第三课语法词汇句式待改版

在托福写作中应当避免的语法错误托福写作对词汇的要求应当熟记的几个词汇表托福写作对句式的要求托福写作句子的优化0102030405学习目标Iwilllearn…Do

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

followingstatement?Most

of

the

environmental

issues

are

toocomplex

today,

so

individuals

can

donothing

about

them.

（100123

CN

）Another

advantage

of

living

indepently

is

thatpeople

can

fully

develop

their

creative

potential.When

people

is

forced

to

difficult

situations,

theycan

surprise

us

with

outstanding

abilities

andvalues

tat

otherwise

remained

hidden.

A

goodexample

are

blind

people,

these

person

show

aremarkable

ability

for

art

and

music.

In

a

similarway,

when

parents

are

absent

or

too

away

forhelp,

individuals

manage

to

survive

and

besuccessful.Another

advantage

of

living

indepently

is

that

people

canfully

develop

their

creative

potential.

When

people

is

forcedto

difficult

situations,

they

can

surprise

us

with

outstandingabilities

and

values

that

otherwise

remained

hidden.

A

goodexample

are

blind

people,

these

person

show

a

remarkableability

for

art

and

music.

In

a

similar

way,

when

parents

areabsent

or

too

away

for

help,

individuals

manage

to

surviveand

be

successful.考官说：Though

slightly

stronger

than

the

average

essay

with

a

scoreof

3,

this

essay

fails

to

earn

a

score

of

4

mainly

because

oferrors

that

obscure

meaning.写正确写漂亮高质量语言不应当出现在你的作文中的语法错误们写的正确-punctuation

标点Noun

名词Run-ons

断句不当parallelstructure平行结构subject-verb

agreementpronoun-antecedentagreementreferencee.sentence

fragment句子不完整

i.

redundancya.Punctuation不止一小点–标点符号To

see,

is

to

believe.It

has

been

getting

cold

and,

I

can

see

some

peoplewearing

winter

clothes

on

thestreet.I

have

kept

acat、a

dog、and

a

rabbit.HuMin

has

said:

“Ipersist,

I

succeed”。Hu

Minhas

said,“I

persist;

Isucceed.”b.

nounmutingthanEmployee

can

get

more

benefits

fromemployer.can

get

more

benefits

frommutingthanEmployeesemployers.集体名词A:

clothing,

furniture,

traffic,

informationB:

people,

police,crewC:

family,class,team,crowd,

group,audience,

public,mankind,youthc.

run-onsThe

weather

wasbad,we

postponedthe

trip.Correct:

The

weather

was

bad.

We

postponedthe

trip.Correct：The

weather

was

bad,so

wepostponed

thetrip.Susie

did

not

know

how

to

swim

she

jumped

in

to

the

swimming

pool.Correct:

Susie

did

not

know

how

to

swim,

but

she

jumped

into

the

swimming

pool.To

begin

with,

I

just

don't

enjoy

the

general

trouble

of

the

evening

because

sincesmall

local

movie

theaters

are

a

thing

of

the

past

i

have

to

drive

for

15

minutes

togetto

the

nearest

multiplex

whose

parking

lot

is

shared

with

several

restaurants

andasupermarket,

soit's

alwaysjammed.Offical

Guide句子过长的问题“…

in

some

cases,

the

writer

extends,

or

"runs

on",

a

sentence

to

include

manysteps

in

the

argument

when

using

two

or

more

sentences

would

make

the

relationshipsbetween

ideasclear.”句子长度的标准"Experts

believe

that

the

average

sentence

length

should

be

between

15-20

words.This

length

allows

your

reader

to

absorb

your

ideas."——Writer's

handbook

for

Users

of

English

LanguageTo

begin

with,

I

just

don't

enjoy

the

general

trouble

of

the

evening

because

since

small

local

movietheaters

are

a

thing

of

the

past

i

have

to

drive

for

15

minutes

to

get

to

the

nearest

multiplex

whoseparking

lot

is

shared

with

several

restaurants

and

a

supermarket,

so

it's

always

jammed.To

begin

with,

I

just

don't

enjoy

the

general

trouble

of

the

evening.

Since

small

local

movie

theatersare

a

thing

of

the

past,

I

have

to

drive

for

15

minutes

to

get

to

the

nearest

multiplex.

Once

I

getthere,

its

parking

lot

is

shared

with

several

restaurants

and

a

supermarket,

so

it's

always

jammed.I

tooka

course

innursing,and ing

a

nurse.I

took

a

course

in

nursing,

and

became

a

nurse.These

books

were

not

of

interest

but

very

helpful.These

booksare

notinteresting

but

veryhelpful.Instead,

the

money

should

be

spent

on

improving

infrastructure

and

to

help

children

in

poorareas.Employees’

working

at

home

has

a

positive

impact

not

only

on

employees

but

employersaswell.Visiting

a

farm

is

far

more

educational

than

to

look

at

a

book

about

a

farm,

because

yourchild

can

pat

a

cow….Instead,

the

money

should

be

spent

on

improving

infrastructure

and

to

help

children

in

poorareas.Employees’

working

at

home

has

a

positive

impact

not

only

on

employees

but

employersaswell.Visiting

a

farm

is

far

more

educational

than

to

look

at

a

book

about

a

farm,

because

yourchild

can

pat

a

cow….严格使用平行结构both…and…either…or…neither…nor…not…but…not

only…butalso…parallel

structure练习Teenagers

often

say

that

they

are

not

very

fond

of

studying,

but

they

nevertheless

love

to

go

to

school.Their

primary

reason

is

because

they

get

to

be

with

their

friends

and

having

a

good

time.

Theirfavorite

times

of

the

day

are

the

lunch

break

and

being

dismissed.

During

lunch

break,

they

usuallyspend

time

at

a

place

that

they

claim

to

be

exclusively

theirs,

like

a

table

in

the

cafeteria

or

sittingon

a

bench

somewhere

on

the

school

grounds.

There,

they

feel

like

the

kings

or

being

queens

of

theirworlds,

unmindful

of

what

other

people

think

or

feeling.

Teenagers

also

love

after-class

hours.Some

either

head

to

a

friend’s

house

to

play

video

games

or

going

to

a

basketball

court

to

shootsome

hoops.parallel

structure练习Teenagers

often

say

that

they

are

not

very

fond

of

studying,

but

they

nevertheless

love

to

go

to

school.Their

primary

reason

is

because

they

get

to

be

with

their

friends

and

have

a

good

time.

Theirfavorite

times

of

the

day

are

the

lunch

break

and

dismissal.

During

lunch

break,

they

usually

spendtime

at

a

place

that

they

claim

to

be

exclusively

theirs,

like

a

table

in

the

cafeteria

or

a

benchsomewhere

on

the

school

grounds.

There,

they

feel

like

the

kings

or

being

queens

of

their

worlds,unmindful

of

what

other

people

think

of

feel.

Teenagers

also

love

after-class

hours.

Some

eitherhead

to

a

friend’s

house

to

play

video

games

or

go

to

a

basketball

court

to

shoot

some

hoops.随手记be

fond

of…=like

v喜欢，爱好

Primary

adj.主要的，初级的

Exclusively

adv.唯一地，专属地

Cafeteria

n.食堂，自助餐Unmindful

adj.漫不尽心的；不留意的

Basketball

courtn.篮球场Hoops

n.篮筐e.

sentence

fragmentI

went

to

see

“The

silver

star”.

A

movie

that

inspires

deep

emotions.I

went

to

see

“The

silver

star”

which

is

a

movie

that

inspires

deep

emotions.A

well-dressed

man

sitting

on

a

bench

and

readingnewspaper.A

well-dressed

manwas

sittingon

a

bench

and

readingnewspaper.There

are

two

kinds

of

people.

First,

people

who

use

logic

tomake

decision.There

are

two

kinds

of

people.The

first

kind

is

people

who

use

logic

tomake

decision.My

friend

decide

toopen

an

art

school.

Since

she

loves

topaint

and

teaches

children.My

friend

decide

toopen

an

art

school

since

she

loves

to

paint

and

teaches

children.sentence

fragment

练习Dolls

are

works

of

art.

That

actually

date

back

to

prehistorictime.

Ancient

dolls

were史前的made

of

primitive

materials

such

as

wood

and

fur.

Used

for

recreational

and

even简单的；原始的religious

purpose.Today,dolls

human-like

figurinesthat

areoften

intended

to

be娱乐的宗教的小雕像打算toys

forchildren,

especially

little

girls.Now

madefrom

a

much

broader

range

ofmaterials

such

as

porcelain,

cloth,

plastic

and

more.陶瓷sentence

fragment

练习Dolls

are

works

of

art

that

actually

date

back

to

prehistoric

time.

Ancient

dolls

were

made

ofprimitive

materials

such

as

wood

and

fur.

They

were

used

for

recreational

and

even

religiouspurpose.

Today,

dolls

are

human-like

figurines

that

are

often

intended

to

be

toys

for

children,especially

little

girls.

Now

dolls

are

made

from

a

much

broader

range

of

materials

such

asporcelain,

cloth,

plastic

and

more.The

old

manwho

havethree

daughters

andtwo

sons

arePeter.The

oldman

who

has

three

daughters

and

two

sons

is

Peter.Every

employee

giveisna

bonus

twice

a

year.（be）Eachboyandgirl

knothwes

answer.（know）Playing

computer

games

one

oifshis

favorite

hobbies.（be）To

skip

meals

ibsad

for

your

health.

（be）Someofthebook

writisten

in

English.（be）Mostofthetrees

sgtareyen

all

year

round.（stay）the

rest

of,

half

of,

the

part

of,a

majority

of/

lots

of/

plenty

of/

most

of/

some

of/

none

ofA

lot

of

people

is/are

buying

houses

recently.There

is

an

apple

and

two

oranges

on

the

table.There

are

an

apple

and

two

oranges

on

thetable.There

are

two

oranges

and

an

apple

on

thetable.Not

only

he

but

also

I

am

looking

forward

to

seeing

each

other.Not

only

he

but

also

I

are

looking

forward

to

seeing

each

other.Both

he

and

I

am

looking

forwardto

seeing

eachother.Both

he

and

I

are

looking

forwardto

seeing

eachother.subject-verb

agreement练习Nobody,

not

even

criminals, think

that

earning

money through

dishonest

mean

constitutes

avirtuous

life.Generally

neither

his

voice

nor

his

long-windedness

impress

the

crowd

when

he

gives

a

speech.He

is

one

of

the

few

people

who

deems

it

fit

to

save

that

ugly

creature

from

extinction.A

good

seventy

percent

of

the

campus

buildings

requires

a

paint

makeover.The

results

of

the

study

reveals

that

most

students

prefer

take

quizzes

rather

than

participate

inrecitation.subject-verb

agreement练习Nobody,

not

even

criminals,

thinks

that

earning

money

through

dishonest

means

constitutes

avirtuous

life.Generally

neither

his

voice

nor

his

long-windedness

impresses

the

crowd

when

he

gives

a

speech.He

is

one

of

the

few

people

who

deem

it

fits

to

save

those

creatures

from

extinction.A

good

seventy

percent

of

the

campus

buildings

require

a

paint

makeover.The

results

of

the

study

reveal

that

most

students

prefer

take

quizzes

rather

than

participate

inrecitation.随手记Criminal n罪犯adj.犯罪的Constitute

v构成；组成Virtuous adj.善良的；正直的long-windedness n

长篇大论impress v

给人深刻印象Deem v

认为，相信Extinction n

消失，灭绝Creature n动物；生物Makeover n

大转变

participate

in v

参加，

参与Recitation n.

背诵Some

parents

do

not

obey

traffic

rules

himself.Some

parents

do

not

obey

traffic

rules

themselves.Each

ofthe

womenhassucceeded

inher/their

career.Neither

of

the

boysdidhis/their

best.Everyone

hastheir/his

orher

ownpreference.Neither

Jack

norJane

is

finished

withtheir

work.Neither

Jack

norJane

is

finished

withher

work.Neither

Jack

norJane

is

finished

withhiswork.pronoun-antecedent

agreement练习Children

do

not

have

much

experience；it

is

therefore

hard

for

them

tounderstand

the

true

reason

why

it

is

important

for

us

to

e

a

goodperson.Children

do

not

have

much

experience;

it

is

therefore

hard

for

them

tounderstand

the

true

reason

why

it

is

important

for

them

to

e

good

people

/persons.Rosa

told

Ann

her

flight

had

beencanceled.In

John’s

best-selling

book,

he

talked

about

people

who

would

workfrom

home

in

a

computerized

information

age.Which的指代Unclear:

I

missed

the

match,

which

was

terrible.Clear:

I

missed

the

match

which

was

terrible.Clear:

I

missed

the

terrible

match.Clear:

I

missed

the

match

and

this

made

me

feel

terrible.Which指代整句话结尾处不是名词：We

are

called

childish,

which

really

bothers

me.Scientists

are

committed

to

making

new

innovations.Two

countries

can

benefit

from

mutual

cooperation.China

is

often

hit

by

serious

natural

disasters.Parents

should

spend

more

time

with

their

children

and

provide

positive

guidance

for

them.We

need

to

take

measures

to

prevent

this

unfortunate

tragedy

from

happening

again.The

government

needs

to

provide

more

residential

housing

for e

citizens.写的正确punctuationnounRun-onsparallel

structuresentence

fragmentsubject-verb

agreementpronoun-antecedentagreementreferenceredundancy写的漂亮恰当多样表现力托福写作用词要求恰当吾好油条。In

fact,

many

would

assert

that,

to

attract

more

students,

it

is

paramount

to

spend

more

holding

the

community

activities

andcoloring

their

extracurricular

lives

.

However,

for

me

honesty,

if

the

school

has

a

low

educational

quality,

excellent

students

alsowould

not

chooseit.这里是形式主语it引导的固定句式，Itisadj.+forsbtodosth.，而且and前后连接的两个部分不符合平行结构原则。一个to

do,一个doing平行结构学生范文I

think

the

major

factor

that

the

students

with

good

performance

would

consider

is

the

fundamental

facilities

and

the

academiclevel

of

a

university.

Because

the

main

task

of

a

student

is

to

study

and

his

or

her

aim

is

to

acquire

more

and

better

knowledge

inthe

colleges

instead

of

the

abundant

lives.Because单独行动学生范文Notonly.Butalso平行结构错误Not

only

does

not

he

needs

to

care

about

his

tasks

but

also

could

get

enough

relaxed

,

and

then

enters

the

next

semester

with

avigorous

appearance

andanefficiencystudy.notonly..butalso的用法全错。第一，notonly与butalso前后连接的成分必须一致。不可以后面就省略了主语。第二，notonly要是便否定就要变neither了。不能随便加否定。变成肯定句。以后使用特殊结构，词汇的时候，必须要把其用法查的一清二楚。随便用出来反尔扣分。详细讲一下not

only

but

also用法You

will

be

dangerous

if

you

keep

moving

without

a

clear

viewof

the

whole

picture.You

willbe

in

danger

ifyou

keep

movingwithout

a

clear

viewof

the

whole

picture.increase

your

communication

skills用词多样第一类

可替换的常用词第二类

写作常用好词好短语第三类

话题相关词汇与短语有表现力a,笼统：This

room

is

good.具体：The

room

is

clean,spacious

and

well-lit.b,笼统：He

is

a

very

good

student.具体：He

has

the

highest

GPA

in

his

class.一键优化简单句扩充Students

couldaccess

more

information.Students

could

access

more

information

due

to

the

Internet

service.Nowadays,

students

could

access

more

information

due

to

the Internet

service.Nowadays,

students

could

access

more

information

due

to

the

inexpensive

and

commonlyavailable

Internet

service.Nowadays,

students

could

access

more

information

which

is

valuable

and

comprehensivedue

to

the

inexpensive

and

commonly

available

Internet

service.Students

could

access

moreinformation.Nowadays,

students

could

accessmore

information

which

is

valuableand

comprehensive

due

to

theinexpensive

and

commonly

availableInternet

service.找名词形容词定语从句状语时间，地点原因，目的方式,结果简单句扩充练习1现在学生面临很大压力。Students

nowadays

are

confronted

with

huge

stress

in

school.Nowadays,

in

my

country,

students,

especially

high

school

students,

are

confronted

with

hugeacademic

pressure.Nowadays,

in

my

country,

students,

especially

college

students,

are

confronted

with

hugeemployment

pressure.简单句扩充练习2In

the

past,

people

had

to

meet

to

communicate.But

now,

we

can

make

a

call

or

just

send

anemail.

In

the

past

decades,

in

most

cases,people

had

to

meet

to

communicate，which

is

both

time

consuming

and

lessefficient.

Nowadays,

however,

we

areable

to

make

a

call

or

just

send

an

emailto

get

in

touch

with

our

friends,

lovedones,

and

business

partners

withoutmeeting

them

face-to-face.简单句扩充练习3Version1:

I

know

a

person

who

wants

to

go

abroad.（3分）Version2:

I

know

a

student

who

wants

to

go

to

the

US.（3.5分）Version3:

I

know

an

intelligent

college

student

who

wants

to

go

to

Boston

forstudy.（4分）

Version4:

I

know

an

intelligent

college

student

from

Wuhan

University

who

wants

to

go

to

Harvard

University

in

Boston

for

study.（4.5分）

Version5:

I

know

an

extraordinarily

intelligent

student

majoring

in

English

from

Wuhan

University

who

wants

to

go

to

Harvard

University

in

Boston

to

study

computerscience

in

the

hope

of

ing

a

distinguished

software

engineer.(32)（5分）简单句的合并主+

谓

+

宾连接词主

+

谓

+

宾我们没法什么事情都亲自去体验。我们需要用读书获得知识。We

cannot

experience

everything

all

by

ourseleves.We

need

acquire

knowledge

by

reading

books.Since

we

cannot

experience

everything

all

by

ourseleves,weneed

acquire

knowledge

by

reading

books.因果关系原因as,

since,

because+句子原因dueto,

owingto+名词

for为了+

名词因此（结果）hence,thus,therefore–句首，句中结果Asaconsequence,Asaresult,Consequently句首，后面加逗号让步转折关系The

weather

was

bad.We

still

went

to

picnic.The

weather

was

bad

but

we

still

went

to

picnic.The

weather

was

bad.

Nonetheless,

we

still

went

to

picnic.Despite让步转折关系The

weather

was

bad.We

still

went

to

picnic.The

weather

was

bad

but

we

still

went

to

picnic.The

weather

was

bad.

Nonetheless,

we

still

went

to

picnic.Despite

the

bad

weather,

we

still

went

to

picnic.

In

spite

of

the

bad

weather,

we

still

went

to

picnic.让步转折示意单词尽管+句子Although,

even

though尽管+名词及名词性词组Despite,

in

spite

of,

notwithstanding尽管如此（句子开头+完整句子）Nonetheless,

nevertheless即使Even

if然而While，

however假设关系你努力学习。你托福会获得高分。You

work

hard.You

will

obtain

a

high

score

in

the

TOEFL

test.IF如果If

you

workhard,

you

will

obtain

a

high

score

in

theTOEFL

test.Provided

that。。。

如果

+希望看到的结果You

will

obtain

a

high

score

in

the

TOEFL

test,

provided

that

you

work

hard.otherwise 否则+

不想看到的结果Be

sure

to

work

hard,

otherwise

you

will

obtain

a

poor

result

in

the

TOEFL

test.对比或类比关系Cars

are

noteco-friendly.Bikes

are

eco-friendly.Walkiseco-friendly.Unlike

cars,

bikesare

eco-friendly.Walkiseco-friendly. Similarly,/Likewise,

riding

bikesis

alsoeco-friendly.类比Similarly，Likewise

句首对比While，whilst，whereas，unlike

句首，句中；句内对比By

contrast, In

contrast,

相比之下；

句间对比反驳On

the

contrary,Instead,

正相反，Walk

is

eco-friendly. By

contrast,

cars

are

not

eco-friendly

at

all.Carscan

not

protectthe

environment.

On

the

contrary,

automobilesproduce

fume

pollution

to

the

air.限定关系我们有不同的喜好。

We

likedifferent

things.We

havedifferent

preferences.In

termsof

从。。。意义上来讲；就。。。而言We

differ

in

termsof

ourpreferences.We

differ

in

termsof

what

wefind

interesting

andattractive.顺承关系和and然后；于是；then除此之外；而且Furthermore,

Moreover,

Besides,

Inaddition,

Additionally,

What’s

more,Summary因果让步转折假设对比类比限定顺承简单句合并方法2网络在现代社会必不可少，它加速了人们的交流。

The

Internet

plays

an

indispensable

role

in

modern

society.It

facilitates

communication

among

people.简单句合并方法2定语从句The

Internet

plays

an

indispensable

role

in

modern

society.It

facilitates

communication

among

people.The

Internet,

which

facilitates

communication

among

people,

plays

an

indispensable

role

in

modernsociety.简单句合并练习To

fully

understand

the

present,

we

do

need

knowledge

of

the

past.

It

helps

us

to

see

an

issue

more

clearly

anddeal

with

it

in

a

better

way.To

fully

understand

the

present,

we

do

need

knowledge

of

the

past

since

it

helps

us

to

see

an

issue

more

clearlyand

deal

with

itmoreproperly.The

knowledge

of

the

past

helps

us

to

see

an

issue

more

clearly

and

deal

with

it

more

properly.

As

a

result,

wedo

need

it

to

fullyunderstand

the

present.To

fully

understand

the

present,

we

do

need

knowledge

of

the

past,

which

helps

us

to

see

an

issue

more

clearlyand

deal

with

itmoreproperly.语言优化综合练习1When

it

comes

to

wether

parents

do

not

understand

their

children

as

well

as

parents

did

50

years

ago

,

somepeople

claim

that

parents

are

too

busy

to

not

communicate

with

children,

kids

have

their

own

friends

and

thesignificant

change

of

the

society

cause

the

generation

gap

e

large

.When

it

comes

to

the

relationship

between

parents

and

children,

some

people

claim

that

parents

do

notunderstand

their

children

well

nowadays

as

parents

are

too

busy

to

communicate

with

their

children.

Besides,kids

have

their

own

friends

to

hang

out

therefore

they

are

rarely

speak

to

their

parents

as

well.

What’s

more,the

significant

change

of

the

society

causes

wider

generation

gap,

which

makes

the

mutual

understanding

evenharder.语言优化综合练习21.

Furthermore,

children

have

their

friends

and

sometimes

they

have

the

same

age

and

interests

.

2.They

can

do

homework,

go

shopping

and

watching

movies

together.

3.

When

they

have

problems,they

prefer

to

ask

help

with

friends.

4.

For

instance,

when

children

have

free

time,

they

would

liketo

pany

with

their

friends

instead

of

parents.

5.They

can

go

shopping

and

when

they

buy

clothes,friends

can

give

them

advice.

6.They

know

what

the

most

popular

is.

7.

When

they

buy

clothes

withtheir

parents,

they

will

have

different

views.

8.

Children

can

feel

relaxed

with

friends.

they

likespend

time

with

them.

9.

And

they

think

parents

always

make

the

pressure

for

the

them

,

then

donot

like

to

chat

with

them.

10.They

hardly

have

time

to

communicate

with

each

other,

so

parentscannot

understand

them.1.

Furthermore,

children

have

their

friends

and

sometimes

they

have

the

same

age

and

interests

.

2.

They

cando

homework,

go

shopping

and

watching

movies

together.

3.

When

they

have

problems,

they

prefer

to

ask

helpwith

friends.

4.

For

instance,

when

children

have

free

time,

they

would

like

to

pany

with

their

friends

insteadof

parents.

5.They

can

go

shopping

and

when

they

buy

clothes,

friends

can

give

them

advice.

6.They

knowwhat

the

most

popular

is.

7.

When

they

buy

clothes

with

their

parents,

they

will

have

different

views.

8.Children

can

feel

relaxed

with

friends.

they

likespend

timewith

them.

9.And

they

think

parentsalways

makethe

pressure

for

the

them

,

then

do

not

like

to

chat

with

them.

10.They

hardly

have

time

to

communicate

witheach

other,

so

parents

cannot

understand

them.1.

Furthermore,

children

have

their

friends

who

generally

are

in

the

same

age

and

share

common

interests.

2.Therefore,

they

tend

to

hang

out

together

to

do

homework,

to

go

shopping

and

to

watch

movies.

4.For

instance,children

would

like

to

pany

with

their

friends

instead

of

parents

w