,sotheboydoesnothavetoworryaboutnotbeingabletofindanewpartner.Thelecturetalksaboutselectivebreedingofnts,whichreferstothepracticeofselectingntswithdesirablecharacteristicsforfuturebreeding.Thelecturegivestwoexamplesofselectivebreeding.Thefirstexampleisthewheat.Whenafieldofwheatisfullyripe,someofthewheatstemsbenddown,sofarmerswouldselectwheatstemsthatdonotbendforfuturepropagation.Thesecondexampleisthepeach.Thepeachfruitusedtobeverysmall,sofarmerwouldpickthosebiggerfruitstogrowforthenextseason,sograduallythepeachfruit esbigger.Astudenthassuggestedthattheschooldininghallshouldstopyingevisionprograms,becausetheycreatehighlevelsofnoise.[s-keygen-answer ]Thisannoysstudentswhowanttohaveaquietenvironmentorwhowanttohaveundistracted alconversationswithoneanother.Intheconversation,however,themandisagreeswiththisproposalfortworeasons.First,hesaysthatifstudentswanttofindsomewherequietoncampus,thereareplentyofcestogolikethelibrary.Second,collegestudentsarealladults.Theyshouldbematureenoughtosolvetheproblemsbythemselvesinsteadofaskingtheschoolforhelp./[s-keygen-answer Thereadingpassagedefinesatermcalledecholocation.Formanyanimalsthatdonothavegoodvision,echolocationhelpsthemtoavoidobstaclesandtolocateandcatchtheirprey.[s-keygen- ]Thelecturethenusesthebatasanexampletofurtherexinhowecholocationworks.Thebatpreysonrats,whichonlycomeoutatnightHoweverevenintotaldarknessatnight,thebatcanstilldetectandcatchtheratsThisisbecausethebatemitscallsouttoitssurroundingenvironmentAndbylisteningtotheechoesofthesecallsthatbouncebackfromanobjectthebatisabletoidentifywhetherthisobjectisanobstacle,suchasatree,orapreysuchasarat.[/ ]此文档由老西口托福机经提供Thelecturetalksabouttwotypesofsuspicion.Thefirsttypeofsuspicioniscreatedwhenyouknowhowthingshavedevelopedbutyouneverknowhowtheywillend.Forexample,twopeople[s- ]【注释：这俩人做啥了目前不清楚，请考试注意听讲座吧！】,andyouneverknowwhattheendingwillbelikeuntilthelastmoment.Thesecondtypeofsuspicion,ontheotherhand,occurswhenyouarecertainabouttheendofastory,butyouhavenoideaoftheplotsofthestory.Thatistosay,youdon’tknowhowthestoryhascometothisend.Forexample,whenseeingamanandawomanlivingtogether,youcanbecertainthattheyhavemetandfalleninlove,butyoumayneverknowexactlyh