论福克纳的南方情结在其作品中的体现及引力波的实验探测给我们的启示

浙江科技学院学位学士论文ABSTRACTComplex,apsychologicalterm,referstoagroupofmentalfactorsthatareunconsciouslyassociatedbytheindividualwithaparticularsubjectorconnectedbyarecognizablethemeandinfluencetheindividual'sattitudeandbehavior.WilliamFaulkner,apreeminentSouthernwriter,haddeepSouthernComplex.Hecreatedthe“littlepostagestampofnativesoil”--YoknapatawphaCountywhichispatternedafterhisreal-lifehomeinOxfordandLafayetteCountyandsetmanyhisworksinthisimaginaryplace.Faulkner’sYoknapatawphaCountynovelscrownnearlyallaspectsofthespringheadsofhisSouthernComplex.ThispaperanalyzesWilliamFaulkner’sSouthernComplexinhisworks.ThepaperfirstdefinescomplexandpresentsWilliamFaulkner’sSouthernComplex.ItthenelaboratesfouraspectsoftheembodimentofFaulkner’sSouthernComplexintheYoknapatawphaCountynovels:writingstyle,language,characterizationandthesetting,YoknapatawphaCounty.ItfinallyKeywords：SouthernComplex;Southerngothic,language,characterization,Yoknapatawpha摘要情结是一个心理术语，指的是人的潜抑的一组相互关联的感觉和观念以及不自觉产生的复杂情绪体验。威廉·福克纳是美国著名的南方作家，有着深厚的南方情结。他以自己“邮票般大小的故土”为原型创建了约克纳帕塔法县，并以此作为自己作品的背景。福克纳的所有作品几乎都显现了他的南方情结。此篇论文分析了福克纳的南方情结在其作品中的体现。首先，这篇论文给“情结”和福克纳的“南方情结”下了定义。然后，论文从四方面来论证福克纳南方情结的体现：写作风格、语言、人物塑造和背景环境——约克纳帕塔法县。最后，论文分析了福克纳南方情结形成的内在原因和外在原因。关键词：南方情结；歌特式风格；语言；人物塑造；约克纳帕塔法县ContentsTOC\o"1-3"\h\z1.Introduction 12.Faulkner’sComplexresearch 22.1DefinitionofComplex 22.2SouthernComplex 23.EmbodimentofSouthernComplex 43.1SouthernGothic 43.1.1Gothicatmosphere 43.1.2Gothicplot 53.1.3Gothiccharaters 63.2Language 63.2.1Southwesthumor 73.2.2Dialect 83.3Characterization 93.3.1QuentinCompsonandEmilyGrierson 103.3.2JasonCompson 113.3.3CaddyCompson 123.4YoknapatawphaCounty 124.ThecausesfortheshapeofSouthernComplex 144.1InternalCauses 144.2ExternalCauses 155.Conclusion 17Acknowledgement 18References 191.IntroductionThemanhimselfneverstoodtallerthanfivefeet,sixinchestall,butintherealmofAmericanliterature,WilliamFaulknerisagiant.Asoneofthegreatestwritersofthe20thcentury,WilliamFaulknergainshisreputationbynovels,novellasandshortstories.HismostcelebratednovelsareTheSoundandtheFury,LightinAugust,AsIlaydying,andAbsalom,Absalom!Faulknerisalsoaprolificwriterofshortstories,writinghundredsofstories,ARoseforEmily,DrySeptemberincluded.FaulknerwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1949.BornandlivinginthesouthernstateMississippi,Faulknercherishesadeeploveforthisland.15outof19novelsandmostoftheshortstoriesaresetinhisnativestateofMississippi,andFaulknerisconsideredasoneofthemostimportantSouthernwriters.Inhismanynovelsandshortstories,FaulknertransformstheAmericanSouthintohisownuniqueimaginaryworld.Hecreatesthe“littlepostagestampofnativesoil”--YoknapatawphaCounty--amythicalcountyinnorthernMississippi.Faulkner’sapocryphalYoknapatawphaCounty,settingformostofhisfictionandpatternedafterhisreal-lifehomeinOxfordandLafayetteCounty,Mississippi,isperhapsthemostfamousaddressinAmericanliterature.YoknapatawphaCountyhas15,611inhabitantswhoarescatteredover2,400squaremiles.Asthesoleownerandproprietorofthecounty,Faulknerpoursouthiscomplicatedfeelingsandemotionsonthecountyabouthisnativeland,theSouth.Almostallofhisnovelsdealwiththelandscape,people,eventsandhistoryoftheSouth,andnearlyeverypageofhisworksinsomewaydocumentsthedetailsofordinarylife,aboveallthespeech,itsidiomsanddialects,butalsothedress,themanners,work,leisure,food,andcountlessotherfolkcustoms.[1]80Faulkner“wroteeverythingthereistosayabouttheSouth”andechoesofhis“southerness”arefoundintoday’sliterature.[2]121WilliamFaulknerhasaSouthernComplexandhedemonstratesthecomplexinhisworks.2.Faulkner’sSouthernComplexWilliamFaulkner’srelationtotheSouthresemblesJamesJoyce’srelationtoIreland.Foreachofthem,hisnativeculture,traditionandhistoryprovidethesubjectmatterofhisfiction.ForFaulkner，hecherishesadeeploveforthislandanddisplayshisfeelingsandemotionsthroughhisworks.AllFaulkner’sworksisabouttheSouth:thesouthernvaluesandcode,thesouthernlandscape,andthesouthernpeople.WilliamFaulknerhasaSouthernComplex.2.1DefinitionofComplexComplexisapsychologicalterm.\o"TheodorZiehen"TheodorZiehencoinedthetermin1898.Merriam-Webster’sCollegiateDictionarydefinescomplexasagroupofrepresseddesiresandmemoriesthatexertsadominatinginfluenceuponthepersonality.Whilein\o"Psychology"psychologyacomplexisagroupofmentalfactorsthatareunconsciouslyassociatedbytheindividualwithaparticularsubjectorconnectedbyarecognizablethemeandinfluencetheindividual’sattitudeandbehavior.Initsoriginalsignificance,asusedbyCarlJung,theterm“complex”referredtoexperiencebelongingtotheunconsciouswhich,thoughinaccessibletoconsciousness,isyetcapableofinfluencingthoughtandconduct.Itisespeciallyusefulwhereweareseekingfortheexplanationofaspecificmentalmanifestationsuchasaphobia,afugue,aspecificanxiety,aspecificfeatureofadream,oraspecificaffection.2.2SouthernComplexWilliamFaulknerhasaspecificaffectiontowardtheSouth.BornintoatypicalMississippifamilyin1897,FaulknerhasaSouthernheritagewhichheintegratesintohisworks.HeiseagertodescribethediverseaspectsoftheSouth,tryinghardtotellthesouthernculture,religion,moralityandothercharacteristics,suchasitsgothictradition,itsSouthwesthumoranditsdialect.WilliamFaulkner’sobviouslovetotheSouthcanbeconcludedas“SouthernComplex”.TheSouthernComplexisagroupoflargelyunconsciousideasandfeelingswhichcentreontheAmericanSouth.Faulkner’sSouthernComplexisbasedonhisknowledgeoftheSouth,hissympathyfortheSouthandhisdeepattachmenttotheSouth.SouthernComplexhasinfluencedFaulkner’sthoughtandattitudeandbeenillustratedineachofhisworks.FaulknercreatesYoknapatawphaCountythatmirrorsFaulkner’shometownLafayetteCountywhosepeople,eventsandhistorybearstrongresemblancetothoseofthefictionalregion.Faulknernotonlyuseshisfictiontodocumenthisobservationsofhispeopleandtheirland,healsoisatworkprobingtheSouth’spast,challengingthefoundationofthesouthernsociety,raisingdisturbingquestionsandtryingtoevoketheSoutherners’consciousness.[3]17FaulknerdelivershismixedfeelingsofprideandscorntowardtheSouthbythelanguageheuses,charactershecreates,andthemesheadoptsofhisworks,whichearnsFaulkner’swritingareputationthatas“Southern3.EmbodimentofSouthernComplexWilliamFaulkner’sSouthernComplexcanbetracedineveryline,everywordofhisworks.FaulknersetsmanyofhisworksintheimaginaryYoknapatawphaCounty,amicrocosmofthepostbellumSouth.HeexploresanddisplaystheSouthinhisYoknapatawphasystemastheYoknapatawphaCountynovelshavecrownednearlyallaspectsofFaulkner’sSouthernComplex.IwilldecodeFaulkner’scomplexfeelingstowardshissouthernnativeland3.1SouthernGothicSouthernGothicisaSubgenreofthe\o"Gothicnovel"Gothicwritingstyle,uniqueto\o"Americanliterature"Americanliterature.Itreliesonsupernatural,ironic,orunusualeventstoguidetheplotandusesthesetoolsbuttoexploresocialissuesandrevealtheculturalcharacterofthe\o"SouthernUnitedStates"AmericanSouth.OneofthemostnotablefeaturesoftheSouthernGothicis“\o"Grotesque"thegrotesque”—thisincludessituations,places,or\o"Stockcharacter"stockcharactersthatoftenpossesssomecringe-inducingqualities,typically\o"Racism"racialbigotryand\o"Egotism"egotisticalself-righteousness.SouthernGothicauthorscommonlyusedeeplyflawed,grotesquecharactersforgreaternarrativerangeandmoreopportunitiestohighlightunpleasantaspectsof\o"CultureoftheSouthernUnitedStates"southernculture,withoutbeingtooliteralorappearingtobeoverly\o"Morality"moralistic.(Wikipedia)FaulknerisaSouthernwriter,andheisputinthecategoryofawriterofSouthernGothic.Mostofhisworkshave“themesofevilandcorruptionbearingSouthernGothictones.”(Wikipedia)SouthernGothicandSoutherngrotesqueareusedinmostofFaulkner’sworks,especiallyinARoseforEmily,Absalom,Absalom!andAsIlayDying.IwillanalyzeFaulkner’sgothicnovelsandstoriesbythreemajorelements:gothicatmosphere,gothicplotandgothiccharacters.3.1.1GothicatmosphereGothicatmosphereisabasicelement.“agothictaleusuallytakesplaceinanantiquatedorseeminglyantiquatedspace—beitacastle,aforeignpalace,anabbey…alargehouseortheatre.”(Hoqle,2021:2)[4]17MalcolmCowleyplacedAbsalom,Absalom!“intherealmofGothicromances,withSutpen’sHundredtakingtheplaceofthehauntedcastleontheRhine.”ThebeginningofAbsalom,Absalom!setsagloomykeynoteofthewholenovelbybringingustoanoldgothicsouthernhouse:“adimhotairlessroomwiththeblindsallclosedandfastenedforforty-threesummers,”(Faulkner,1990:1)and“therewouldbethedimcoffin-smellinggloomsweetwiththetwice-bloomedwisteriaagainsttheouterwallbythesavageSeptembersun.”(Faulkner,1990:2)InQuentin’seyes,theairinthehouse“wasevenhotterthanoutside,asiftherewereprisonedinitlikeinatomballthesuspirationofslowheat-ladentime.”(Faulkner,1990:6)Absalom,Absalom!hasaprevailingatmosphereofterrorandmysterywhichistheveryfeatureofSouthernGothic.InARoseforEmily,MissEmily’shouseisasdecayingasthewaningsouthernsocietyintheaftermathofthecivilwar:“OnlyMissEmily’shousewasleft,liftingitsstubbornandcoquettishdecayabovethecottonwagonsandthegasolinepumps-aneyesoreamongeyesores”(130,paragraph2).Theinteriorofherhouseisbecomingeeriealongwiththeexterior:itwasdimand“Itsmelledofdustanddisuse-aclose,danksmell…Itwasfurnishedinheavy,leather-coveredfurniture…theycouldseethattheleatherwascracked;andwhenwheysatdown,afaintdustrosesluggishlyabouttheirthighs,spinningwithslowmotesinthesinglesun-ray”(131,paragraph5).Themorbidatmosphereishelpfulinsupportingthegothicthemeofthestory.3.1.2GothicplotGothicplotisimportantinSouthernGothic.Gothicplotisoftenfullofmysteryandviolence.InARoseforEmily,Faulknerhasrevealedaloomingfamilysecretinatrulygothicfashion.Attheendofstory,thelonglostHomerBarronisfounddeadanddecayinginMissEmily’satticbedroom.Emilypoisonsherlovertodeathwitharsenicandkeepshiscorpseformorethanfortyyears.Whatismoregothicisthat“Thenwenoticedthatinthesecondpillowwastheindentationofahead.Oneofusliftedsomethingfromit,andleaningforward,thatfaintandinvisibledustdryandacridinthenostrils,wesawalongstrandofiron-grayhair”(135,paragraph60).ApictureofMissEmilysleepingnexttothedeceasedHomerBarronorevenhavingsexwithhimcomesintoreaders’minds.InAbsalom,Absalom!therearealtogethereightpeoplewhoaredeadunnaturally.Oneperson(RosaColdfield)diedofimprisonment,onepersondiedofsuicide,twopeople(ClytieandHenrySutpen)burntthemselvestodeath,andtheotherfourpeople(includingSutpen)weremurderedbyothers.Thisplotcanembodythegothicnatureofthenovel.3.1.3GothiccharacterGothiccharacterisanothercrucialelementofSouthernGothic.Theheroorheroineisalwaysa“villain/hero,thecharismaticyetterrifyingfigure.”(Weinstein,2021:129)MissEmilyGreirson,inARoseforEmilyisastereotypicalSouthernGothiccharacter.AsthelastdescendantoftheGreirsonswhooncestoodamongtheeliteoftheSouth,MissEmilyinsistedonplacinghighvalueto“honorandpride”towhichtheoldSouthpayshomage.Althoughtimesarechanging,MissEmilyisnot.Shealwaysstickstobeingheldatahigherrankthaneveryoneelse.Moreover,afterherbelovedfatherpassesawayandherYankeelover“leaves”,MissEmilyslipsintoalifeofseclusion,escapingfromtherealityandneverleavesherhome.Whenthealdermenenteredherdecrepitparlortocollecthertaxes,MissEmilyinsistedthatthealdermendiscussthetaxsituationwithamanwhohadbeendeadforadecade.Shesaid“SeeColonelSartoris.IhavenotaxesinJefferson”(131,paragraph12).Atthattime,MissEmilywasdescribedaslooking“...bloated,likeabodylongsubmergedinmotionlesswater,andofthatpallidhue.”Forfearofherlover,HomerBarron’sabandon,MissEmilytakestheoffensivebypoisoninghimwitharsenicandkeepshiscorpseinheratticbedroomformorethanfortyyears.Onlyafterherdeathhasthesecretbeenrevealed.Themurdermakesheramonsterinreaders’eyes.Thediscoveryofastrandofherhaironthepillownexttotherottingcorpsesuggeststhatshesleptwiththecadaveror,evenworse,hadsexwithit.WhatMissEmilyhasdonetoHomerBarronexactlyshowstheGothicnatureofthestoryinthatGothicnovelsandstoriesalsooftenincludeunnaturalcombinationsofsexanddeath.Inherlateryears,MissEmilywas“asmall,fatwomaninblack…leaningonanebonycanewithatarnishedgoldheart”(131,paragraph6).EmilyGreirsonisatypicaldecaying,morbidcharacterofaSouthernGothicstory.3.2LanguageWilliamFaulkner’sSouthernComplexisexpectedineveryaspectandthefeatureoftheSouthernlanguagecanneverbeignored.Southwest(Frontier)humorisauniquefeatureintheSouthwhichFaulknerisgoodatusing.AsMalcolmCowleypointsoutinThePortableFaulkner(Intro.),Faulknerhasanastonishinghumor,whatCowleycalls“asortofhomelyandsober-sidedfrontierhumorthatisseldomachievedincontemporarywriting.”Adialectisavarietyoflanguagethatischaracteristicofacertainarea.

Thewaypeoplespeaksaysalotaboutwheretheyarefrom,whotheyareandwhattheycareabout.SoutherndialectisrecognizableinFaulkner’sworks.ThroughtheSoutherndialect,FaulknershowsusSoutherners’identitiesandwaysoflife.3.2.1SouthwesthumorFolkhumorisadistinctivefeatureinAmericanculture.Itisdividedintotwotypes:oneisthe“DownEasttype”,whichispopularintheNorth;theotheris“Southwesthumor”,or“frontierhumor”,whichisspreadintheSouth.Southwesthumoristhenamegiventoatraditionofregionalsketchesandtalesbasedinthe“oldSouth-West”:Tennessee,Alabama,Mississippi,andArkansas.HumorisfoundeverywhereinFaulkner’sworkandhiscomicachievementowesmuchtonineteenth-centuryfrontier(Southwest)humor.Relyingonhisownexperienceandthetraditionheisapartof,Faulkner’sheritageisalsotheabundantrichesofSouthwesternhumor.Usinghisownregionandhisownlocalorruralpeople,theveryspeechandbehaviorofthesepeoplewillinitselffunctionasacomicelement.Faulknerexaggerateswildly,usesinversionofrolesorpracticesforcomicpurpose,investswitandcunninginthepresumedlowerraces,andeveninthepurportedweakersex,usesdifferentlevelsofstylese.g.indirectspeechsoastojuxtaposethemandmakefunofoneortheother,dependentontheperspective;andmanyofhisbackwoodspeoplearecomiccharactersiftheyarenotplainlygrotesque.[5]83InAsILayDying,afterAddieBundren’sdeath,herhusband,daughterandfoursonstakehercorpsetothegrave.Duringthewholeprocess,theymeetalotofdifficulties,suchasfireandflood.Theentire“adventure”isjustlikeacomedy.Duringtheadventure,manyofthedetailsareexaggeratingandabsurd,suchascuringthebrokenlegwithcement,andmarringawomanwholookslikeaduck.ThesearethetypicalembodimentsofSouthwesthumor.TheHamletbestdemonstratesFaulkner’suseofsouthwesthumor.ExamplesofFaulkner’suseofcomiceffectsinTheHamletcanbefoundinthedescriptionofthereactionsofthemembersoftheVarnerfamilywhenEulahasbecomepregnant:“HoldhimtillIgetastickofstovewood,”shegasped.“I’llfixhim.I’llfixbothofthem.TurninguppregnantandyellingandcursinghereinthehousewhenIamtryingtotakeanap!”OldmanVarner,Will,wassmarterthanhiswifeandson,andhadnoplansofrevengeorpunishment:“Youmeanyouaintgoingtodonothing?”Jodysaid.“Notanything?”“Dowhat?”Varnersaid.“Towho?DontyouknowthemdamntomcatsarehalfwaytoTexasnow?Wherewouldyoubeaboutnow,ifitwasyou?...”...“Nowyougoonouttothebarnandsetdownuntilyoucooloff.MakeSamdigyousomewormsandgofishing.Ifthisfamilyneedsanyhead-holding-updone,I’lltendtoitmyself.”...“Hellanddamnation,allthishullabalooanduproarbecauseoneconfoundedrunningbitchfinallyfoxedherself.Whatdidyouexpect-thatshewouldspendtherestofherlifejustrunningwaterthroughit?”3.2.2DialectSouthernComplexinFaulkner’sworksispresentedbyaspecialandimportantfeature:thecommoncharacteristicsofSouthernspeech.Inhisworks,FaulknerdisplaysanexcellentsampleoftheSouthernlanguage,includinglinguisticqualitiesofbothblackandwhitespeech.FaulknerestablishesauniqueliteraryvoicewhichwasrecognizableduetovariancesfromstandardEnglishinvocabulary,pronunciation,andgrammaticalform.Faulknercreatesaliterarydialectwhichisconsistentthroughouthisworks.Aliterarydialectisbestdefinedasan“author’sattempttorepresentinwritingaspeechthatisrestrictedregionally,socially,orboth”.[6]1TheliterarydialectintheworksofWilliamFaulknerisalmostacarbon-copyoftheSoutherndialecthetrulyspeaks.Theliterarydialectisillustratedbyanintentionalmisspelling,like“marster”formaster,thereplacementof“the”and“that”bytheirvariations“de”and“dat”,asnegroslaveSimon’swordsinFlagsintheDust“Hegotoffendetwoo’clocktrain.”,theuseof“Miss”alongwiththegivenfirstnameofafemale,asin“MissCorrie.”orthemultiplecasesofdoublenegative.ThesearedistinctlySouthernspeechtraditions.Moreover,thislocalspeechisamixtureofSouthernAmericanandNegrodialogue.Southernaristocracycanshiftnotonlyvocabularyandpronunciation,butevengrammar,accordingtotheaudience.Forexample,inTheReivers,theupper-classgrandfathercharacterBossisaneducatedmanofhighsocialstandinginthecommunity.Yet,whenheisinthecompanyofonlyhisgrandsonLucius,aspartofalecture,hesays“thesafethingsain’talwaysthebestthings”ThepresenceofAfricanAmericanspeechfeaturesisalsocharacteristicinSoutherndialect.ItisageneralruleofSouthernNegrospeechthatAfricanAmericanhavethetendencytopronouncewordslikemore,store,four,andfloorwithoutthe/r/sound,asinmo,sto,fo,andfloFaulknershowsthisfeatureinhisworks.Forinstance,inAsILayDying,thecharacterCashoffersastatementwhichprovesFaulkner’sconformitytothisblackEnglishnormwhenhesays,“Iain’tsoshothatereamanhastherighttosaywhatiscrazyandwhatain’t.”Faulknerusesdialectto“makeadistinctionbetweentheirsocialpositions.”(Faulkner)Forexample,inFlagsintheDust,thereisaconversationbetweenMissJennyandtheNegroSimon.“Mist’Bayarddonecomehome,”heremarked,inhisforerconversationaltone.“Whereishe?”MissJennydemandedimmediately.“Heaintcomeouthomeyit,”Simonanswered.“Ispeckhewenttodegraveyard.”“DoesColonelknowhe’shome?”“Yessum,Itolehim,buthedon’tacklikehebelievedIwuztellin’detroof.”SinceFaulknerhasemployedavastandcomplexSoutherndialectinhisstories,thelanguageheusedhasbecomeamicrocosmofSouthernlanguageasawhole.Asonecritichasnoted,“localformsofspeechmaintainone'sindividualdignityinahomogenizingworld”.3.3CharacterizationCharacterizationisalwaysthemostimportantpartofliterarywork.Ithelpstodemonstratethetheme.AlmosteverycharacterinFaulkner’sworksisatypicalSoutherneror“Northerninvader”.TheSoundandtheFuryisnodoubtWilliamFaulkner’smasterpiece.Itconsistsoffourpartsbydifferentnarrators:BenjyCompson,QuentinCompson,JasonCompsonandtheCompsonfamily’snegromaidDilsey.Amongthem,QuentinCompsonisatragicherowholingersinthepastandtriestoescapefromthereality,whileJasonCompsonisaSouthofmaterialgreedinfluencedbytheNorthinvasion.CaddyCompsonistherealcentralfigureinTheSoundandtheFuryforallhisbrothers,Benjy,QuentinandJasonhavespecialconnectionswithher.EmilyGriersonisafemale“QuentinCompson”.SheisaspatheticasQuentinis,stickingtooldtraditionsandsouthernvalues.3.3.1QuentinCompsonandEmilyGriersonQuentinCompsonistheoldestoftheCompsonchildren.Heisa“good”child,fullyincontrol,resourceful,responsible,sensitiveandcompetent.Asthelastgenerationoftheonce-glorioussouthernfamily,Quentinstrugglestogropebackwardsforhishomeland’s“debilitatinggoldenage.”Quentinfeelsaninordinateburdenofresponsibilitytoliveuptothefamily’spastgreatnessandprestigeandtheSouth’shonorandglory.HeisaslavetotheOldSouthandtothepast.Quentinispreoccupiedwithtraditionalsoutherncodeofconductandmorality,whichdefinesorderandchaoswithinQuentin’sworld,andcauseshimtoidealizenebulous,abstractconceptssuchashonor,pride,virtue,andfemininepurity.HisstrictbeliefinthiscodecausesQuentinprofounddespairwhenhelearnsofCaddy’spromiscuity.InQuentin’seyes,Caddy’svirtueisamatteroffamilypride.Quentinholdsfirmlytothemoralleavenofsouthernsociety,attemptingtoshameCaddy,bymakingherrealizehertransgressionsagainstthefamily’shonor:“Whywontyoubringhimtothehouse,Caddy?Whymustyoudolikeniggerwomendointhepasturetheditchesthedarkwoodshothiddenfuriousinthedarkwoods”.TurningtohisfatherandmentorMr.Compsonforguidance,QuentinfeelsevenworsewhenhelearnsthathisfatherdoesnotcareaboutthesoutherncodeortheshameCaddy’sconducthasbroughtonthefamily.Quentinistryingtocopewiththeorderoftheworld,tryingtotoleratesomedegreeofdisorder,buthecannotdoit.WhenQuentinfindsthathissisterandfatherhavedisregardedthecodethatgivesorderandmeaningtohislife,heisdriventodespondencyandeventuallysuicideattheageofnineteen.Faulkneradmits:“IshmaelisthewitnessinMobyDickasIamQuentininTheSoundandtheFury”(Zender18,62).JacksonBensonforcefullyarguesthatQuentinrepresentsanemotional“self-portrait”ofWilliamFaulkner.“Quentinappearstohavebeencreatedoutofmixedfeelings,andtherelationshipofFaulknertohiscentralcharacterseemstoinvolvebothdistanceandidentification,”Bensonwrites.EmilyGriersoninARoseforEmilyisanothertypicalexampleofsoutherndecadence.Asismentionedabove,EmilyisaproductofthesouthernsocietyandsheclingsdesperatelytotheSouthernhonorandpridethatarediminishing.Afterthedeathofherfather,Emilyisolatesherselffromthewiderworldwhichmovesandchangeswithtime.LikeQuentinCompson,Shealsobecomesavictimofheroldsociety.TheQuentinsandEmilysareledtotheirinexorableendbypassionscausedbyinheritance,traditions,andenvironment.3.3.2JasonCompsonJasonCompson,thethirdCompsonchild,isacruel,vengeful,bitter,enragedmiscreant.However,hegoeswiththetideand,toacertaindegree,heistheonlysurvivoroftheCompsonfamily.Jasondoesnotmournbutfeelsonlycontemptforhisfamilyandhispast.TheresentmentandrageofthepastandfamilymakeJasonbecomemean-spiritedandvicious.Jasonaccuseseveryonebuthimselfofhishardships,whereasheismoretrulytheauthorofhisownmisfortunethanofanythingelse.HeisinvariablycrueltoBenjy,rebelliousagainstCaddy,andtormentinghisniece.JasontreatsBenjycruellybecauseofBenjy’sidiocy.HehatesCaddyforhebelievesthatCaddy’spromiscuitydepriveshimofthejobbecauseHerbertwouldnotleftherifherdaughter,alsonamedQuentin,hasnotbeenborntooearly.Asaresult,heviewshisnieceQuentinasthesymbolandjointcauseofhispresentmiseryandactsouthisrevengeonCaddythroughher.Asisexpressedbyhismotto“onceabitchalwaysabitch”,heshowsnomercytoCaddyandlittleQuentin.HehidesCaddy’slettertoherdaughterinadrawer,Caddy’schecksfromhismother,andthedaughter’smoneyfromeveryone.Jasonisequallyvicioustoothers.HethreatenstostarveDilsey,heburnscircusticketsinfrontofLuster,andhebrutalizestheGibsonfamily.Jasonisa“counterpoint”tohisbrother,Quentin.FacedthesamesituationofthelostOldSouth,JasonreactsdifferentlyfromQuentinandturnsintoanextremeself-interestmaterialist.Hedespisesandgetsridofthebanalmoralcodebutacceptsacapitalisticcode,focusingonlyonmoney.Jasonhasnodesiretogrowinapositivespiritualorsocietalsense,onlyt