锤磨机：锤片式粉碎机机械外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

1：锤磨机：锤片式粉碎机在饲料加工过程中可能存在的成分需要某种形式的处理方式来完成可以减小饲料微粒的粒度。在这里我们主要介绍锤磨机和滚子磨机，具体介绍如下：锤片式和滚子式粉碎机都可以加工出满足要求的圆形饲料同样要求的饲料粒度时就需要再加工前选择适宜的加工方式粒度减小的缘由请参考一下内容：微粒尺寸减小。锤片式粉碎机优点：—可以生产的饲料粒度范围广—可以用于加工脆性材料和纤维—操作简洁—相对于滚子式粉碎机来说它的早期投入低—需要的维护很少—它粉碎的饲料微粒一般都是圆形的而且外表光滑缺点：—相对于滚子粉碎机它的效率较低—产生热量〔能量损失〕—微粒大小不均匀〔相差大〕—易产生噪音和灰尘、污染环境总体设计如下图，锤片粉碎机的主要零件包括：—传送局部：用于将物料送到粉碎室的通道。并悬浮平行于轴杆穿过转子盘。锤片的作用是击碎物料减小它们的粒度。料的通过。粉碎室设计材料引入到粉碎室的路径由一个变量的速度静脉接驳电量的主电机负载。锤片的设计和布局设计和布局可以供给最大的饲料原料接触1800转/分时应当25〔~10〕长，6.35〔~2.5〕宽，6.4〔~0.25〕厚。对于转速约为3600/1520〔~6-8〕长，5〔~2英寸〕宽，6.4〔~0.25〕厚。对于转速为1800转/2.5~3.5/马力，而对于转速为3600转/1~2/马力。锤片应当是平衡的，而且它们在12~14〔~1/2英寸〕为了减小谷粒的大小。锤片末端线速度是微粒粒度的关键，末端线速度是锤片末端或者远离转子边缘的速度，它可以通过轴的转速乘以轴的直径和圆周率再除以12in/ft英尺/分=D×n/12D—转子直径n—转速在锤片粉碎机中常见的速度变化范围一般为5000-7000米/〔~16,000-23,000/分23000英尺/分时就必需要考虑粉碎机的材料和全部零件构造是否2.3/分时转变轴的转速是不值得推举的方法。性；或者有利于改善饲料微粒的大小。距离的增大可以通过提高锤片的速度来实现。筛片设计粉碎机中筛板的筛孔数量取决于微粒大小和粉碎效率。筛板设计必需保证饲料的最大6040﹪3.2mm〔1/8的4.8mm〔3/16。操作者应当特别留意粉碎机筛板有效面积与功率的比值。对于小麦类植物一般推举使用的比例为55马力~8-9平方英寸〔Bliss19944℃-46℃〔120-125F〕时粉碎机的生产力量将下降50﹪.饲料的排出是粉碎机设计的标准。粉碎机的度电产量不仅受生产效率的影响还受物料Anderson(1994)曾声明物料微粒不能全部通过筛片是由于一局部物料流在环流层外层(靠近筛面)随着转子高速旋转。这些微粒通过与筛片外表和彼此之间的摩擦来受到限制物料微粒也会变得过小。多数的型锤片式粉碎机都有吸风系统，可以将空气吸进粉碎室用于粉碎物料。吸风的目的是造成粉碎室负压,打破筛片外表的物料流促使室内残留的物料通过筛孔机设计有两片筛片，这种筛片可以使用大的筛孔便于更多的削减滞留在筛片外表的物料数量。锤片式粉碎机—锤片锤片式粉碎机中锤片用来冲击物料使其尺寸变小，使得它更用以与其他物料混合。锤一端磨损还可以使用另外一端。锤片安装在粉碎机轴杆上转动击打物料。锤片的外形尺寸A—B—C—D—E—锤片粉碎机常用筛片粉碎机中筛片是用来分别物料微粒的。粉碎机可以将物料粉碎的的足够小，通过空气压缩系统的关心微粒可以顺当的通过筛孔。粒度：粒度大小：谷类植物是从最外层开头被击碎的而后是微粒内部。微粒的大小不仅与筛用，增加动物的体能。微粒的成球形、物理性能可以提高物料的混合性便于转载和运输。锤片式粉碎机4880米/分〔~16,000/分〕7015/分〔~23,000/分〕的线速度转动。能量的转移可孔大小以及吸风系统的共同作用。Anderson(1994)声称当击打速度和筛孔的大度微粒。粉碎机轴杆锤片式粉碎机的锤片是固定在轴杆上的，并可以绕轴杆转动。轴杆的大小取决于粉碎机的设计。辊子粉碎机辊子粉碎机是通过力和机器特性相结合的方式来实现物料粉碎的。假设辊子以一样的速度旋转则粉碎时用的力主要是压力较低因而不易产生热量而且物料水分损失也较少。粉碎的微粒大小几乎一样，也就是说物料微粒很均匀。微粒外形不规章大多是长方体5﹪—15﹪。辊子粉碎机优点：—效率高—微粒粒度均匀—低噪声、低污染缺点：—几乎不用于粉碎纤维类植物—粉碎的微粒外形不规章—前期投入可能要高〔取决于系统的设计〕—必要时维护保养费用要高总体设计有很多制造公司生产辊子粉碎机，但他们都有共同的设计特点如下所述：—传送部件将物料连续的送到粉碎室以供粉碎—一对辊子水平固定在支架上—一个转子固定不动另一个辊子间歇地靠近或远离它—辊子大都是以一样的速度反向旋转或者其中一个转动较快，辊子外表或许是光滑的也或许是有很多沟槽。—轴杆，几对辊子可能是固定在另一个支架的辊子上的粉碎机中物料通常以连续不变的速度通过辊子以保证粉碎机辊子的最正确运转。最简洁的粉碎系统是一个储料器和一个手工操作的卸料门过程。对于研磨来说辊子粉碎是值得提倡的。这种类型的粉碎机中辊子位于储料器的下方，有一个手工操作或自动掌握的可调卸料门。一对辊子的直径是9~12英寸23到30.5厘米，它们的长径比可以到达：。辊子能将变坏从而导致维护本钱增加、生产率下降，总之生产本钱增加。可调整的间距,通过使用自动或手动气动或液压缸通过电脑操作或可编程序掌握器来实现。每对辊子都是反向旋转的。辊子快速旋转可以提高物料的粒度，每对辊子的转速不同粉碎得到的物料粒度也不同。典型的范围是1.2:1到2.0:〔由快到慢，对于一个9〔~23〕的辊子典型的速度是1300/分〔~395/分12〔~30.5厘米〕3140英尺/分〔~957米/分。对于靠单独电机驱动的两个高速旋外辊子外表的凹槽可以改善速度的差异并提高粉碎效率。辊子粉碎机通过将一对辊子撞到另一对辊子之上，其次对装在第三对之上的方式来提高粉碎效果，这种方式产生的微粒可以降到500微米，其粉碎力量是锤片式粉碎机的两倍。粉碎粗糙类谷物时辊子粉碎机比锤片式粉碎机有优势其度电产量可能要比锤片式粉碎机高85﹪，饲料生产行业中谷类植物的典型粒度为600-9002：Hammermills:hammer-millsInthefeedprocessingprocesstheremaybeanumberofingredientsthatrequiresomeformofprocessing.Thesefeedingredientsincludecoarsecerealgrains,cornswhichrequireparticlesizereductionwhichwillimprovetheperformanceoftheingredientandincreasethenutritivevalue.Thereareamanywaystoachievethisparticlesizereduction,herewearelookingatusinghammer-mills,forinformationonrollermills,seetherelatedlinksatthebottomofthis.Both hammering and rolling can achieve the desired result of achievingadequatelygroundingredients,butotherfactorsalsoneedtobelookedatbeforechoosingthesuitablemethodtogrind.Excessivesizereductioncanleadtowastedelectricalenergy,unnecessarywearonmechanicalequipmentandpossibledigestiveproblemsinlivestockandpoultry.Formoreindepthinformationregardingwhatactuallyoccurstotheingredientsduringsizereductionpleaserefertothislink:particlesizereduction.Hammer-millsAdvantages:areabletoproduceawiderangeofparticlesizesWorkwithanyfriablematerialandfibereaseofuse-LowerinitialinvestmentwhencomparedwitharollermillMinimalmaintenanceneededParticlesproducedusingahammer-millwillgenerallybespherical,withasurfacethatappearspolished.Disadvantages:Lessenergyefficientwhencomparedtoarollermillmaygenerateheat(sourceofenergyloss)producegreaterparticlesizevariability(lessuniform)Hammer-millsarenoisyandcangeneratedustpollutionGeneralDesignThemajorcomponentsofthesehammer-mills,showninthepicture,include:-adeliverydeviceisusedtointroducethematerialtobegroundintothepathofthehammers.Arotorcomprisedofaseriesofmachineddisksmountedonthehorizontalshaftperformsthistask.-Free-swinginghammersthataresuspendedfromrodsrunningparalleltotheshaftandthroughtherotordisks.Thehammerscarryoutthefunctionofsmashingtheingredientsinordertoreducetheirparticlesize.-aperforatedscreenandeithergravity-orair-assistedremovalofgroundproduct.Actstoscreentheparticlesizeofthehammermilltoensureparticlesmeetaspecifiedmaximummeshsize.FeederdesignMaterialsareintroducedintothepathsofthehammersbyavariablespeedveinfeeder.Thistypeoffeedercanhaveitsmotorslavedbyaprogrammablecontrollertothemaindrivemotorofthehammermill.Theoperationalspeedofthefeederiscontrolledtomaintainoptimumamperageloadingofthemainmotor.HammerdesignandconfigurationThedesignandplacementofhammersisdeterminedbyoperatingparameterssuchasrotorspeed,motorhorsepower,andopenareainthescreen.Optimalhammerdesignandplacementwillprovidemaximumcontactwiththefeedingredient.Hammermillsinwhichtherotorspeedisapproximately1,800rpm,shouldbeusinghammerswhicharearound25cm(~10inches)long,6.35cm(~2.5inches)wide,and6.4mm(0.25inches)thick.Forarotorspeedofabout3,600rpm,hammersshouldbe15to20cm(~6-8incheslong,5cm(~2inches)wide,and6.4mm(0.25inches)thick.Thenumberofhammersusedforahammermillof1,800rpm,shouldbe1forevery2.5to3.5horsepower,andfor3,600rpm,oneforevery1to2horsepower.Hammersshouldbebalancedandarrangedontherodssothattheydonottrailoneanother.Thedistancebetweenhammerandscreenshouldbe12to14mm(~1/2inch)forsizereductionofcerealgrains.Thevelocityortipspeedofthehammersiscriticalforpropersizereduction.Tipspeedisthespeedofthehammeratitstiporedgefurthestawayfromtherotor,andiscalculatedbymultiplyingtherotationalspeedofthedrivesource(shaftrpm)bythecircumferenceofthehammertiparc.Seethefollowingformula:Acommonrangeoftipspeedsseeninhammer-millsiscommonlyintherangebetween5,000and7,000m/min(~16,000and23,000feetperminute).Whenthetipspeedsexceed23,000feetperminute,carefulconsiderationmustbegiventothedesignofthehammermill,thematerialsusedinitsconstruction,andthefabricationofallthecomponents.Simplychangingtherotationalspeedofthedrivesourceisnotarecommendedmethodofincreasinghammerspeedinexcessof23,000feetperminute.Impactistheprimaryforceusedinahammer-mill.Anythingwhichincreasesthechanceofacollisionbetweenahammerandatarget;increasesthemagnitudeofthecollision;orimprovesmaterialtake-awayprovidesanadvantageinparticlesizereduction.Themagnitudeofthecollisionscanbeescalatedbyincreasingthespeedofthehammers.ScreenDesignTheamountofopenareainahammermillscreendeterminestheparticlesizeandgrindingefficiency.Thescreenmustbedesignedtomaintainitsintegrityandprovidethegreatestamountofopenarea.Screenopenings(holes)thatarealignedina60-degreestaggeredpatternoptimizeopenareawhilemaintainingscreenstrength.Thismethodwillresultina40percentopenareausing3.2mm(1/8inch)holesalignedon4.8mm(3/16inch)centers.Feedproducersneedtopayparticularattentiontotheratioofopenscreenareatohorsepower.Recommendedratioforgrainswouldbe55cm2(~8-9inchessquare)perhorsepower(Bliss,1990).Notenoughopenareaperhorsepowerresultsinthegenerationofheat.Whentheheatgeneratedexceeds44Cto46C(120-125F),capacitymaybedecreasedasmuchas50percent.Theremovalofsizedmaterialfromahammer-millisacriticaldesignfeature.Properoutputofmaterialaffectsnotonlytheefficiencyofoperation,butalsoparticlesize.Whenthecorrectratioofscreenareatohorsepowerisusedandproperdistancebetweenhammersandscreenfaceismaintained,mostofthecorrectlysizedparticleswillexitthescreeninatimelymanner.Anderson(1994)statedtheparticlesthatdonotpassthroughthescreenholesbecomepartofa fluidizedbedofmaterial sweptalongthefaceofthescreenbythehigh-speedrotationofthehammers.Astheseparticlesrubagainstthescreenandeachothertheirsizeiscontinuallyreducedbyattrition.Thisexcessivesizereductioniscounterproductive.Energyiswastedintheproductionofheat,throughputisrestricted,andparticlesbecometoosmall.Mostnewhammermillsareequippedwithanair-assistsystemthatdrawsairintothehammermillwiththeproducttobeground.Systemsaredesignedtoprovidereducedpressureontheexitsideofthescreentodisruptthefluidizedbedofmaterialonthefaceofthescreen,thusallowingparticlestoexitthroughscreenholes.Somefullcirclehammermillsaredesignedsothescreenisintwopieces.Itispossibletousealargerwholesizeontheupwardarcofthehammerstofurtherreducetheamountofmaterialonthefaceofthescreen.HammerMillsHammersHammersareusedinsidethehammer-milltoimpactsmashingredientsupintoHammersareusedinsidethehammer-milltoimpactsmashingredientsupintosmallerparticles,makingitmoresuitableforuniformmixingandusageinfeed.Hammersareavailableinahugerangeofconfigurations,shapes,facingsandmaterials.Hammersareavailableassingleholedorwithtwoholes,withtwoholesallowingthehammerstobeusedtwiceasthewearisdonetooneendofthehammer;thehammercanberotatedandusedasecondtime.Theholefitsontoarodinsidethehammermillandswingstohitthematerial.DimensionsofahammerA:ThicknessDimensionsofahammerA:ThicknessB:WidthC:DiametertofitrodsizeD:SwingLengthE:TotalLengthHammerMillPerforatedScreensHammermillsscreensareusedinsideahammermilltoseparateparticlesizes.Hammermillsscreensareusedinsideahammermilltoseparateparticlesizes.Particleofsmallenoughdiameterthathasbeensuccessfullygrindedbythehammermillpassesthroughthescreenandleavesthehammermillwiththeaidofthepneumaticsystem.ParticleSizeReductionSizeReduction:TheinitialreductionofcerealgrainsbeginsbySizeReduction:Theinitialreductionofcerealgrainsbeginsbydisruptingtheouterprotectivelayeroftheseed(hull),exposingtheinterior,seethepicture.Continuedsizereductionincreasesboththenumberofparticlesandtheamountofsurfaceareaperunitofvolume.Itisthisincreasedsurfaceareathatisofprimaryimportance.Agreaterportionofthegrain”sinteriorisexposedtodigestiveenzymes,allowingincreasedaccesstonutritionalcomponentssuchasstarchandprotein.Theenhancedbreakdownofthesenutritionalcomponentsimprovesabsorptioninthedigestivetract.Theoveralleffectisincreasedanimalperformance.Sizereductionisalsousedtomodifythephysicalcharacteristicsofingredientsresultinginimprovedmixing,pelleting,and,insomeinstances,handlingortransport.Hammermills:Reducetheparticlesizeofmaterialsbyimpactingaslowmovingtarget,suchasacerealgrain,witharapidlymovinghammer.Thetargethaslittleornomomentum(lowkineticenergy),whereasthehammertipistravelingataminimumof4,880m/min(~16,000feetpermin)andperhapsinexcessof7,015m/min(~23,000feetpermin)(highkineticenergy).Thetransferofenergythatresultsfromthiscollisionfracturesthegrainintomanypieces.m/min(~23,000feetpermin)(highkineticenergy).Thetransferofenergythatresultsfromthiscollisionfracturesthegrainintomanypieces.Sizingisafunctionofhammer-tipspeed;hammerdesignandplacement;screendesignandholesize;andwhetherornotairassistanceisutilized.BecauseimpactistheprimaryforceusedinaHammermilltoreducethesizeoftheparticles,anythingthat;increasesthechanceofacollisionbetweenahammerandatarget,increasesthemagnitudeofthecollision,orimprovesmaterialtake-away,wouldbeadvantageoustoparticlesizereduction.Themagnitudeofthecollisionscanbeescalatedbyincreasingthespeedofthehammers.Anderson(1994)statedthatwhendrivespeedandscreensizewerekeptconstant,theincreasedhammer-tipspeedobtainedfromincreasedrotordiameterproducedparticlesofsmallermeangeometricsize.Particlesproducedusingahammermillwillgenerallybesphericalinshapewithasurfacethatappearspolished.Thedistributionofparticlesizeswillvarywidelyaroundthegeometricmeansuchthattherewillbesomelarge-sizedandmanysmall-sizedparticles.HammerMillRodsHammersareattachedtorodsinsidethehammermill,Hammersareattachedtorodsinsidethehammermill,whicharewhattheyareswungon.Dimensionsofrodsaredependantonbrandandstyleofthehammermill.RollermillRollermillsaccomplishsizereductionthroughacombinationofforcesandRollermillsaccomplishsizereductionthroughacombinationofforcesanddesignfeatures.Iftherollsrotateatthesamespeed,compressionistheprimaryforceused.Iftherollsrotateatdifferentspeeds,shearingandcompressionaretheprimaryforcesused.Iftherollsaregrooved,atearingorgrindingcomponentisintroduced.Thereislittlenoiseordustpollutionassociatedwithproperlydesignedandmaintainedrollermills.Theirsloweroperatingspeedsdonotgenerateheat,andthereisverylittlemoistureloss.Particlesproducedtendtobeuniforminsize;thatis,verylittlefinematerialisgenerated.Theshapeoftheparticlestendstobeirregular,morecubicorrectangularthanspherical.Theirregularshapeoftheparticlesmeanstheydonotpackaswell.Forsimilar-sizedparticles,bulkdensityofmaterialgroundonarollermillwillbeabout5to15percentlessthanmaterialgroundbyahammermill.RollermillsAdvantages:Advantages:energyefficientuniformparticle-sizedistributionlittlenoiseanddustgenerationDisadvantages:littleornoeffectonfiberparticlestendtobeirregularinshapeanddimensionmayhavehighinitialcost(dependsonsystemdesign)whenrequired,maintenancecanbeexpensiveGeneralDesignTherearemanymanufacturersofrollermills,buttheyallsharethefollowingdesignfeaturesshownadjacentpicture:adeliverydevicetosupplyaconstantanduniformamountofthematerialtobegroundapairofrollsmountedhorizontallyinarigidframeonerollisfixedinpositionandtheothercanbemovedclosertoorfurtherfromthefixedrolltherollscounterrotateeitheratthesamespeedoronemayrotatefaster;rollsurfacemaybesmoothorhavevariousgroovesorcorrugationsbar;pairsofrollsmaybeplacedontopofoneanotherinaframe.Toensureoptimumoperation,materialmustbeintroducedbetweentherollsinauniformandconstantmanner.Thesimplestfeederisabinhopperwithanagitatorlocatedinsideitandamanuallysetdischargegate.Thistypeoffeederisbestsuitedforcoarseprocessing.Forgrindingoperations,arollfeederissuggested.Inthistypeoffeeder,therollislocatedbelowthebinhopperandhasamanuallysetorautomaticadjustabledischargegate.Ifthegateisadjustedautomatically,itwillbeslavedtotheamperageloadofthemainmotoroftherollermill.Therollsthatmakeupapairwillbe9to12inches(23to30.5cm)indiameter,andtheirratiooflengthtodiametercanbeasgreatas4:1.Itisveryimportanttomaintainthealignmentbetweentherollpairs.Sizingofthematerialisdependentuponthegapbetwe