南京大学2016年博士入学英语考试真题与答案解析

南京大学·2016年·博士入学英语考试真题与答案解析——————————————————————————————————题型有：1.StructureandVocabulary2.Cloze3.ReadingComprehension4.English-ChineseTranslation5.Chinese-EnglishTranslationStructureandVocabulary1．Huntingisthoughttobe______fortheextinctionofsomewildlife.A．responsibleB．blamedC．chargedD．denounced正确答案：A解析：形容词词义辨析。句意：狩猎被认为导致了一些野生动物的灭绝。选项中可以与be…for搭配的只有选项A和选项B，responsible“负责任的”，短语搭配为beresponsiblefor；B选项blame与for连用时，通常结构为tobeblamefor，主动结构表被动意义，不能使用blamed被动形式；bechargedwith为固定搭配，意为“被控告”；denounce“公然抨击”与语境不符。故答案为A。2．TheAmericanstudentscametoourschoolinNovember,andwethenmadea______visittotheirs.A．reciprocalB．bilateralC．considerateD．rewarding正确答案：A解析：近义词辨析。bilateral着重双边的、双方的关系。reciprocal表示“互惠的，相应的”，强调有来有往和行为上有共同点。句中提及在美国学生参观了我们学校之后，我们也要去参观他们的。语境强调有来有往的互访，bilateral更合适。considerate“体贴的，考虑周到的”；rewarding“有益的”不符合句意。故答案为A。3．Thatmanclaimedtobea______ofConfucius.A．descendingB．ascendingC．descendantD．offspring正确答案：C解析：近义词辨析。根据句意可知，答案在选项C和选项D中选择。descendant和offspring都有“子孙，后代，子女”的意思。当表示“子孙，后代”时，descendant一般为名词单数，前面加a。而offspring是名词复数，是个群体。句中为单数，故答案为C。4．Canyou______thetruthofhisstatement?A．denyB．refuseC．declineD．reject正确答案：A解析：近义词辨析。四个单词都有“否定”的意思。deny做“否定，否认”强调否认它的真实性。refuse语气比decline强，含有非常坚决地、不客气地拒绝的意味。reject语气比refuse更强，“拒绝”“驳回”，正式用词，强调不接受、不采纳他人的意见、建议、请求等。decline“婉言拒绝，谢绝”，比较正式。句中是对真理的否认，故答案为A。5．Ifailedinmynewjob.IfonlyI______myparents.A．listenedtoB．hadlistenedtoC．havelistendtoD．wouldlistento正确答案：B解析：语法知识。if引导的句子语态为虚拟语气，分析语境可知，此句的虚拟语态是对过去已经发生的事情的假设。故答案为B。6．Hestudiedatafamouscollegewhenhewasyoung,______contributedtohissuccessinlaterlife.A．whichB．itC．thatD．what正确答案：A解析：语法知识。此句为主从复合句，空格所属的从句为定语从句。连接两句的标点符号为逗号，可知从句为非限制性定语从句，只能由which引导。故答案为A。7．Myeldestsisterwentonwiththestoryandyoungchildrenaroundher______with“wonderful!”fromtimetotime.A．brokeoutB．brokeoffC．brokeinD．brokeup正确答案：C解析：动词词组辨析。breakout“爆发，突发”；breakoff“折断，突然停止”breakin“打断，闯入”；breakup“打碎，结束”，句意为：我的姐姐继续讲故事，围在她周围的孩子们总是时不时地喊叫“太棒了”，打断她的故事。由此可知答案为C。8．Jeanholdsvery______opinionsaboutfood;shewon’teatanythingnewofforeign.A．awesomeB．conventionalC．consistentD．condimental正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。awesome“令人敬畏的”；conventional“传统的”；consistent“始终如一的，一致的”；condimental“调味品的”。句中提及简不吃任何新的或者国外的食物，根据上下文，她对食物的态度应为传统的、惯例的，故答案为B。9．Donorfatigueand______ofthecountry’spovertyarenowcausingthosehopestowither.A．expenditureB．extremityC．wreckageD．supremacy正确答案：B解析：名词词义辨析。句意：然而随着捐助者的逐渐倦怠以及该国的极度贫困使得各种希望逐渐远去了。expenditure“支出，花费”；extremity“极端，绝境”；wreckage”残骸，失事”；supremacy“霸权，至高无上”。根据句意可知答案为B。10．Hefeltagreatsenseof______afterhissuccess.A．fulfillmentB．fortificationC．innovationD．illumination正确答案：A解析：名词词义辨析。句意为：成功之后，他感到强烈的成就感。fulfillment“履行，实行，成就感”；fortification“设防，防御工事”；innovation“创新，革新”；illumination“照明，阐明”。因此，A选项符合题意。11．Theyarestillinthe______stagebetweentheoldandnewgovernment.A．transactionB．transplantingC．transitionalD．transforming正确答案：C解析：形近词词义辨析。句意为：他们还处在新旧政府的过渡阶段。transaction“交易”；transplanting“移植”；transitional“过渡期的”；transforming“转化，转变”。故答案为C。12．Startinganewbusinesscanbearisky______.A．processingB．attemptingC．undertakingD．overhauling正确答案：C解析：名词词义辨析。空格处填入的单词为名词，processing“加工”和attempting“试图”为动名词形式；undertaking“事业”；overhauling“翻修”，根据句意只有undertaking符合语境，故答案为C。13．It’snoneofyourbusiness,youhavenorightto______.A．disturbB．interfereC．interruptD．obtain正确答案：B解析：近义词辨析。根据句意可知，空格处所填单词应为“干涉，打扰”之意。选项A，B，C均有此意。interrupt是指打断了某项正在进行的动作。disturb着重指的是精神状态层面的被打扰；interfere侧重指无权或未获允许而妨碍、干扰、干涉他人之事，不及物动词。故答案为B。14．Thepassengerscarriedondrinkinganddancing______unawareoftheimpendingdisaster.A．witheringlyB．contemptuouslyC．morallyD．blissfully正确答案：C解析：副词词义辨析。空格处所填单词应为表程度的副词，修饰unaware。witheringly“使人不自在地”；contemptuously“轻蔑地”；morally“道德上，确实”；blissfully“幸福地”，只有morally有表示程度的意义。故答案为C。15．Wemustalsounderstandhowto______betweenwhatshouldberememberedandwhatshouldbeforgotten.A．differentiateB．distinctC．disengageD．entangle正确答案：A解析：形近词辨析。根据句意判断，空格处应填入“区分，区别”之意的动词。选项中只有differentiate符合句意。distinct“明显的”；disengage“使脱离，解开”，entangle“使纠缠，卷入”与句意不符。故答案为A。16．Maisiehadalwaysthoughtofherselfasbeingshyand______,andwassurprisedthatanyoneshouldaskheropinion.A．stutteringB．scatteringC．inarticulateD．inexpressive正确答案：C解析：形容词词义辨析。stuttering“口吃，结巴”；scattering“分散的”；inarticulate“不善于表达的”；inexpressive”无表情的，无意义的”。空格处所填单词为形容词，根据语境只有inarticulate符合。故答案为C。17．Thecompanymadeprofitinthatonemonththanitmadeinthewholeofthe______year.A．previouslyB．proceedingC．precedingD．unpreceding正确答案：C解析：形近词辨析。四个单词均有pre-词缀，但意义不一样。previously“以前”；proceeding“程序，诉讼”；preceding“在前的，先前的”；unpreceding“空前的，前所未有的”。根据句意可知答案为C，意为“上一年”。18．Nopresidentwhoperformshisdutiesfaithfullyand______canhaveanyleisure.A．consistentlyB．conscientiouslyC．nervouslyD．piously正确答案：B解析：形近词辨析。consistently“一贯地，一致地”；conscientiously“良心上，切实，认真地”；nervously“紧张地”；piously“虔诚地”，空格中所填单词应为与faithfully性质相同的副词，都是表示态度和品格的，由此可知，B符合题意。19．Takethisbitofseemingly______advice:Inordertowritequickly,youmustfirstthinkslowly.A．paradoxicalB．contradictC．parallelD．disordering正确答案：A解析：形容词词义辨析。句中quickly和slowly提示空格中所填内容为表示“矛盾的”的形容词。只有A选项paradoxical“矛盾的”符合句意。contradict为动词“反驳，与……矛盾”；parallel“平行的”；disordering“无序的”。故答案为A。20．I’dratheryou______meanewoneinsteadofhavingminerepairedasyoudid.A．hadgivenB．havegivenC．gaveD．giving正确答案：A解析：语法知识。I’dratheryou为虚拟语态，句子的时态为过去式，表示对过去所发生事情的虚拟，使用had+过去分词的形式。故答案为A。ClozeIntheUnitedStates,thefirstdaynurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe【C1】______halfofthe19thcentury;mostof【C2】______werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.,theday-nurserymovementreceivedgreat【C3】______duringtheFirstWorldWar,when【C4】______ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentofunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountries,nurserieswereestablished【C5】______inmunitionsplants,underdirectgovernmentsponsorship【C6】______thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.,alsorose【C7】______.thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,【C8】______FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol【C9】______thedaynurseries,chieflyby【C10】______themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries.21．【C1】A．latterB．otherC．lateD．first正确答案：A解析：上下文语义。从上文中的1854年可知，空格处填入“19世纪的后期”，且与half搭配只能用latter，故答案为A。22．【C2】A．thoseB．themC．whoseD．which正确答案：B解析：代词词义辨析。从上文中可知空格应填入指示nurseries的代词，而词条出现的句子前的标点符号为分号，说明本句为一个独立简单句，故排除whose和which，A选项those为形容词性指示代词，不能单独做宾语。故答案为B。23．【C3】A．impetusB．inputC．imitationD．initiative正确答案：A解析：名词词义辨析。impetus“推动，促进”；input“输入”；imitation“模仿”；initiative“主动权”，根据句意可知答案为A。24．【C4】A．sourcesB．abundanceC．shortageD．reduction正确答案：C解析：上下文语义。从下文中提及的大量妇女就业可知空格处应填入表示男性劳动力的”短缺”意义的名词，sources“来源”；abundance“丰富：充裕”；shortage“短缺”；reduction“减少”。只有选项C符合句意，故答案为C。25．【C5】A．hardlyB．entirelyC．onlyD．even正确答案：D解析：逻辑关系。根据上下句可知，本句内容是对之前的内容的进一步强调。句意：在一些欧洲国家的政府直接倡导下，甚至在军火工厂里也建了日托所。可知even符合语境。故答案为D。26．【C6】A．BecauseB．AsC．SinceD．Although正确答案：D解析：逻辑关系。本句是一个让步状语从句，根据句中withoutgovernmentaidofanykind可知是对上句提及的underdirectgovernmentsponsorship的转折，选项中只有although为表示转折关系的连词，故答案为D。27．【C7】A．unanimouslyB．sharplyC．predominantlyD．militantly正确答案：B解析：副词词义辨析。unanimously“全体一致地，无异议地”；sharply“急剧地”；predominantly“主要地：支配其他地”；militantly“好战地，激进地”。修饰动词rose的副词，四个选项中只有sharply(急剧地)符合语境。句意：尽管在美国托儿所的数目急剧增长，但它们并未得到政府的任何资助。故答案为B。28．【C8】A．thereforeB．consequentlyC．howeverD．moreover正确答案：C解析：逻辑关系。句中提及localgovernmentbegantoexercisemeasures，可知本句在语气上是转折的，副词however符合语境。故答案为C。29．【C9】A．overB．inC．atD．about正确答案：A解析：介词搭配。control与over搭配，而其他选项的语义不合题意。故答案为A。30．【C10】A．formulatingB．labelingC．patentingD．licensing正确答案：A解析：动词词义辨析。formulating“规范”；labeling“贴标签，分类”；patenting“取得……的专利权”；licensing“许可，批准”。根据句意“通过规范(formulate)来管理”可知答案为A。ReadingComprehensionTheanimaldissectionrequirementofbiologyclasseshasbeengettingundertheskinofstudentsforgenerations,andtherehavealwaysbeensomewhoaskedtobeexcusedfromtherequirement.Now,agrowingnumberoftechnologicalalternativesaremakingitpossibleforstudentstoswapthatscalpelforacomputermouse.Therearelawsinnearlyadozenstates—includingCalifornia,Florida,NewYork—protectingastudent’schoicetolearnaboutanimalanatomysansscalpel.Somestudentschoosingtooptoutfeelweshouldbekindertoourweb-footedfriends.Othersarejustqueasyatthethoughtofrubberyfrogbodiesandthesmellofformaldehyde.Dissectionisicy.There’sayuckfactor.“admitsBrianShmaersky,aboaredmemberwiththeNationalAssociationofBiologyTeachers.“Andateacherhastoweighthebenefitswiththecostofstudentsbeingoffendedtothepointthatitinterfereswithlearning.“Virtualblades.Soforcasesinwhicharealdissectionwouldbetooslimy,it’stimetotrysometoadtech.Whilethefirstcomputer-basedalternativestodissectionemergedinthe1980s,modernfrogdissectionsoftwarecanbefoundatdifferentwebsites.Thesesoftwareprogramsusecreativeclicking,high-poweredzoomfunctions,andvideoclipstoteachanatomy.Frogutssoftware,forexample,letsstudentstraceincisionlineswithacomputermouseandsnipthroughskinwithavirtualblade.Thereareevensoundeffectslikea“slish”forslicingfrogflesh,ora“shwoosh”forpinningdownskinflaps.(Schoolscurrentlypayabout$300foraone-yearsoftwarelicense,thoughsomeorganizationswilllendprogramsoutfreeofcharge.)Earlierthisyear,agraduatestudentfromSimonFraserUniversityinVancouverdesignedthefirst-everhaptic(theGreekwordfor“touch”)frogdissectionprogram,whichusesapenliketooltocreateasensationsimilartocuttingintorealflesh.Thehand-helddeviceconnectstoacomputer,andstudentsmovethedevicethroughtheairwhilewatchingtheresultsoftheiractionsonacomputerscreen.WithDigitalFrog—apopularprogramthat’shadapproximately1,500frogdemodownloadssinceJanuaryandiscurrentlyinusein2,000schools—studentscanaddorsubtractthoseamphibiousorganswithameremouseclick.Theycanthenassesstheirlearningwithsporadicfroganatomyquizzes.“Repetitionishelpful.Thefactthatastudentcanreviewsectionsofaprogramoverandoveragainisimportant,”saysMartinStephens,vicepresidentforanimalresearchissuesattheHumaneSocietyoftheUnitedStates.“Indissections,theanimal’sorgansareallshriveledanddiscolored.Youlookforthingsandcan’tfindthembecausebodypartshavechangeddrasticallysincetheanimalwaskilled.Butonacomputerscreen,layerscanbedigitallypeeledaway.“Otherexpertsthinkthedissectiontechnologyhasitslimits.GerryWheeler,executivedirectoroftheNationalScienceTeachersAssociation,saysthatartificialsimulationsdon’tgiveasenrichinganexperienceastherealthing.Stillothersworrytheprogramsaredeprivingkidsofexperientiallearning.31．Theword“swap”(Line4,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans______.A．exchangeB．throwawayC．rejectD．refuse正确答案：A解析：词义推断题。首段第一句提到，有一些学生要求不做(excused)这种解剖，那么现在有许多科技替代物(technologicalalternatives)使得这个成为现实，下文也提到了用电脑程序来代替真正的用解剖刀进行的实验。由此可知A选项exchange符合句意，故答案为A。32．Somestudentsasktobeexcusedfromtherequirementofbiologyclassesbecauseofthefollowingreasonexceptthat______.A．dissectionconsistsofdisgustingproceduresandunpleasantsmellsB．theyareentitledtorejectdissectionrequirementgiventhelegalregulationC．theyareoffendedwhenfulfillingtherequirementsofanimaldissectionD．theyinsistthatpeopleshouldtreatanimalsmoreasfriendsinsteadofsimplyobjects.正确答案：B解析：信息推断题。文中第一段最后两句提及一些学生选择不做是因为他们感到应对这种动物友好些，另外是因为想到青蛙的身体、闻到甲醛的味道就感到恶心。选项A和D与信息一致。选项B并不是他们不愿意做解剖的原因，而是因为他们不愿意做才有了相关法律保护他们的这种权利。选项C中的offended是对A和D两个选项内容的概括。因此，答案为B。33．BrianShmaefsky’sstatementimpliesthat______.A．Heindeedsupportsthestudents’animalprotectionmovementB．HethinkstheanimaldissectionshouldbebannedC．HethinkstheanimaldissectionmaynotbegoodforstudentstolearnbiologyeffectivelyD．Healwaysevaluatestheteachingeffectbyweighingreluctantfactorsofcostandeffect正确答案：C解析：信息推断题。信息定位在第二段最后一句。句中提及教师应该衡量一下利弊，如果学生感觉受到冒犯，甚至会影响到学习的话。故答案为C。34．Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthetoadtechcanbesaidtobe______.A．supportiveB．doubtfulC．indifferentD．provocative正确答案：A解析：观点态度题。题干中的toadtech出现在第三段，信息定位在最后一段。段中提及电脑解剖程序的优点，虽然作者也提到了这种替代物的局限，但是整篇文章来看作者都是一种赞赏的态度。由此可知，其态度是支持的。故答案为A。Manypeopledreadgoingonforeignassignments—sometimesevenbeforethey’vegoneonone.Theyhearstoriesabouthowexhaustinganddisorientingbusinesstravelcanbe.Theyworryaboutgettingsick,gettinglonely,orgettingkilled.They’reafraidtheywon’tbelikedorthattheywon’tsucceed.Butthefactisthatformanypeopleaforeignassignmentcanbetheopportunityandthrillofalifetime.TheWallStreetJournalreportsthestoryofJohnAliberti,whohadspenthiscareerworkingtobecomeamidlevelmanagerforUnionSwitchinPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Alibertiseemedlikeanoddchoiceforanoverseasassignment;Hehadnoexperienceininternationaltravelandbusiness.ButwhenhewaschosentorepresentthecompanyastechnicalexpertandrepresentativeinChina,Alibertirespondedwithenthusiasm;“Backhome,theworkwedo,it’sbeendonefordecades.InChinayou’rebreakingnewground.It’samilestoneinthehistoryoftheworld.“ByviewinghisChinaassignmentasanexcitingadventure,Alibertilargelybypassedthenegativeeffectsofcultureshock.AccordingtotheWellStreetJournal,“Thecrowdsandchaoticlinesdon’tfazehim.Hebecomesanimatedtellingstoriesoflongtraintripstoout-of-the-waycitieslikeNanchang,whereUnionSwitchishelpingtobuildarailroadyard...”Alibert’senthusiasticattitudeandhisactiveinterestinlearningaboutthecultureandbusinesspracticesinChinahavehelpedhimbecomeacentralfigureinhiscompany’sChinaoperations.HisjobinPittsburghistworungsbelowvicepresident.InChina,accordingtohisboss,“HeactslikeapresidentorCEO.That’sgottoturnhimon.“35．JohnAlibertiseemedlikeanoddchoiceforoverseasassignmentbecause______.A．heisthemostexperiencedmemberofthecompany.B．hehasbeentoChinamanytimes.C．hehasbeenpromotedtothetop-levelpositionofthecompanyD．hehaslittleexperienceintravelingabroad正确答案：D解析：事实细节题。信息定位在第二段第二句。由此可知，答案为D。36．“Alibertilargelybypassedthenegativeeffectsofcultureshock.““Bypass”(Para.3)means______.A．ignoreB．passawayC．avoidD．shortcut正确答案：C解析：词汇推断题。第三段首句提及Aliberti把去中国的工作任务看作一场令人兴奋的冒险，因此Alibertilargelybypassedthenegativeeffectsofculturalshock，由此可推断，他并没有遭受文化冲击的负面影响。C选项avoid“避开，绕开”与句意一致。故答案为C。37．ThefollowingstatementsarecorrectaboutJohnAlibertiexcept______.A．heisgoodatsellinghisexperienceoftravelinginChinaB．heistroubledbythecrowdsandconfusedtransportationinChinaC．heisexcitedabouttravellinggroundChinaD．heisbreakingnewgroundforhiscompany正确答案：B解析：信息推断题。文中第二段末句Aliberti提及“InChinayou’rebreakingnewground”，在中国开辟新天地，由此可知他在中国的经历是愉悦的。选项B中提及感到烦恼，显然与原文内容不符，选项A，C，D的内容在文中均有提及，故答案为B。38．ThestoryofJohnAlibertitellsusthat______.A．cultureshockiseasytodealwith.B．manypeopledreadgoingonbusiness.C．thetransportationofChinaisconfusedtoforeigners.D．youcandealwithcultureshockwellwithanactiveinterestinlearningabouttheculture.正确答案：D解析：信息推断题。文章开篇提及很多人因为担心各种问题而惧怕在国外工作，首段末句指出但对于很多人来说，国外的工作也可以是生活中的机会和刺激。之后作者选取Aliberti的例子进行了说明。D选项中提及只要有积极的兴趣学习异国文化就能应对文化冲击，与文章内容一致，故答案为D。Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionastowhatconstututesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone’slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescenceperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandthereisnolongeragreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,rights,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageof16theadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver’slicense,hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageof18thelawprovidesadultprsponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageof21theindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,buyliquor,enterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageaftermajoritystatushasbeenattained.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.39．Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause______.A．thedefinitonofmaturityhaschangedB．theindustrializedsocietyismoredevelopedC．moreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremadeD．ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificance正确答案：C解析：事实细节题。由文章首段第二句withpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawagainstchildlabor可知由于人们接受教育时间的延长以及反童工法的制定，青春期要长很多，由此可知答案为C。40．Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto______.A．graduationsfromschoolsandcollegesB．socialrecognitionC．socio-economicstatusD．certainbehavioralchanges正确答案：A解析：信息推断题。信息定位在文章中第二段。段中提及社会仪式已经被一系列的“阶段”(sequence)所取代，并举例说明小学毕业、中学毕业、大学毕业就形成了这样一个系列(sequence)。由此可知，答案为A。41．Noonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis______.A．elevenyearsoldB．sixteenyearsoldC．twenty-oneyearsoldD．betweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsold正确答案：C解析：事实细节题。信息定位在第二段，“fromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty—firstthatthe…andadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted”可知到21岁生日被赋予成年人的权利和责任。故答案为C。42．Startingfrom22,______.A．onewillobtainmorebasicrightsB．theolderonebecomes,themorebasicrightshewillhaveC．onewon’tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheis21D．onewillenjoymorerightsgrantedbysociety正确答案：C解析：信息推断题。从第二段倒数第二句可知，进入成年状态后，就不再因为年龄的增长而享受到更多的权利。选项C中提及的21岁之后即为成年状态。故答案为C。“Tear‘emapart!’““Killthefool!”“Murderthereferee!”Thesearecommonremarksonemayhearatvarioussportingevents.Atthetimetheyaremade,theymayseeminnocentenough.Butlet’snotkidourselves.Theyhavebeenknowntoinfluencebehaviorinsuchawayastoleadtorealbloodshed.Volumeshavebeenwrittenaboutthewaywordsaffectus.Ithasbeenshownthatwordshavingcertainconnotationsmaycauseustoreactinwaysquiteforeigntowhatweconsidertobeourusualhumanisticbehavior.Iseetheterm“opponent”asoneofthosewords.Perhapsthetimehascometodeleteitfromsportsterms.Thedictionarymeaningoftheterm“opponent”is“adversary”,“ememy”,“onewhoopposesyourinterests.“Thus,whenaplayermeetsanopponent,heorshemaytendtotreatthatopponentasanenemy.Atsuchtimes,winningmaydominateone’sintellect,andeveryaction,nomatterhowgross,maybeconsideredjustifiable.Irecallanincidentinahandballgamewhenarefereerefusedaplay’srequestforatimeoutforaglovechangebecausehedidnotconsideredthemwetenough.TheplayerproceededtorubhisglovesacrosshiswetT-shirtandthenexclaimed.“Aretheywetenoughnow?”Intheheatofbattle,playershavebeenobservedtothrowthemselvesacrossthecourtwithoutconsideringtheconsequencesthatsuchamovemighthaveonanyoneintheirway.Ihavealsowitnessedaplayerreactingtohisopponent’sinternationalandillegalblockingbydeliberatelyhittinghimwiththeballashardashecouldduringthecourseofplay.Offthecourt,theyaregoodfriends.Doesthatmakeanysense?Itcertainlygivesproofofacourtattitudewhichdepartsfromnormalbehavior.Therefore,Ibelieveitistimeweelevatedthegametothelevelwhereitbelongstherebysettinganexampletotherestofthesportingworld.Replacingtheterm“opponent”with“associate”couldbeanidealwaytostart.Thedictionarymeaningoftheterm“associate”is“colleague”;“friend”;“companion.“Reflectamoment!Youmaysoonseeandpossiblyfeelthedifferenceinyourreactiontotheterm“associate”ratherthan“opponent.”43．Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressestheauthor’sview?A．Aggressivebehaviorinsportscanhaveseriousconsequences.B．Thewordspeopleusecaninfluencetheirbehavior.C．Unpleasantwordsinsportsareoftenusedbyforeignathletes.D．Unfairjudgmentsbyrefereeswillleadtoviolenceonthesportsfield.正确答案：B解析：主旨思想题。从文章第二段“theyhaveknowntoinfluencebehavior…”；“ithasbeenshownthatwordshavingcertainconnotationsmaycauseustoreactinwaysquiteforeigntowhatwe．．．usualhumanisticbehavior．”可知旨在讨论语言对行为的影响，文章中作者以体育比赛为例进一步说明其观点。选项A、C、D都是具体的例证。故答案为B。44．Harshwordsarespokenduringgamesbecausetheplayers______.A．aretooeagertowinB．areusuallyshort-temperedandeasilyoffendedC．cannotaffordtobepoliteinfiercecompetitionD．treattheirrivalsasenemies正确答案：D解析：信息推断题。文章的第三段主要分析了运动员们在比赛场上语言粗鲁的原因。作者认为他们把对手视为敌人(heorshemaytendtotreatthatopponentasanenemy)，因而把比赛场上的粗鲁语言视为是正当的(everyaction，nomatterhowgross，maybeconsideredjustifiable．)，这才造成出口成脏，不以为耻。四个选项中D最为符合这个意思。故答案为D。45．Whatdidthehandballplayerdowhenhewasnotallowedatimeouttochangehisgloves?A．Herefusedtocontinuethegame.B．Heangrilyhittherefereewithaball.C．Heclaimedthattherefereewasunfair.D．HewethisglovesbyrubbingthemacresshisT-shirt.正确答案：D解析：事实细节题。信息定位在第二段“Irecallanincidentinahandballgamewhenarefereerefusedaplayer’srequest…TheplayerproceededtorubhisglovesacrosshiswetT—shirt”，提及一个球员请求暂停来换手套但裁判认为手套不够湿拒绝了他的请求。他便把手套在湿T恤上搓湿，故答案为D。46．Accordingtothepassage,players,inagame,may______.A．deliberatelythrowtheballatanyoneillegallyblockingtheirwayB．keeponscreamingandshoutingthroughoutthegameC．liedownonthegroundasanactofprotestD．dashwiththeballacrossthecourtwithforce正确答案：A解析：事实细节题。由信息定位在第三段，段中“aplayerreactingtohisopponent’s…illegalblockingbydeliberatelyhittinghimwiththeball…”提及球员对于其他球员的违规阻断的反应就是用球故意撞击对方。由此可知答案为A。TwohoursfromthetallbuildingsofManhattanandPhiladelphialivesomeoftheworld’slargestblackbears.TheyareinnorthernPennsylvania’sPoconoMountains,ahometheysharewithanabundanceofotherwildlife.Thestreams,lakes,meadows,mountainridgesandforeststhatmakethePoconosanidealplaceforblackbearshavealsoattractedmorepeopletotheregion.OpenspacesarethreatenedbyplansforhousingestatesandimportanthabitatsareendangeredbyhighwayconstructionToprotectthePoconos’naturalbeautyfromirresponsibledevelopment,theNatureConservancynamedtheareaoneofAmerica’s“LastGreatPlaces”.Operatingoutofacentury-oldschoolhouseinthevillageofLongPond,Pennsylvania,theconservancy’sBudCookisworkingwithlocalpeopleandbusinessleaderstobalanceeconomicgrowthwithenvironmentalprotection.ByforgingpartnershipswithpeoplelikeFrancisAltemese,theConservancyhasbeenabletoprotectmorethan14,000acresofenvironmentallyimportantlandinthearea.Altemose’sfamilyhasfarmedinthePoconoareaforgenerations.TwoyearsagoFranchlworkedwiththeConservancytoincludehisfarminacountyfarmlandprotectionprogramAsaresult,hisfamily’slandcanbeprotectedfromdevelopmentandtheAltemoseswillbebetterabletoprovideasecurefinancialfuturefortheir7-year-oldgrandson.CookattributestheConservancy’ssuccessinthePoconostohavingalocalpresenceandacommitmenttoworkingwithlocalresidents.“Thekeytoprotectingtheseremarkablelandsisconnectingwiththelocalcommunity,”Cooksaid,“Thepeoplewholivethererespecttheland.Theyvaluequietforests,clearstreamsandabundantwildlife.Theyareeagertohelpwithconservationeffort.“FormoreinformationonhowyoucanhelpTheNatureConservancyprotectthePoconosandtheworld’sother“LastGreatPlaces,”pleasecall1-888-5646864.OrvisitusontheWorldWidWebatwww.tnc.org.47．ThepurposeinnamingthePoconosasoneofAmerica’s“LastGreatPlaces”isto______.A．gainsupportfromthelocalcommunityB．protectisfromirresponsibledevelopmentC．makeitabetterhomeforblackbearsD．providefinancialsecurityforfuturegenerations正确答案：B解析：事实细节题。由文章第二段最后一句“toprotectthePoconos’naturalbeautyfromirresponsibledevelopment，theNaturalConservancynamedtheareaoneofAmerica’s‘LastGreatPlaces’”可直接定位选项B。故答案为B。48．Welearnfromthepassagethat______.A．thepopulationinthePoconoareaisgrowingB．wildlifeinthePoconoareaisdyingoutrapidlyC．thesecurityofthePoconoresidentsisbeingthreatenedD．farmlandsisthePoconoareaareshrinkingfast正确答案：A解析：信息推断题。第二段首句“Thestreams，lakes，meadows，mountainridgesandforeststhatmakethePoconosanidealplaceforblackbears，havealsoattractedmorepeopletotheregion．”提及波克诺山(Poconos)同时也吸引了众多人到此。选项A中populationisgrowing与此信息一致。故答案为A。49．WhatisimportantinprotectingthePoconosaccordingtoCook?A