U校园新视野大学英语4读写教程-答案(Unit-1-Life-and-logic)

U校园新视野大学英语4读写教程答案Unit1LifeandlogicSectionA1-2TextA:Loveandlogic:ThestoryofafallacyPre-readingactivitiesPre-readingactivities-11)B2)A3)A4)B5)B6)A7)C8)CPre-readingactivities-21)Reasoningskillsdealwiththeprocessofgettingfromaproblemtoasolutionoraconclusion.Byimprovingyourreasoningskills,youcanimproveyoursuccessindoingthings.Specifically,strongreasoningskillscanhelpyouto:improvethequalityandvalidityofyourownarguments;improveyourabilitytoassessthequalityandvalidityofothers'arguments;makemorelogicaldecisions;solveproblemsmoreefficientlyandeffectively.Togiveaspecificexample,everydayyouhavetomakevariousdecisions,andyetevensomesimpledecisionslikedecidingwhattowearwhenyou'regettingdressedinthemorningrequiresomereasoningskills.Whenyoudecidewhattowear,youtakemanyfactorsintoconsiderationtheweatherforecast,thecurrenttemperature,yourplansfortheday(whereyouaregoing,whatyouwilldo,andwhomyouwillmeet),yourcomfortlevel,andsoon.Inreallife,youneedtofacedecisionsthataremuchmoredifficultthanchoosingwhattowear.So,itisreallyimportanttohavestrongreasoningskills.2)Thefactorsbelowareusuallyimportantforalogicalconclusion:criticalthinkingskills;facts;evidence;soundreasoningprocess,etc.ReadingcomprehensionReadingcomprehension-11)ThedealbetweenthemisthatthenarratorgivesRobhisleatherjacket,andRob,inexchange,givesthenarratorhisgirlfriend.Theymakethedealbecausetheywanttogetsomethingfromeachother:Robiscrazyaboutfashion,andhewantstoownthenarrator'sfashionableleatherjacket;thenarratorlongstohaveabeautifulgirlfriend,andRob'sgirlfriendisbeautiful.2)Hethinksabeautifulandwell-spokengirlfriendwillassisthimtolandajobandachievesuccessinanelitelawcompany.3)Thenarratorfeelsthiswaybecausehecan'tstopthinkingthathispurposeofdatingPollyisnotforromancebutforimprovingherintelligence,andhecan'tletPollyknowhisplan.4)ThenarratordecidestoteachPollylogicbecausehebelieveslogicisessentialtoclearthinking.ByteachingPollylogic,hecanmakeherintelligent.5)Whenthenarratorteachesherlogic,Pollyrespondseithershortlywith"Cool","Great","Ilikethatidea",orsimplywithnoddingorblinkingwithoutsayinganything.TheseresponsesgiveusanimpressionthatPollyisanicebutrathersimple-mindedgirl.6)Yes.HeisonlytoosuccessfulinteachingPollylogicbecauseintheendwhenheasksPollytobehisgirlfriend,Pollyrefuseshisrequestbyapplyingallthelogicalfallacieshehastaughther.7)BecausehewantstomakeonemoreattempttowinPollyashisgirlfriendbyaskinghertoforgetwhathehastaughther.8)TheendofthestoryisironicbecausePollyturnsouttobesmarterthanthenarrator.First,sheisabletorefuteallhisargumentsaslogicalfallacies.Then,shedisclosesthatsheandRobhaveplayedatrickonhim.Thenarratorhasbeentoosmartforhisowngood.Readingcomprehension-21)Inmyopinion,allthethreecharactersarecomplex.Thefollowingaremydescriptionsaboutthem.Smart:Heisanexcellentlawstudentandknowsalotaboutlogic.Sophisticated:Hebelievesabeautifulandintelligentgirlfriendwillbenefithiminhisfuturecareer.Arrogantandself-conceited:Hethinkshighlyofhimselfbutbadlyofhisroommate.Over-confident:HethinksthegirlwillsurelychoosehimratherthanRob.Stupidandsimple-minded:Heknowsnothingaboutwhatcanhappeninreallife.Fashionableandcool:Helovesfashionandcaresalotabouthisappearance.Dishonest:Heplaysatrickonthenarratortogethisleatherjacket.Clever:Heisabletogetwhathewantswithoutlosinganything.Beautifulandnice:Sheisprettyandeasytobewith.Shallow:ShechoosesRobsimplybecauseheisfashionable.Smart:Shelearnsquicklyandisfullofwitwhenrefusingtobethenarrator'sgirlfriend.2)Thestoryitselfincludesthefallacy"DictoSimpliciter".Thenarratorassumesthatallgirlswouldbehappytodateaboywhosefutureissomewhatguaranteed.Therefore,Polly,abeautifulandwealthyyounggirl,wouldcertainlyfallinlovewithhim"aningeniousstudent"and"amanwithanassuredfuture",ratherthanRob

"amuscularidiot".However,tothenarrator'ssurpriseanddisappointment,PollychoosesRobintheendbecauseRobisfashionableandcool.3)Loveisblind.Itisridiculoustouselogictodealwithlove.Smartpeoplesometimescanmakewrongjudgments.Smartpeoplearesometimestooarrogantandconfident.Smartpeoplemayfallvictimstotheirownsmartness.4)Yes.Becausenotonlywouldteachinglogicinschoolhelpminimizetheoverwhelmingnumberoffallaciousassertions,butalsowouldserveasanexcellentprecursortohighermathematicsandhelpmakeothercoursessuchasgeometryandcalculuslessofamysterytomoststudents.No.Becauselogiccanbelearnedthroughothersubjectssuchasmath,philosophy,reading,etc.It'snotnecessarytoofferaspecialcourseaboutit.5)Yes,certainly.Actually,logicalfallaciesareverycommoninoureverydaylife.Imyselfcommitlogicalfallaciesveryoften,too.Forexample,whenIfirstmetmyroommateincollege,Ifeltverysurprisedwhenhetoldmehedidn'tlikenoodles.Iasked,"PeopleinthenorthofChinalikeeatingnoodles.Youarefromthenorth,whydon'tyoulikenoodles?"HereIcommittedthelogicalfallacy"DictoSimpliciter".Ifalselyassertedthatallpeopleinthenorthshouldlikenoodles,andthereshouldbenoexceptiontothispremise.1-3TextA:LanguagefocusWordsinuse1.crumbled2.discern3.surpass4.shrewd5.conversion6.distort7.radiant8.ingenious9.stumped10.propositionWordbuilding:PracticeWordbuilding:Practice-11)delicacy2)bankruptcy3)accountancy4)secrecy5)vacancy6)urgency7)atmospheric8)magnet9)metallic10)gloom11)guilt12)masteryWordbuilding:Practice-21.bankruptcies2.atmospheric3.delicacies4.urgency5.accountancy6.gloom7.magnet8.metallic9.mastery10.vacancy11.guilt12.secrecyBankedcloze1)mentioned2)determine3)gained4)responsible5)heavily6)artistic7)opposite8)analytical9)distorted10)stumpedExpressionsinuse1)weredrippingwith2)inexchangefor3)flaredup4)makeananalogybetween5)setadatefor6)make7)outof8)madeapact9)hadappealedto1-4Structureanalysis&writingStructuredwriting:Practice参考：IhadmymostembarrassingexperiencewhenIwasinthesecondyearofcollege.Duringthatperiodoftime,Ioftenlikedtochatwithmyfriendsbypassingnotesinclass.MybitterstoryhappenedoneTuesdaymorning,whenourEnglishteacherwasbusywritingontheblackboard,tryingtoteachus,inhermonotonousvoice,thedifferencebetween"tolerable"and"tolerant".Theteacherwashard-working,butIreallywantedtosharemygoodmoodwithmybestfriend,Tony.Therefore,Ipickedupmypenandwroteonaslipofpaper,"Hey,Iwanttotellyousomethingthatwillmakeyoureallyenviousofme,"andthenIpassedthesliptohim.Hequicklyopeneditandreadit.Beingtoocurious,hewastednotimewritingonthenotesomewordsandpasseditback."Whatisit?Tellmeimmediately!"heasked."Sallyjustgavemehercellphonenumber."Iresponded.Icouldnotwaittoseehisjealousface.However,whenhegotmynote,anunexpectedthinghappened.Thenotewasgrabbedbyanotherhand.Tomyshock,theteacherwasstandinginfrontofTony.Shereadthenoteinherhandloudlyandlookedsternlyaroundthewholeclass."WhopassedthenotetoTony?WhowassoluckytogetSally'sphonenumber?"Sheasked.Alltheclassstartedtowhisper,andIvaguelyheardthemtalkingaboutwhostartedthepassingofthenote.Myfaceturnedred,andmyheartbeatquickly.Ofcourse,thosewhosataroundmeknewIwastheculprit.Theylookedatme,gigglingquietly.Meanwhile,Sallyblushedadeepcrimsonandlookedveryangry.Sheglaredatmeasiftosay,"Iamgoingtokillyou."IdidnotstanduptoadmitIwastheoffender,butIfeltsoembarrassedthatIreallywishedthattherehadbeenaplaceformetohidemyself.Aftertheincident,Ididnotdaretopassnotesinclassanymore.1-5TranslationTranslationTranslation-1参考：亚里士多德是古希腊的哲学家和科学家。他的作品涵盖了许多学科，包括物理学、生物学、动物学、逻辑学、伦理学、诗歌、戏剧、音乐、语言学、政治和政府，构成了第一个综合的西方哲学体系。亚里士多德是第一个将人类的知识领域划分为不同学科的人，如数学，生物学和伦理学。他相信人所有的观念和所有的知识在根本上都是基于感知能力。他对自然科学的看法构成了他许多作品的基础。他几乎对他所处时期的每一个人类知识领域都作出了贡献。他的作品包含了人们所知的最早的关于逻辑的正式研究，即使在今天，亚里士多德哲学所涵盖的方方面面仍是学术研究的重要课题。他的哲学对所有的西方哲学理论的发展有着经久不衰的影响。在去世2,300多年后，亚里士多德仍是最有影响力的哲学家和科学家之一。Translation-2参考：TheDoctrineoftheMeanisthecoreofConfucianism.Theso-called"mean"byConfuciusdoesn'tmean"compromise"buta"moderate"and"just-right"waywhenunderstandingandhandlingobjectivethings.Confuciusadvocatedthatthisthoughtshouldnotonlybetreatedasawaytounderstandanddealwiththingsbutalsobeintegratedintoone'sdailyconducttomakeitavirtuethroughself-cultivationandtraining.TheDoctrineoftheMeanisnotonlythecoreofConfucianismbutalsoanimportantcomponentoftraditionalChineseculture.Fromthetimeitcameintobeingtothepresent,ithasplayedaninvaluableroleintheconstructionofnationalspirit,thetransmissionofnationalwisdom,andthedevelopmentofnationalculture.SectionB1-6ReadingskillsPractice1)Thistextismainlyaboutthereasonswhysmartpeoplemakepoordecisionsordostrangethings.2)Thetextmentionsfivecognitivebiaseswhichusuallycausesmartpeopletomakebaddecisions:thefundamentalattributionerror,theconfirmationbias,theoverconfidencebias,theavailabilitybias,andthesunkcostfallacy.3)Whenwemakeadecision,wecanavoidbeingaffectedbyvarioustypesofcognitivebiasesbyrelyingonsoundlogicandacarefulexaminationoftheevidenceandbyremainingawarethatwhatseemstobegoodintuitioncaneasilyresultinerrorsofjudgment.1-7TextB:Whydosmartpeopledodumbthings?ReadingcomprehensionReadingcomprehension-11)C2)A3)B4)D5)B6)D7)C8)AReadingcomprehension-21)Yes,certainly.Forexample,lastsummer,IdroppedinaclothingstoreinNanjingRoadandfoundadresswithafashionablestyleandreallygoodprice.Iboughtthedressandlikeditverymuch.Becauseofthishappyexperience,thisyearIdecidedtogotothestoreagain.Iboughtanotherfashionabledressandhappilypaidthepriceaskedbythesalesgirl.IbelievedIhadgotanothergoodbargain.Butlater,tomydisappointment,IfoundthepriceIhadpaidwasactuallymuchhigherthaninotherstores.Imadethewrongdecisionowingtomyoverconfidence.Toavoidsuchcognitivebiases,weshould:Improveourthinkingprocess.Thinkcarefullyandcritically.Avoidmakingunqualifiedgeneralizationsorjumpingtoconclusions.Learnfromourpastmistakes.Avoidbeingaffectedbythesamecognitivebiasagainandagain.2)Yes.Thereareseveralreasons:Expertsarepeoplewhohavegainedalotmoreknowledgeinaparticularfield.Expertshavemoreskillsandexperienceinthatfield.Expertshaveaccesstoasignificantamountofevidence,sotheyaremorelikelytogivevalidopinions.No.Thereareseveralreasons:Expertscouldhavebiasedopinionstowardaspecificissue.Noteveryoneisperfect,andexpertsdomakemistakes.Theassumptionthat"Heisanexpert,sowhathesaysistrue"isjustafallacy.Expertsmightbecompletelycluelessaboutsubjectstheyknownothingabout.Weneedtothinkcriticallyaboutotherpeople'sopinions.3)Peoplearesmartindifferentwaysbecausetherearedifferenttypesofintelligence,suchas:verbal(linguistic)intelligence;numericalintelligence;spatialintelligence;interpersonalintelligence.Tome,peoplecanbesmartinsimilarwaysbecausesmartpeoplehavemanycommonqualities.Forexample,theyareallwillingtolearnandcanlearnquickly.Theyareallhighlycurious,andkeentosolveproblems.Theyneverreadilyacceptwhateverseems"normal"butalwaysquestionthestatusquoandseektochangethings.Wecansafelysaythatsmartpeopleareactuallyquitealike.4)Iagreewiththesaying,becausebeingsmartdoesnotsimplymeantheabilitytolearnfacts.Itincludesmanyotherabilities,suchastheabilitytoanalyze,theabilitytothinkabstractly,theabilitytoreason,theabilitytogeneralize,theabilitytosolveproblems,theabilitytocommunicate,etc.5)Inmyopinion,intelligenceismainlydeterminedbygenesthatoneinheritsfromhisparents.Thoughenvironmenthasaroletoplay,itcanonlyworkonasmallerscale.Manystorieshaveprovedthatifone'sgenesarenotgoodenough,nomatterwhatfavorableenvironmentheisexposedto,hewillnotbeabletolearnasquicklyasthosewhosegenesaregood.Yet,tobeabletolearnquicklyiscrucialtothedevelopmentofintelligence.Tome,intelligenceseemstobemainlydeterminedbyenvironment,ratherthanbygenes.Childrenwhoarewell-nurtured,thatis,thosewho