南京大学2015年博士入学英语考试真题与答案解析

南京大学·2015年·博士入学英语考试真题与答案解析————————————————————————————————————————题型有：1.StructureandVocabulary2.Cloze3.ReadingComprehension4.English-ChineseTranslation5.Chinese-EnglishTranslationStructureandVocabulary1．Shoesofthiskindare______tosliponwetground.A．feasibleB．approprateC．aptD．fitting正确答案：C解析：近义词辨析。feasible“可行的”；appropriate“适当的，恰当的”；apt“恰当的，有……倾向的”；fitting“适合的，适宜的”。根据语义“这样的鞋子在湿地上很容易打滑。”可知，C选项意为“有……倾向的”，符合句意，因此本题选C。2．Iboughtanalarmclockwitha(n)______dialwhichcanbeseenclearlyinthedark.A．supersonicB．luminousC．audibleD．amplified正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。supersonic“超音速的，超声波的”；luminous“发光的，明亮的”；audible“听得见的”；amplified“放大的，扩充的”。根据空格后部分“在黑夜里也可以看得很清楚”可以判断空格处应填入与光亮相关的词，故答案为B。3．Herjewelry______underthespotlightsandshebecamethedominantfigureattheball.A．glaredB．glitteredC．blazedD．glowed正确答案：B解析：近义词辨析。四个选项都有“发光”的意思，但glare强调发炫光，发耀眼的强光，通常指光亮平滑的表面发出的光；glitter指闪闪地发光，发光点较小；blaze指猛烈燃烧所发出强烈的光；glow多指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。句中提及珠宝发出的光亮，只有glitter符合题意。故答案为B。4．Putondarkglassesorthesunwill______youandyouwon’tbeabletosee.A．discernB．distortC．distractD．dazzle正确答案：D解析：形近词词义辨析。discern“辨别，看清楚”；distort“扭曲，曲解”；distract“转移，分心”；dazzle“使……目眩，使……眼花”。句意为：戴上墨镜，否则太阳光会耀眼，让你什么也看不见，只有D选项符合题意。故答案为D。5．Inspiteofthe______economicforecasts,manufacturingoutputhasrisenslightly.A．gloomyB．miserableC．shadowyD．obscure正确答案：A解析：近义词辨析。句中后半部分提及制造业的产量略有上涨。从句inspiteof表示转折，由此可知，空格处所填的单词应为“萧条，不景气”的意思。选项中只有gloomy“惨淡”符合句意。miserable“悲惨的，痛苦的”；shadowy“模糊的”；obscure“晦涩的，不清楚的”。因此答案选A。6．Thefuelofthecontinentalmissileissupposedtobe______bythisdevice.A．ignitedB．lightedC．firedD．inspired正确答案：A解析：近义词辨析。根据句意判断空格处所填内容应为引燃洲际导弹的动词，选项ignite，light，fire均有“点燃，着火”之意。ignite多用于科技文，指用火花使易燃物迅速燃烧起来；light指点燃易燃物，使其发光；fire指将某物点燃，使其燃烧起来；而inspire则强调灵感的点燃，根据句意可知ignite为最佳选项。故答案为A。7．Oftensuchargumentshavetheeffectof______ratherthanclarifyingtheissuesinvolved.A．obscuringB．prejudicingC．tacklingD．blocking正确答案：A解析：近义词辨析。根据ratherthan判断空格处所填单词应与clarify(阐明)意义相反。选项中符合语义和语境的只有obscure，意为“使……含糊”。prejudice“使……有偏见”；tackle“阻碍”；block“阻塞”，均与题意不符。故答案为A。8．His______directionsconfusedus;wedidnotknowwhichofthetworoadstotake.A．ambiguousB．complicatedC．arbitraryD．intricate正确答案：A解析：形容词词义辨析。ambiguous“模糊不清的”；complicated“复杂的”；arbitrary“任意的，武断的，专制的”；intricate“复杂的，错综的”。分析句意可知，只有ambiguous符合题意，故答案为A。9．Thelawondrinkinganddrivingis______stated.A．extravagantlyB．empiricallyC．exceptionallyD．explicitly正确答案：D解析：形近词词义辨析。extravagantly“挥霍无度地”；empirically“以经验为主地”；exceptionally“特殊地，例外地”；explicitly“明确地，明白地”。句意：法律对驾驶和饮酒有明确的规定。故答案为D。10．Weshallprobablyneverbeableto______theexactnatureofthesesub-atomicparticles.A．assertB．impartC．ascertainD．notify正确答案：C解析：动词词义辨析。句意为：我们可能永远都不可能确定这种亚原子粒子的真正本质。assert“维护，主张”；impart“给予，传授”；ascertain“确定，查明”；notify“通知，公布”。因此，C选项符合题意。11．Asa______actor,hecanperform,sing,danceandplayseveralkindsofmusicalinstruments.A．flexibleB．versatileC．sophisticatedD．productive正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。句意为：他是个多才多艺的演员，他会演戏，唱歌，跳舞，还会弹奏几种乐器。flexible“灵活的，柔韧的”；versatile“多才多艺的”；sophisticated“世故的”；productive“高产的”。故答案为B。12．Mr.Smithbecamevery______whenitwassuggestedthathehadmadeamistake.A．ingeniousB．empiricalC．objectiveD．indignant正确答案：D解析：形容词词义辨析。ingenious“有独创性的，机灵的”；empirical“经验主义的”；objective“客观的”；indignant，根据句意只有indignant“愤愤不平的”符合语境，故答案为D。13．Pleasedonotbe______byhisoffensiveremarkssinceheismerelytryingtoattractattention.A．distractedB．disregardedC．irritatedD．intervened正确答案：A解析：动词词义辨析。根据句意可知，空格处所填单词应与attract意义相反。选项中只有distract“转移，分心”符合句意。disintegrate“使分解，使瓦解”；irritate“激怒”；intervene“干涉”，均不符合句意。故答案为A。14．Grainproductionintheworldis______,butstillmillionsgohungry.A．staggeringB．shrinkingC．soaringD．suspending正确答案：C解析：动词词义辨析。根据句中but之后内容“成百万的人仍在忍受饥饿”推知，空格处的单词应表达粮食产量上涨。选项soar“高涨”符合句意。stagger“蹒跚，使交错”；shrink“收缩”；suspend“延缓，推迟”，均不符合题意。故答案为C。15．Competition,theybelieve,______thenationalcharacterthancorruptit.A．enforcesB．confirmsC．intensifiesD．strengthens正确答案：D解析：近义词辨析。根据句意判断，空格处应填入“加强，增强”的同义词。strengthen和intensify都有此意。strengthen强调力量的增强，巩固关系，相当于tobecomeensify常指使变得更强烈、剧烈，加剧，相当于tobecomemoreintenseorintensive。句中指的是加强民族性，strength更符合句意。enforce“强迫，强制”，confirm“确定”，与句意不符。故答案为D。16．Therepublicationofthepoet’smostrecentworkswillcertainly______hisnationalreputation.A．magnifyB．strengthenC．enlargeD．enhance正确答案：D解析：近义词辨析。根据句意可知，答案在选项B和选项D中选择。enhance多指“价值、品质、吸引力”等的增强，强调的是价值内在的提高。句中指声誉的提高，可知答案D符合语境。17．Themusicarousedan______feelingofhomesicknessinhim.A．intentionalB．intermittentC．intenseD．intrinsic正确答案：C解析：形近词词义辨析。四个单词均有int一词缀，但意义不一样。intentional“故意的”；intermittent“间歇的，断断续续的”；intense“强烈的”；intrinsic“本质的，固有的”。根据句意可知答案为C，意为“强烈的思乡之情”。18．Themedicine______hispainbutdidnotcurehisillness.A．activatedB．alleviatedC．mediatedD．deteriorated正确答案：B解析：动词词义辨析。根据句意可知，空格处单词应为“减轻”之意。选项中只有alleviate“减轻，缓和”符合语境。activate“刺激，激活”；mediate“调停”；deteriorate“恶化”，均不符合题意。故答案为B。19．Theworkintheofficewas______byaconstantstreamofvisitors.A．confusedB．hamperedC．reversedD．perplexed正确答案：B解析：动词词义辨析。句意为：办公室的工作因为不断的来访者受到阻碍。confuse“使混乱，使困惑”；hamper“妨碍，束缚”；reverse“颠倒，倒转”；perplex“使……困惑，使……为难”。根据句意，只有B选项符合语境。故答案为B。20．Avisitortoamuseumtodaywouldnotice______changesinthewaymuseumsareoperated.A．cognitiveB．rigorousC．conspicuousD．exclusive正确答案：C解析：形容词词义辨析。句意为：今天到博物馆的参观者将会注意到博物馆运营模式发生了显著变化。cognitive“认知的”；rigorous“严格的，严厉的”；conspicuous“显著的”；exclusive“唯一的，独有的”。根据句意可知答案为C。ClozeAdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide—thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthat【C1】______doesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessinvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positive【C2】______thatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Actually,therearereasonstobe【C3】______.Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmore【C4】______,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess—afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotential【C5】______thereare.Moreandmoreenterprises,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleft【C6】______,wanttospreadinternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolfor【C7】______worldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave,Butithasbigpotential.To【C8】______advantageofthistool,somepoorcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudices【C9】______respecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryof【C10】______(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructure—concerningroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon—werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.21．【C1】A．divideB．informationC．worldD．lecture正确答案：A解析：上下文语义。从指示代词that可知此处所填单词应为前面出现的名词中心词，而so-calleddigitaldivide中的divide为中心词，故选项A正确。22．【C2】A．forcesB．obstaclesC．eventsD．surprises正确答案：A解析：上下文语义。从修饰语positive推断空格处所填单词应是积极意义的名词，选项B与D可排除，而从语境可知force比events更为合适。故答案为A。23．【C3】A．negativeB．optimisticC．pleasantD．disappointed正确答案：B解析：上下文语义。前文提及有对抗数字化鸿沟的积极力量，第二段首句提及技术因素有望缩小数字化鸿沟。故可知答案应为选项B。24．【C4】A．developedB．centralizedC．realizedD．commercialized正确答案：D解析：上下文语义。从下文中的theinterestofbusiness可知空格处应填入“商业化”之意，故答案为D。25．【C5】A．usersB．producersC．customersD．citizens正确答案：C解析：上下文语义。上文中在讨论business，commercialize，空格处应为与商业贸易有关的词汇，由此可知customer符合语境。故答案为C。26．【C6】A．awayB．forC．asideD．behind正确答案：D解析：固定搭配。此处的语境应为企业担心自己的国家会落后，leavebehind为固定搭配。故答案为D。27．【C7】A．containingB．preventingC．keepingD．combating正确答案：D解析：动词词义辨析。选项Combat做及物动词有“战斗，与……做斗争”之意，符合语境。故答案为D。28．【C8】A．bringB．keepC．holdD．take正确答案：D解析：固定搭配。takeadvantageof意为“利用”。故答案为D。29．【C9】A．atB．withC．ofD．for正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。withrespectto意为“关于，至于”。故答案为B。30．【C10】A．constructionB．facilityC．infrastructureD．institution正确答案：C解析：词汇释义。从空格后括号内的注释可知空格处的单词意为“社会基本建筑基础”。故答案为C。ReadingComprehensionDoyouthinkthatallhumanbeingshavea“comfortzone”regulatingthedistancetheystandfromsomeonewhentheytalk?Thisdistancevariesininterestingwaysamongpeopleofdifferentcultures.Greeks,othersoftheEasternMediterranean,andmanyofthosefromSouthAmericanormallystandquiteclosetogetherwhentheytalk,oftenmovingtheirfacesevencloserastheywarmupinaconversation.NorthAmericansfindthisawkwardandoftenbackawayafewinches.Studieshavefoundthattheytendtofeelmostcomfortableatabout21inchesapart.InmuchofAsiaandAfrica.thereisevenmorespacebetweentwospeakersinconversation.Thisgreaterspacesubtlylendsanairofdignityandrespect.Thismaterofspaceisnearlyalwaysunconscious,butitisinterestingtoobserve.Thisdifferenceappliesalsototheclosenesswithwhichpeoplesittogether,theextenttowhichtheyleanoveroneanotherinconversation,howtheymoveastheyargueormakeanemphaticpoint.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,peopletrytokeeptheirbodiesaparteveninacrowdedelevator,inParistheytakeitasitcomes!AlthoughNorthAmericanshavearelativelywide“comfortzone”fortalking,theycommunicateagreatdealwiththeirhands—notonlywithgesturebutalsowithtouch.Theyputasympathetichandonaperson’sshouldertodemonstratewarmthoffeelingoranarmaroundhiminsympathy;theynudgeamanintheribstoemphasizeafunnystory;theyputanarminreassuranceorstrokeachild’sheadinaffection;theyreadilytakesomeone’sarmtohelphimcrossastreetordirecthimalonganunfamiliarroute.Tomanypeople—especiallythosefromAsiaortheMoslemcountries—suchbodilycontactisunwelcome,especiallyifinadvertentlydonewiththelefthand.ThelefthandcarriesnospecialsignificanceintheU.S.ManyAmericansaresimplyleft-handedandusethathandmore.31．Intermsofbodilydistance,NorthAmericans______.A．aresimilartoSouthAmericansB．standfarthestapartC．feelillateasewhentoocloseD．movenearerduringconversations正确答案：C解析：信息推断题。文中第二段第二句中findthisawkward与B选项中feelillatease“不自在”意义相近。故答案为C。32．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinacrowdedelevator,aFrenchmen______.A．wouldbehaveinthesamewayasanAmericanwouldB．wouldmakenoparticularefforttodistancehimselfC．wouldbeafraidofbodilycontactD．woulddohisbesttoleave正确答案：B解析：信息推断题。文中第三段末句提及在美国，人们在拥挤的电梯也要保持距离，而在巴黎，人们则会顺其自然。由此可知，B选项中提及“法国人不会刻意去保持距离”与原文意义一致。故答案为B。33．AnAmericanputshishandonanotherman’sshoulder______.A．toshowapathyB．toshowpassionC．toshowfriendlinessD．todisguisehisfeeling正确答案：C解析：信息推段题。文中末段第二句提及美国人会把他们的手搭在别人的肩膀上以示安慰，表达温暖之情。warmthoffeelings与选项C中的friendliness意义一致。故C选项符合语义。34．Thepassagemainlyconcerns______.A．distanceandcontactB．bodylanguageC．culturaldifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWestD．handsignals正确答案：C解析：主旨思想题。文章首段提及“舒适区域”以及不同文化的人对距离的理解不同。在随后的段落里具体说明亚洲人和北美、南美人对于距离感的认知区别，由此可知，本文主要讨论东西方文化的差异。故答案为C。Untilmeninventedwaysofstayingunderwaterformorethanafewminutes,thewondersoftheworldbelowthesurfaceoftheseawerealmostunknown.Themainproblem,ofcourse,liesinair.Howcouldairbesuppliedtoswimmersbelowthesurfaceofthesea?Picturesmadeabout2,900yearsagoinAsiashowmenswimmingunderthesurfacewithairbagstiedtotheirbodies.Apipefromthebagcarriedairintotheswimmer’smourn.Butlittleprogresswasachievedintheinventionofdivingdevicesuntilabout1490,whenthefamousItalianpainter,LeonardodaVinci,designedacompletedivingsuit.In1680,anItalianprofessorinventedalargeairbagwithaglasswindowtobewornoverthediver’shead.To“clean”theairabreathingpipewentfromtheairbag,throughanotherbagtoremovemoisture,andthenagaintothelargeairbag.Theplandidnotwork,butitgavelaterinventorstheideaofmovingairaroundindivingdevices.In1819,aGerman,AugustusSiebe,developedawayofforcingairintothehead-coveringbyamachineoperatedabovethewater.Finally,in1837,heinventedthe“hard-hatsuit”wastobeusedfornearlyacentury.Ithadametalcoveringfortheheadandanairpipeattachedtoamachineabovethewater.Italsohadsmallopeningstoremoveunwantedair.Butmereweretwodangerstothediverinsidethe“hard-hatsuit”.Onewasthesuddenrisetothesurface,causedbyatoogreatsupplyofair.Theotherwasmecrushingofthebody,causedbyasuddendivingintodeepwater.Thesuddenrisetothesurfacecouldkillmediver;asuddendivecouldforcehisbodyupintothehelmet,whichcouldalsoresultindeath.Graduallythe“hard-hatsuit”wasimprovedsomatthedivercouldbegivenaconstantsupplyofair.Thedivercouldmenmovearoundundermeoceanwithoutworryingabouttheairsupply.Duringthe1940sdivingunderwaterwithoutaspecialsuitbecamepopular.Instead,diversusedabreamingdeviceandasmallcoveringmadeofrubberandglassoverpartsoftheface.Toimprovetheswimmer’sspeedanothernewinventionwasused:apieceofrubbershapedlikeagiantfoot,whichwasattachedtoeachofmediver’sownfeet.Themanufactureofrubberbreathingpipesmadeitpossiblefordiverstofloatonthesurfaceofthewater,observingthemarinelifeunderneamthem.Aspecialrubbersuitenabledthemtostayincoldwaterforlongperiods,collectingspecimensofanimalandvegetablelifemathadneverbeenobtainedinthepast.Themostimportantadvance,however,wastheinventionofaself-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus,whichiscalleda“sucba”.InventedbytwoFrenchmen,JacquesCousteauandEmileGagnan,thescubaconsistsofamouthpiecejoinedtooneortwotanksofcompressedairwhichareattachedtomediver’sback.Thescubamakesitpossibleforadiver-scientisttowork200feetunderwaterorevendeeperforseveralhours.Asaresult,scientistscannowmovearoundfreelyatgreatdepths,learningaboutmewondersofthesea.35．ThemainprogressmentionedinthispassagewasA．anItalianprofessorinventedalargeairbag.B．meninventedthebestdivingdevices.C．anItalianpainterdesignedacompletedivingsuit.D．anairbag.正确答案：B解析：信息推断题。文章作者在首段提及，直到1490年，潜水装备的发明都没有大的进步。随后的文章作者按照时间顺序介绍了不同潜水装备的发明。由第二段首句中“invented”，第三段首句中“developed”，第四段首句中“improved”以及第六段的“themostimportantadvance”可知，文章主要介绍人类发明最好的潜水装备的过程。故答案为B。36．AninventionofanItalianprofessorA．workedoutverywell.B．can“clean”theair.C．inspiredlaterinventions.D．wasusedtoremovemoisture.正确答案：C解析：事实细节题。信息定位在文章第二段最后一句，其中givethelaterinventortheidea与C选项中的inspire同义。故答案为C。37．Siebes’inventionwasnotaperfectone,becauseA．toosmallasupplyofaircouldresultinasuddenrisetothesurface.B．asuddendiveintodeepwatercouldcausethecrushingofthebody.C．theairpipeattachedtoamachinecouldbeabovethesurface.D．bothAandB正确答案：B解析：事实细节题。信息定位在文章第三段最后三句。其中提及twodangers。Onewasthe…theotherwasthe…，A选项中提及toosmallsupply与文中toogreatsupply意义截然相反。选项B与文章原意相符。由此可知，答案为B。38．Theword“seuba”isA．acertaindiver’sname.B．anoriginalEnglishword.C．namedbytheinventor.D．anacronym.正确答案：D解析：事实细节题。定位在文章倒数第二段，由此可知scuba是self-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus的首字母缩略词，即acronym。故答案为D。Inrecentyears,therehasbeenasteadyassaultonsaltfromthedoctors:Saltisbadforyou—regardlessofyourhealth.Politiciansalsogotonboard.“Thereisadirectrelationship”,USConqressmanNealSmithnoted,“betweentheamountofsodiumapersonconsumesandheartdisease,circulatorydisorders,strokeandevenearlydeath”.Frightening,iftrue!Butmanydoctorsandmedicalresearchersarenowbeginningtofeelthesaltscarehasgonetoofar.“Allthishueandcryabouteatingsaltisunnecessary,”Dr.Dustaninsists.“Formostofusitprobablydoesn’tmakemuchdifferencehowmuchsaltweeat.“Dustan’smostrecentshort-termstudyof150peopleshowedthatthosewithnormalbloodpressureunderwentnochangeatallwhenplacedonanextremelylow-saltdiet,orlaterwhensaltwasreintroduced.Ofthehypertensivesubjects,however,halfofthoseonthelow-saltdietdidexperienceadropinbloodpressure,whichreturnedtoitspreviouslevelwhensaltwasreintroduced.“Anadequatetosomewhatexcessivesaltintakehasprobablysavedmanymorelivesthanithascostinthegeneralpopulation”,notesDr.JohnH.Laragh.“Soarecommendationthatthewholepopulationshouldavoidsaltmakesnosense.“Medicalexpertsagreethateveryoneshouldpracticereasonable“moderation”insaltconsumption.Foranaverageperson,amoderateamountmightrunfromfourtotengramsaday,orroughly1/2to1/3ofateaspoon.Theequivalentofonetotwograwrsofthissaltallowancewouldcomefromthenaturalsodiuminfood.Therestwouldbeaddedinprocessing,preparationoratthetable.Thosewithkidney,liverorheartproblemsmayhavetolimitdietarysalt,iftheirdoctoradvises.Buteventheveryvocal“lowsalt“exponent,Dr.ArthurHullHayes,Jr.admitsthat“wedonotknowwhetherincreasedsodiumconsumptioncauseshypertension”.Infact,thereisincreasingscientificevidencethatotherfactorsmaybeinvolved:deficienciesincalcium,potassium,perhapsmagnesium;obesity(muchmoredangerousthansodium);genericpredisposition;stress.“Itisnotyourenemy,”saysDr.Laragh,“SaltistheNo.1naturalcomponentofallhumantissue,andtheideathatyoudon’tneeditiswrong.Unlessyourdoctorhasproventhatyouhaveasalt-relatedhealthproblem,thereisnoreasontogiveitup.“39．Accordingtosomedoctorsandpoliticians,theamountofsaltconsumedA．exhibitsasanaggravatingfactortopeopleinpoorhealth.B．curesdiseasessuchasstrokeandcirculatorydisorders.C．correlateshighlywithsomediseases.D．isirrelevanttopeoplesufferingfromheartdisease.正确答案：C解析：事实细节题。文章首段末句提及个人所消耗的钠与心脏病、循环紊乱、中风甚至早天都有直接的关系。首段第三句中的directrelationship与选项C中的correlateshighly意义一致。由此可知答案为C。40．FromDr.Dustan’sstudywecaninferthatA．alow-saltdietmaybeprescribedforsomepeople.B．theamountofsaltintakehasnothingtodowithone’sbloodpressure.C．thereductionofsaltintakecancureahypertensivepatient.D．anextremelylow-saltdietmakesnodifferencetoanyone.正确答案：A解析：信息推断题。信息定位在文章中第二段。其中提及血压正常的人在低盐饮食和正常食盐的情况下，血压没有明显变化，而对于实验中的一半人数的高血压患者在低盐饮食时血压有所降低，由此可推知，低盐饮食应该可以作为高血压患者的处方。故答案为A。41．Inthethirdparagraph,Dr.LaraghimpliesthatA．peopleshouldnotbeafraidoftakingexcessivesalt.B．doctorsshouldnotadvisepeopletoavoidsalt.C．anadequatetoexcessivesaltintakeisrecommendedforpeopleindisease.D．escessivesaltintakehasclaimedsomevictimsinthegeneralpopulation.正确答案：D解析：信息推断题。信息定位在第三段，其中提及充足的或者稍微过量的盐摄入量拯救的人或许比害死的人多，而建议所有人群都禁用食盐是无稽之谈。言外之意，过度的钠盐摄入量只会危害一部分人的健康。由此可推知，答案为D。42．Whatisthemainmessageofthistext?A．Thatthesaltscareisnotjustified.B．Thattheoriginofhypertensionisnowfound.C．Thatthemoderateuseofsaltisrecommended.D．Thatsaltconsumptionistobepromoted.正确答案：C解析：信息归纳题。选项B和D在上下文中并没有体现。A选项中指出食盐恐慌论没有得到证实，与文中第二段首句只是提及该种论调有点过火的内容不符。由此可知，答案为C。Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthat,whoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowno,highunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetomakewaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomeprimaryquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.Wouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenorm?Wouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletowork?Shouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselves,ratherthanforanemployer?Shouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhood,aswellasthefactoryandtheoffice,ascentersofproductionandwork?Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanend,andsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.But,infact,itcouldprovidetheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemployment,asitshistoryshows,hasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoftheland,andthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.Later,astransportationimproved,firstbyrailandthenbyroad,peoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntil,eventually,manypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplaceinwhichtheylived.Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtime,menandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemployment,leavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes.Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered,asemploymentbecamethedominantformofwork,youngpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded—aproblemnow,asmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives.Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforall,totheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfulltimejobs.43．ResearchcarriedoutintherecentopinionpollsshowsthatA．availableemploymentshouldberestrictedtoasmallpercentageofthepopulation.B．newjobsmustbecreatedinordertorectifyhighunemploymentfigures.C．availableemploymentmustbemorewidelydistributedamongtheunemployed.D．thenowadayshighunemploymentfiguresareatruthoflife.正确答案：D解析：信息推理题。定位在文章第一段，其中probablyheretostay与选项D中atruthoflife信息一致。故答案为D。44．ThearrivaloftheindustrialageinourhistoricalevolutionmeantthatA．universalemploymentvirtuallyguaranteedprosperity.B．economicfreedomcamewithineveryone’scontrol.C．patternsofworkwerefundamentallychanged.D．people’sattitudestoworkhadtobereversed.正确答案：C解析：信息推断题。文章第三段someofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbrought提及工业时代带来了工作模式的变化，第四段指出工业时代thefactorysystem摧毁了thecottageindustries(家庭手工业)，并且迫使人们去离家很远的地方工作，可见patternsofwork发生了根本的改变，选项C正确。45．TheeffectsofalmostuniversalemploymentwereoverwhelminginthatA．thehouseholdandvillagecommunitydisappearedcompletely.B．mennowtraveledenormousdistancestotheirplacesofwork.C．theworkstatusofthosenotinpaidemploymentsuffered.D．youngandoldpeoplebecamesuperfluouscomponentsofsociety.正确答案：C解析：事实细节题。信息定位在倒数第二段，不光是妇女的工作地位会受到威胁，在校的学生和退休的老人也同样受到威胁。C选项中thosenotinpaid与在校生和退休老人指代相同。故答案为C。46．ThearticleconcludesthatA．thecreationofjobsforallisanimpossibility.B．oureffortsandresourrcesintermsoftacklingunemploymentareinsufficient.C．peopleshouldbeginsupportingthemselvesbylearningapracticalskill.D．weshouldhelpthosewhosejobsareonlypart-time.正确答案：D解析：事实细节题。信息定位在末段最后一句，其中withoutfull—timejob与选项D中的onlypart—time对应。故答案为D。ToproducetheupheavalintheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860’stothemid-1880’s,threeprimarycausesinteracted.Theemergenceofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.Moreover,anoutcryforafresher,morepractical,andmoreadvancedkindofinstructionaroseamongthealumniandfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrodeallconservativeopposition.Theaggressive“YoungYale”movementappeared,demandingpartialalumnicontrol,amoreliberalspirit,andabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardUniversitysimultaneouslyralliedtorelievetheUniversity’spovertyanddemandnewenterprise.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardintheEastbythrowingoffchurchleadershipeverywhere,andintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanewsenseofpublicduty.Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushingblowinthecitadelofHarvardUniversity,whereDr.CharlesElliot,ayoungcaptainofthirty-five,sonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledtheprogressiveforces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefiveyearsofDr.Elliotadministration.Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirements,theenlargementofthecurriculumandthedevelopmentoftheelectivesystem,therecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalarts,theraisingofprofessionaltraininginlaw,medicine,andengineeringtoapostgraduatelevel,andthefosteringofgreatermaturityinstudentlife.Standardsofadmissionweresharplylevel,andthefosteringofgreatermaturityinstudentlife.Standardsofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872-1873and1876-1877.Bytheappointmentofadeantotakechargeofstudentaffairs,andawisehandlingofdiscipline,theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlementandlessasyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyoranotherwasopenedup—science,music,thehistoryofthefinearts,advancedSpanish,politicaleconomy,physics,classicalphilosophy,andinternationallaw.47．ThepassagemainlydealswithA．innovationsintheUnitedStates’higheredcationinthelate1800s.B．HarvardUniversitygraduates’success.C．thedevelopmentofHarvardUniversity.D．theaggressive“YongYale”movement.正确答案：A解析：信息推断题。文章第一段首句提到，从19世纪60年代中期到19世纪80年代中期，有三个互相作用的因素改变了美国高等教育并使其发生现代化的激变。由此可知，文章要讨论美国高等教育界的革新。故答案为A。48．Accordingtothepassage,whatcanbeinferredaboutHarvardUniversitybeforetheinnovations?A．Coursesweremorepractical.B．Educatorslaidgreatstressonthematurityinstudentlife.C．Admissionstandardswerehigher.D．Studentswereyounger.正确答案：B解析：信息推断题。信息定位在第二段。段中“andthefosteringofgreatermaturityinstudentslife”是革新的内容，提及促进学生生活的更加成熟，比较级“greater”说明在改革之前就已经促进学生生活的成熟。由此可知，答案为B。49．Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutold-styleclassicaled