WEF - 无人机：确保油气管道的有效维护 Drones：Ensuring cost-effective maintenance of oil and gas pipelines 2022

Drones:Ensuring

cost-effectivemaintenance

ofoilandgaspipelines

WHITEPAPER

MARCH2022

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Cover:Artpilot,GettyImages–Inside:GettyImages

Contents

Executivesummary

Introduction

1Droneusecasesforpipelines

1.1Construction

1.2Safety,operationsandmaintenance

1.3Security

1.4Managingcontingencies

1.5Environmentalgains

1.6Globaldeployments

2Acceleratingdroneadoption

2.1Policy

2.2Stakeholders

2.3Productdevelopmentandco-innovation

2.4Skillsdevelopmentandtraining

3Wayforward

Conclusion

Contributors

Endnotes

Disclaimer

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March2022

Drones:Ensuringcost-effective

maintenanceofoilandgaspipelines

Executivesummary

Oilandgaspipelinestransporthydrocarbonsaroundtheglobe.Drones,orunmannedaerialvehicles(UAVs),canhelpenhancetheworkinglifeandoperationalefficiencyoftheseimportantpartsoftheglobalenergyinfrastructure.

Pipelinesarethebloodveinsoftheglobaloilandgassector.Theyareanestablishedmeansofsecureandcost-effectivetransportofcrudeoil,naturalgasandotherpetroleumproductsaroundtheworld.1Ensuringreliableaccesstotheseenergylifelinesneedssystematicandcontinuouseffortsontwoprimaryfronts:one,higheroperationalefficiencyofpipelines;andtwo,longereffective

operationallifetimeoftheexistingpipelineinfrastructure.Drones,asasubsetofFourthIndustrialRevolutiontechnologies,2arepoisedtoplayatransformationalroleinthissector.Thispaperisintendedforgovernmentofficials,pipelineoperatorsanddronesectorstakeholders,andhasthreebroadobjectives:

Tooutlinehowdronescanmakethetraditionalmeansofmonitoringandmanagingthisimportantsegmentoftheenergyinfrastructuresafer,moreeconomicalandmoreefficient.

Toexplorediversetypesofdroneusesinthepipelinesegmentthatnotonlydeliverfasterreturnsoninvestmentbutalsospurgreaterefficacy.

Toproposeasandboxapproachforacceleratingtheadoptionofdronesinthepipelinesegment.

Thisdocumentwillserveasastartingpointforacommunity-basedapproachtoabroader

understandingofUAVsamongpipelineoperators,governmentagenciesanddroneserviceproviders.

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Introduction

Pipelinesareamongthemostwidespreadmethodsoftransportinghydrocarbonsandpetroleumproductsworldwide.3Theoveralllengthoftheoilandgastrunk(main)pipelinesgloballystoodat1.89millionkilometresin2020,4thatisnearlyfivetimesthedistancebetweentheEarthandthemoon.NorthAmerica,AsiaandAfricaareexpectedtoleadglobalpipelineexpansionforthenextfewyears.5Apartfromdomesticpipelines,severalcross-borderoilandgaspipelinesoperateindifferentpartsoftheworld.

Astheworldendeavourstoarriveatpre-pandemiclevelsofeconomicactivity,thepromiseoflong-termgrowthandacceleratedinfrastructureexpansionsuggeststhatglobalenergyconsumptionwillincrease.Withtheenhancedfocusonnon-conventionalenergysources,theoilandgastransitinfrastructurewillneedtodeliverhigher-than-normaloperationalefficiencywhileextendingthelifespanofexistingpipelines.Theseimperativesopenupsignificantopportunitiesfortheuseofdronestosupportsuchinitiatives.

Whiletheupkeepofpipelinesisessentialforglobaleconomicgrowth,thethreatemanatingfromnaturaldisastersandotherexternalfactors,etc.isomnipresent.Dronescanactasacriticalcogintheresponsemachineryforeachofthesechallenges,therebyensuringsmoothenergytradeacrossregionsandaroundtheworld.

Tounderstandthescopeofdrones’applicabilityinthepipelinesegment,itisessentialtounderstandenergysupplychains.Consideringthatglobalenergyreservesareunevenlyconcentrated,6theirtransportinvolvesprimarilypipelines,inadditiontoshipping.7

Cross-countryandcross-borderpipelinestransportcrudeoil,petroleum,gasandotherassociatedproductsacrosslongdistances.Incountriesthatimportcrudeoil,pipelinestransportimportedcrudetodedicatedstorageareas,andthentorefineriestobeconvertedintofinishedproducts.8Afterprocessing,thefinishedproductsarere-transportedthroughaproductpipelinetodesignatedend-users.9Incaseofnaturalgas,theliquefiedgasisre-gasifiedatdedicatedplantsandtransportedfurtherviapipelines.10Insomeinstances,oilandgasreservesareconcentratedinoffshoreareas,requiringtheirtransportviaunderseapipelines.11

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1

Droneusecases

forpipelines

Dronescanplayanimportantroleinensuringsafeoperationofpipelinesatdifferentstagesintheenergysupplychain.Theworldover,expertshavediscussedleveragingdronetechnologytoplanpipelineprojects,carryoutroutesurveysandperformregularinspectionstoensuresafetyandsecurity.12

Combinedwithadvancedsoftware,dronescandeliversuperioranalysisandinsightsbasedonhigh-resolutionimages,videosandassociatedgeospatialdataonpipelines.Thiscanassistprojectplanners,implementationagenciesandpipelineoperatorsinmakingmoreinformeddecisions.Conventionally,thetaskofperformingpipelinesurveysiscarriedoutbydeployinghumanresourcesonfoot,usingvehiclesorhelicopters.13Thesetasksinvolveconsiderablehumaneffortandexpenditure.However,withdevelopmentsindronetechnologyandassociatedvisualintelligencetools,thesetaskscanbeperformedmoreefficientlyandat

relativelylowercosts.14Insomeinstances,industrydataindicatesthatdronescouldslashthecostsofinspectionofenergyinfrastructurebynearly50%.15

Fromtheperspectiveofsavingcostsandresources,generatingaccuratedata16andensuringsafetyandsecurityofpersonnel,17thecasefordeployingdronesisstrong.Astheregulatoryregimeworldwideeasesincomingyears,moreandmoredronecompaniesareexpectedtoshowinterestinparticipatinginpipelineprojectsandoperations.Dronescanbeusedinmanywaysacrossarangeofpipelineactivitiesincludingprojectplanninganddesign,constructionandoperations.18

Thenextsectionexaminesthemostimpactfulusecasesinwhichdroneswouldnotonlyjustifytheinvestmentbutalsodeliverbenefitsdifficulttoachievebyothermeans.

1.1

Construction

1.Progressmonitoring:Constructionofanewcross-countryorinternationalpipelineinvolvessubstantialinvestmentsandisanactivityspreadoverlongdistances.Often,multiplestakeholdersareinvolved,includinglendersandinvestorsinpipelineinfrastructureassets.Dronescanbeusedtocapturehigh-qualityimagesandvideofootageforplanningpipelineroutesandenhancingtheinvestmentpitchtopotentialinvestors.Onceconstructionbegins,dronescantakesimilarfootageatregularintervalstogeneratevisuallyappealingdataabouttheprogressofconstructionactivityforinvestorbriefings.19

2.Real-timeremoteinstructions:Dronesmountedwithhigh-resolutioncamerasandloudspeakerscanassistprojectmanagerstoremotelyperformreal-timemonitoringofactualworkprogress20andrelayspecificinstructionstositesupervisors21basedontheirvisualassessmentfromthousandsofkilometresaway.

3.Transportofmaterial:Logisticsdrones

offertheuniquepropositionofliftingandtransportingequipmentandmaterialstoaidconstructionactivity22inchallengingterrains.Theycanalsobeusedtodropemergencysuppliestoworkersduringextremeweathereventsandothercontingencies.23

4.Inventorymanagement:Dronescanperformon-siteinventorymanagement24ofconstructionmaterialandequipmentusingradio-frequencytagsandreaders,especiallywhenmaterialandequipmentarespreadacrossvastterrainsandhavetobemovedfrequently.

5.Saferblastingoperations:Dronesmountedwithhigh-resolutionopticalandthermalcamerascanassistconstruction25andsafetymanagersinperformingblastingoperationssafelybyensuringnohumanbeingispresentwithintheradiusoftheblasteffect.26Moreover,dronescanhelpclearpeoplefromareasadjacenttotheblastsitebyannouncingtherisktotrespassersunawareoftherisktotheirlives.

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Radiofrequencylink

Widearea

network

FIGURE1FirstcommercialmissionoverlandapprovedbytheFederalAviationAdministrationintheUSA

Datacentre

Unmanned

Fixed-wingunmannedaerialvehicle

(weight6kg,endurance2hours)

aircraft

system

Remoteoperationscentre

Groundcontrolstation

BPPrudhoeBayoilfield,Alaska

June2014

Source:BP

(/en/global/corporate/news-and-insights/reimagining-energy/

drones-provide-bp-eyes-in-the-skies.html

),AeroVironment

(/

).

*Indicativedepiction,notofactualdeployment.Imagesonlyforrepresentation.

1.2

Safety,operationsandmaintenance

1.Detectingleakagesandspills:Gasleaksandoilspillsfrompipelinesposetheriskofdamagetotheenvironment,propertyandhumanlifeinadjacentareas.27Timelycontainmentofsuchleaksandspillscanpreventfinanciallossandreputationaldamagetopipelineoperators.Usingspecializedsensors,dronescandetectsuchgasleaksandoilspills28andtheextentoftheirspread.Further,dronescansendlivefeedstoaiddisastermanagementauthoritiesincontainmentoperations.

2.Safetyaudits:Dronescanbeusedtoperformcomprehensiveinspectionsandsafetyauditsofpipelineinfrastructure29toassistwithpipelinefailureinvestigation,compliancewithpersonalprotectiveequipmentnorms,etc.

3.Preventiveinspection:Dronesmountedwithspecializedcamerasandpayloadscanbeusedtocarryoutregularinspectionactivities30likecheckingthestructuralintegrityofpipelines31andtheconditionofcompressorstationstopre-emptmaintenanceissuesanddamage.32

1.3

Security

1.Riskassessment:Pipelinesoftenpassthroughsensitiveareas.Toovercomevulnerabilities33insuchareas,regularriskassessmentexercisesareessential.34Drones

withspecialsensorscanassistsecurity

managersinperformingsurveysin

suchareas.35

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1.4

1.5

2.Replacingfootpatrolling:Regulardroneflightscanreplaceconventionalformsofsurveillancesuchasfootpatrolling.36Thiscouldavertunnecessarysafetyriskstopatrollingpersonnelsuchasfromsnakebites,slipsandfalls,andunsafenightpatrols.

Managingcontingencies

1.Assistingindisastermanagement:Dronescanaidtheauthoritiesincarryingoutdamageassessmentandindeliveringessentialequipmentandemergencymedicalsupplies.39Theycanalsoassistfirstresponderswithmorecomprehensivesituationalawarenessintheaffectedareasofapipeline.40Afterdisasters,dronescanassistcompanypersonnelinperformingrepairs.

2.Extinguishingfires:Dronesequippedwithspecialhosepipescansprayextinguishingfoamincaseofafire.41

Environmentalgains

1.Thedownstreamsegmentoftheenergysupply

chain,ofwhichpipelinesareanimportantpart,isresponsibleformethaneemissions.44Dronesmountedwithspecializedsensorsandcameras45canassistpipelineoperatorsinenvironmentalmonitoringandinaddressingemissions-relatedchallenges.46

3.Incidentmanagement:Globally,pipelinemaintenancehasbeenachallengingtask.37Whenanyincidentsareanticipatedorhaveoccurred,securitymanagerscanrapidlydeploydronesforlivetrackingofintrudersandrelaytheirpreciselocationtolawenforcementauthorities.38

3.Telecomconnectivity:Telecommunicationscompaniesarecarryingouttrialstoprovideshort-termwirelessinternetconnectivityusingdronesinareaswithlimitedcommunicationinfrastructureduringpipelineconstructionorduringcontingencies.42

4.Insuranceclaimverification:Insurancecompaniescanharnessdronetechnologytoverifydamagewhensettlinginsuranceclaims.43

2.Byreplacingtraditionalfootpatrolling,vehicularandaerialsurveillancemethods,dronescanreduceoperators’carbonfootprint.

1.6

Globaldeployments

Invariouspartsoftheglobe,dronecompanieshavebeenropedinforpipelineinspectionandmonitoring.Forinstance,afewentitiesintheUSAhavereceivedpermissiononacase-by-casebasisfromtheFederalAviationAdministrationtoperformtaskspertainingtopipelinemonitoringinthebeyondvisuallineofsight(BVLOS)mode.47AleadingenergyentityinEuropehasreportedlybegunusingdronesforperformingsurveillanceofitspipelineinfrastructure.48

Interestingly,thepipelinesegmentinIndiahasalreadyshownforesightinrealizingthepotentialofdronetechnology.Forinstance,theGasAuthorityofIndiahadplacedanorderin2016forconductingadrone-basedaerialsurveillancepilotprojectontwoofitsgaspipelines.49Recently,itwasreportedthattheIndianOilCorporationisworkingondrone-basedmonitoringofonesectionofatrunkoilpipeline.50

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2.1

Acceleratingdrone

adoption

Policy

Globally,governmentsaremakingrapidprogressincreatingenablingpolicyframeworkstomaximizethepotentialofdrones.India,forexample,hassignificantlyreformeditsdroneregulationsstartingwiththenotificationofnewDroneRulesinAugust2021toensuregreateradoptionofthetechnology.Almosttheentirecountry,excludingsensitivelocations(redzones)andurbanareasaroundairports(yellowzones),hasbeenopenedupforcommercialuseofdrones(greenzone)uptoaheightof400feet.51Mostofthecross-countryonshoretrunkpipelines,fallinginthegreenzone,arebeginningtoadoptdronesfasterunderthesimplifiedrules.

Thetraditional,labourintensivemeansofperformingpipelinesurveysareyieldingdwindlingprofitsevenasendusersexpectsuperiorresults.52Withrespecttopipelines,dronesareuniquelypositionedtoperformthesetaskswithlimitedhumanintervention,usinginnovativetoolstogenerateaccuratedataatlowercosts,identifyingpainpointsalongtheright-of-wayandenablingoptimaldecision-makingforconstructorsandoperators.53

Toassessandprioritizevariousdroneusecasesintheoilandgaspipelinessegment,eachregionorcountrycansetuparegulatorysandboxincollaborationwithallstakeholders.Thiswouldhelpregulatorsderivekeylearningstoprepare

suitableflightstandardsandoperatingprocedures,whilepipelineoperatorsanddroneserviceproviderscouldtesttherobustnessofdroneuseinmeetingthepipelinesegment’sneedsundervaryingconditions.Sector-specificexperimentswiththeparticipationofdifferentstakeholdersandnationalitieswouldinducemorethoroughnessandinterdisciplinaritytohelpformulatemoreinformedregulations.Thiswillalsoenableinnovatorsto

gaininsightsonprocessdesign,productvaluechains,productdevelopmentandkeyindustryexpectations.

Atthesametime,thesandboxapproachwouldenablestakeholderstoanticipateandplanforpotentialrisksordownsidessuchasprivacyconsiderations,safetyconcernsduetomalfunctionorhacking,andsecuritythreatsfromroguedrones.Regulators,manufacturersandserviceprovidershavearangeofoptionstoaddressthese,includingtrackingofdronesinreal-time;trainingandcertificationofpilots;registrationofusers;andmonitoringofdroneflights.

Afterobtaininglearningsfromtheproposedtrialsandconductingindustryconsultations,regulatoryauthoritiescouldconsidermakingdronedeploymentmandatoryforpipelineconstruction,rehabilitationandmonitoring,astheNationalHighwaysAuthorityofIndiahasdoneforallnationalhighwayprojects.54

Drones:Ensuringcost-effectivemaintenanceofoilandgaspipelines8

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Entity

Role

2.2Stakeholders

Thistableliststhestakeholderswhoneedtoplayaroleintheevaluationandadoptionofdronesinthepipelinesegment.

TABLE1Communityofstakeholders

Energyministry

Deriveinsightsfromsandboxtrialsforpolicyplanningandformulation

Provideguidanceonsafetyandsecuritystandards

Promotetheuseofdronesforcross-countrypipelines

Civilaviation

authorities

FormulateUAVpolicy;monitorandensurecompliance

Obtaininsights;providesupporttoovercomedroneoperationchallenges

Pipelineasset

ownersand

operators

Curateexperimentsforuseofdronesinwidevarietyofusecases

Definekeyfunctionalexpectationsandoutcomesrequired

Scopeoutdronemissionsandconductcost-benefitanalysis

Adaptpotentialusecasesanddefinedatarepositoryandgovernanceparameters

Projectmanagement,planningandconsultingagencies

Understandpotentialdroneapplicationsrelevantforeachcustomer

Supportcustomersinpreparingrequestsforproposalsforinvitingbids

Conducttechnicalevaluationsandmanagedeployments

Engineering,procurementandconstruction(EPC)contractors

Evaluateandadoptuseofdronesduringplanningandimplementationstagesofnewgreenfieldpipelineprojects

Transferunmannedaircraftsystemsascoresub-systemsforoperationsandmaintenancetothepipelineoperators

Droneservice

providers

Demonstratedrones’capabilitiesinthepipelinesegment

Gaugeoperational,environmentalandtechnicalchallenges

Understandpipelineoperators’expectations

Engagewithallstakeholderstodeliverend-to-enddrone-as-a-service

Dronemanufacturers,payloadoriginalequipmentmanufacturers(OEMs),trainingorganizations

Deliverdroneandsensorcapabilitiesmatchingcustomerneeds

Supportdeliveryofgenericandsector-specifictrainingofdronepilots

Unmannedtraffic

managementand

digitalplatform

providers

ProvidetrackingandtrafficmanagementespeciallyforBVLOSoperations

Contributetowardssafedroneusageinthepipelinesegment

Telecomservice

providers

OffertelecomcoverageinremoteareastosupportdroneoperationsandtrafficmanagementSupportproof-of-conceptandsandboxtrialenvironments;providetechnicalguidance

Insurance

companies

Evaluateuseofdronesforinsurancesurveys

Incentivizedroneusagebyofferingpremiumdiscounts

Localgovernment

officials

Surveypipelinesafterconstructiontoaddresslocalissues

Sensitizethecommunityonthebenefitsofdroneuse

Lawenforcement

anddisaster

management

agencies

Communicatekeyexpectationsforresponsetoincidentsanddisasters

Engageduringtrialstoprovideinputsanddrivebuy-in

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2.3

3

Productdevelopmentandco-innovation

Pipelinesoftencrisscrosslargedistanceswithvaryingenvironmentalconditions.Buildingdroneswithhighmarginsofsafetyandgreaterenduranceandrobustnessrequiresacollaborativeapproachtowardsinnovationandproduct-marketfit.

Moreover,consideringthesubstantialnumberof

usecases,suchcollaborationbetweenpipeline

operators,droneserviceprovidersandstartups

iscriticaltodevelopuser-friendlysoftwareand

advanceddataanalyticssolutions.

2.4

Skillsdevelopmentandtraining

Studieshavealreadyhighlightedtheneedforaskilledworkforcetohandledronesformonitoringpipelines,especiallyinriskyenvironments.55Remotepilottrainingorganizationsmustworkclosely

withpipelineoperators,regulatoryauthoritiesanddronemanufacturerstocreatestandardoperatingproceduresfordronesurveysofpipelinesandtotraindronepilots.

Wayforward

Consideringcountries’mutualdependenciesforenergysecurity,andintheinterestofexistingandfutureenergysecuritycooperation,countriesmustundertakejointtrials,knowledgesharingandcapacitybuildingintheuseofdronesinthepipeline

segment.Theexchangeofdataandsharingofregulatoryinsightsarenecessarytogenerateinterestandpromoteinteroperability,whileboostingdemandacrossdifferentcountries.

Conclusion

Whilethepipelinesegmenthasafavourablesafetyrecord,thepotentialforpipelinefailurescannotbeignored–beitacaseofblockageorfires

thatadverselyimpactthesurroundinghabitation,floraandfauna,56orpost-constructionconcernsraisedbylocalpopulations.Withthecomplexanddynamicnatureofsafety,securityandoperationalrisks,thedeploymentofdronesforoilandgaspipelineshasastrongrationale.CountriessuchasIndiahavealreadyintroducedenablingregulationsandpolicyinitiativestoencouragethemanufactureanduseofdronesandtheircomponents.57Industry,academiaandgovernmentmustcollaboratetoformulatesector-specificoperatingprocedures,firmuptechnicalrequirementsandaddressconcernspertainingtodemandcreation.

Theoveralllengthofoilandgastrunkpipelinesgloballyisexpectedtoreach2.03millionkilometresin2024.58Foritspart,thedroneindustrymustrecognizetheenormousbusinessopportunitiesinthepipelinesegment.Nosingleentitycanofferintegratedaerialintelligencefortheenergysector,andamultistakeholderapproachthatensuresfrequentdeliberationsandconsultationsisimperativetoensuredeploymentofdronetechnology,associatedvisualintelligencesolutionsandtheirseamlessintegration.Participationfromallrelevantstakeholderswillfurtherensurethecreationofcost-effectivedeliverymodels.Insummary,dronemanufacturersandserviceprovidersmustcollaboratewithpipelineoperatorsandgovernmentauthoritiestodeliversuperiorsolutionsandtoacceleratethecreationofenablingregulatoryframeworksthatcouldfast-trackdeployment.

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Contributors

RajanLuthra

Head,SpecialProjects,OfficeoftheChairman,RelianceIndustries;Fellow,CentrefortheFourthIndustrialRevolution,India

RashmiBhangale

AssistantVice-President,SpecialProjects,JioPlatforms

SanketKulkarni

SeniorManager,JioPlatforms

VigneshSanthanam

ProjectLead,AerospaceandDrones,CentrefortheFourthIndustrialRevolution,India

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Endnotes

Whalley,R.andAmeer,A.Abdul,“Energy-efficientgaspipelinetransportation”,SystemsScience&ControlEngineering,vol.2,no.1,2014;Green,KennethP.andJackson,Taylor,“Pipelinesaresafer,cheaperandgreener”,FraserInstitute,6October2015,

/blogs/pipelines-are-safer-cheaper-and-greener

.

“IndianUASRules2020willfacilitateIndustrialRevolution4.0:FICCIRecommendationstoGovernment”,FICCI,4July2020,

https://ficci.in/pressrelease.asp?nid=3773

.

Green,KennethP.andJackson,Taylor,“Pipelinesaresafer,cheaperandgreener”,FraserInstitute,6October2015,

/blogs/pipelines-are-safer-cheaper-and-greener

;“TransportingOil:WhyPipelinesStillRule”,Forbes,13May2016,

/sites/tortoiseinvest/2016/05/13/transporting-oil-why-pipelines-still-

rule/?sh=558531cb12dc

;Belvederesi,ChiaraandDann,MarkusR.,“Statisticalanalysisoffailureconsequencesforoilandgaspipelines”,InternationalJournalofSafety&SecurityEngineering,vol.7,no.2,2017,pp.103-112.

“GlobalLengthandCapitalExpenditureOutlookforOilandGasPipelines,2020?2024:AsiaLeadsGlobalPipelineGrowth”,CisionPRNewswire,11June2020,

/news-releases/global-length-and-capital-

expenditure-outlook-for-oil-and-gas-pipelines-20202024-asia-leads-global-pipeline-growth-301074333.html

.

“GlobalOilandGasPipelinesIndustryOutlookto2023-CapacityandCapitalExpenditureOutlook”,GlobalNewswire,13February2020,

/news-release/2020/02/13/1984385/0/en/Global-Oil-and-Gas-

Pipelines-Industry-Outlook-to-2023-Capacity-and-Capital-Expenditure-Outlook.html

.

Rempel,Hilmar,“GeographicalDistributionofOilandNaturalGasDeposits-DifferentMeansofTransportationtotheConsumptionCenters”,PipelineTechnologyConference,2006,

HYPERLINK"/sites/default/fil