信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)JSPtechnologyandmainstreamopen-sourceframeworkforJAVAEEJSPProfileJSP(JavaServerPages)isinitiatedbySunMicrosystems,Inc.,withmanycompaniestoparticipateintheestablishmentofadynamicwebpagetechnicalstandards.JSPtechnologysomewhatsimilartoASPtechnology,itisinthetraditionalHTMLwebpagedocument(*.htm,*.html)toinserttheJavaprogrammingparagraph(Scriptlet)andJSPtag(tag),thusJSPdocuments(*.jsp).UsingJSPdevelopmentoftheWebapplicationiscross-platformthatcanrunonLinux,isalsoavailableforotheroperatingsystems.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第1页。JSPtechnologytousetheJavaprogramminglanguagepreparedbythecategoryofXMLtagsandscriptlets,toproducedynamicpagespackageprocessinglogic.Pagealsovisitbytagsandscriptletsexistintheservicessideoftheresourcesoflogic.JSPpagelogicandwebpagedesignanddisplayseparation,supportreusablecomponent-baseddesign,Web-basedapplicationdevelopmentisrapidandeasy.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第1页。WebserverinthefaceofvisitsJSPpagerequest,thefirstimplementationoftheproceduresof,andthentogetherwiththeresultsoftheimplementationofJSPdocumentsinHTMLcodewiththereturntothecustomer.InserttheJavaprogrammingoperationofthedatabasecanbere-orientedwebsites,inordertoachievetheestablishmentofdynamicpagesneededtofunction.JSPandJavaServlet,isintheimplementationoftheserver,usuallyreturnedtotheclientisanHTMLtext,aslongastheclientbrowserwillbeabletovisit.JSP1.0specificationofthefinalversionislaunchedinSeptember1999,Decemberhasintroduced1.1specifications.AtpresentrelativelynewisJSP1.2norms,JSP2.0normsofthedrafthasalsobeenintroduced.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第2页。JSPpagesfromHTMLcodeandJavacodeembeddedinoneofthecomponents.TheserverwasinthepagesofclientrequestsaftertheJavacodeandthenwillgeneratetheHTMLpagestoreturntotheclientbrowser.JavaServletJSPisthetechnicalfoundationandlarge-scaleWebapplicationdevelopmentneedsofJavaServletandJSPsupporttocomplete.JSPwiththeJavatechnologyeasytouse,fullyobject-oriented,andaplatform-independentandsecuremainlyforallthecharacteristicsoftheInternet.JSPtechnologystrength:(1)timetoprepare,runeverywhere.AtthispointJavabetterthanPHP,inadditiontosystems,thecodenottomakeanychanges.(2)themulti-platformsupport.Basicallyonallplatformsofanydevelopmentenvironment,inanyenvironmentfordeploymentinanyenvironmentintheexpansion.ComparedASP/PHPlimitationsareobvious.(3)astrongscalability.FromonlyasmallJardocumentscanrunServlet/JSP,tothemultipleserversclusteringandloadbalancing,tomultipleApplicationfortransactionprocessing,informationprocessing,aservertonumerousservers,JavashowsatremendousVitality.(4)diversificationandpowerfuldevelopmenttoolssupport.ThisissimilartotheASP,Javaalreadyhavemanyverygooddevelopmenttools,andmanycanbefree,andmanyofthemhavebeenabletorunonavarietyofplatformsunder.JSPtechnologyvulnerable：(1)andthesameASP,Javaistheadvantageofsomeofitsfatalproblem.Itispreciselybecauseinordertocross-platformfunctionality,inordertoextremestretchingcapacity,greatlyincreasingthecomplexityoftheproduct.(2)Java'sspeedisclasstocompletethepermanentmemory,soinsomecasesbytheuseofmemorycomparedtothenumberofusersisindeeda"minimumcostperformance."Ontheotherhand,italsoneedsdiskspacetostoreaseriesof.Javadocumentsand.Class,aswellasthecorrespondingversionsofdocuments.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第2页。2.J2EEDevelopmentFrameworkJava2EnterpriseEditionmiddlewareunifiedideologyplayedasignificantrole.Forexample,J2EEfordistributedtransactionmanagement,directoryservicesandmessagingservicesprovideastandardprogramminginterface.J2EE-based-Java2StandardEdition(J2SE),successfullyaccessforJavaprovidesastandardrelationaldatabase.But,asthisarticle"J2EEprogrammingofthelackofsupport",asmentioned,J2EEplatformdoesnotprovideasatisfactoryapplicationprogrammingmodel.SunandsomeofthemajorapplicationservervendorswantedtousethedevelopmenttoolstoreducethecomplexityofJ2EEdevelopment,butthesetoolsarenootheroutstandingJAVAdevelopmenttools,whichhaveadvancedrefactoringtools,and.NETplatformcompared,J2EEtoolsupportappearedtobeveryinferior.ManyJ2EEdevelopmenttoolsautomaticallygeneratethecodeforthesamecomplexasthetoolsthemselves.Inmanysmall-scaleJ2EEopensourcecommunitydeveloperschoseanotherwayofdevelopment-somecanbedifficulttoreducethedevelopmentofJ2EEdevelopmentframework,themorepopularsuchas:Struts,Hibernate,andSpringFramework,J2EEprojecttypesinmanyoftodaytheyplayanimportanttherole.2.1SpringFrameworkTheSpringFrameworkisanopensourceapplicationframeworkfortheJavaplatform.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第3页。ThefirstversionwaswrittenbyRodJohnsonwhoreleasedtheframeworkwiththepublicationofhisbookExpertOne-on-OneJ2EEDesignandDevelopmentinOctober2002.TheframeworkwasfirstreleasedundertheApache2.0licenseinJune2003.Thefirstmilestonerelease,1.0,wasreleasedinMarch2004,withfurthermilestonereleasesinSeptember2004andMarch2005.TheSpring1.2.6frameworkwonaJoltproductivityawardandaJAXInnovationAwardin2006.Spring2.0wasreleasedinOctober2006,andSpring2.5inNovember2007.InDecember2009version3.0GAwasreleased.Thecurrentversionis3.0.5.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第3页。ThecorefeaturesoftheSpringFrameworkcanbeusedbyanyJavaapplication,butthereareextensionsforbuildingwebapplicationsontopoftheJavaEEplatform.AlthoughtheSpringFrameworkdoesnotimposeanyspecificprogrammingmodel,ithasbecomepopularintheJavacommunityasanalternativeto,replacementfor,orevenadditiontotheEnterpriseJavaBean(EJB)model.ModulesTheSpringFrameworkcomprisesseveralmodulesthatprovidearangeofservices:InversionofControlcontainer:configurationofapplicationcomponentsandlifecyclemanagementofJavaobjectsAspect-orientedprogramming:enablesimplementationofcross-cuttingroutinesDataaccess:workingwithrelationaldatabasemanagementsystemsontheJavaplatformusingJDBCandobject-relationalmappingtoolsTransactionmanagement:unifiesseveraltransactionmanagementAPIsandcoordinatestransactionsforJavaobjectsModel-view-controller:anHTTPandServlet-basedframeworkprovidinghooksforextensionandcustomizationRemoteAccessframework:configurativeRPC-styleexportandimportofJavaobjectsovernetworkssupportingRMI,CORBAandHTTP-basedprotocolsincludingwebservices(SOAP)Convention-over-configuration:arapidapplicationdevelopmentsolutionforSpring-basedenterpriseapplicationsisofferedintheSpringmodel.Batchprocessing:aframeworkforhigh-volumeprocessingfeaturingreusablefunctionsincludinglogging/tracing,transactionmanagement,jobprocessingstatistics,jobrestart,skip,andresourcemanagementAuthenticationandauthorization:configurablesecurityprocessesthatsupportarangeofstandards,protocols,toolsandpracticesviatheSpringSecuritysub-project(formerlyAcegiSecuritySystemforSpring).RemoteManagement:configurativeexposureandmanagementofJavaobjectsforlocalorremoteconfigurationviaJMXMessaging:configurativeregistrationofmessagelistenerobjectsfortransparentmessageconsumptionfrommessagequeuesviaJMS,improvementofmessagesendingoverstandardJMSAPIsTesting:supportclassesforwritingunittestsandintegrationtests信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第4页。InversionofControlcontainerCentraltotheSpringFrameworkisitsInversionofControlcontainer,whichprovidesaconsistentmeansofconfiguringandmanagingJavaobjectsusingcallbacks.Thecontainerisresponsibleformanagingobjectlifecycles:creatingobjects,callinginitializationmethods,andconfiguringobjectsbywiringthemtogether.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第4页。ObjectscreatedbythecontainerarealsocalledManagedObjectsorBeans.Typically,thecontainerisconfiguredbyloadingXMLfilescontainingBeandefinitionswhichprovidetheinformationrequiredtocreatethebeans.ObjectscanbeobtainedbymeansofDependencylookuporDependencyinjection.Dependencylookupisapatternwhereacallerasksthecontainerobjectforanobjectwithaspecificnameorofaspecifictype.Dependencyinjectionisapatternwherethecontainerpassesobjectsbynametootherobjects,viaeitherconstructors,properties,orfactorymethods.Inmanycasesit'snotnecessarytousethecontainerwhenusingotherpartsoftheSpringFramework,althoughusingitwilllikelymakeanapplicationeasiertoconfigureandcustomize.TheSpringcontainerprovidesaconsistentmechanismtoconfigureapplicationsandintegrateswithalmostallJavaenvironments,fromsmall-scaleapplicationstolargeenterpriseapplications.Thecontainercanbeturnedintoapartially-compliantEJB3containerbymeansofthePitchforkproject.TheSpringFrameworkiscriticizedbysomeasnotbeingstandardscompliant.However,SpringSourcedoesn'tseeEJB3complianceasamajorgoal,andclaimsthattheSpringFrameworkandthecontainerallowformorepowerfulprogrammingmodels.Aspect-orientedprogrammingframeworkTheSpringFrameworkhasitsownAOPframeworkwhichmodularizescross-cuttingconcernsinaspects.ThemotivationforcreatingaseparateAOPframeworkcomesfromthebeliefthatitwouldbepossibletoprovidebasicAOPfeatureswithouttoomuchcomplexityineitherdesign,implementation,orconfiguration.TheSAOPframeworkalsotakesfulladvantageoftheSpringContainer.TheSpringAOPframeworkisinterceptionbased,andisconfiguredatruntime.Thisremovestheneedforacompilationsteporload-timeweaving.Ontheotherhand,interceptiononlyallowsforpublicorprotectedmethodexecutiononexistingobjectsatajoinpoint.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第5页。ComparedtotheAspectJframework,SpringAOPislesspowerfulbutalsolesscomplicated.Spring1.2includessupporttoconfigureAspectJaspectsinthecontainer.Spring2.0addedmoreintegrationwithAspectJ;forexample,thepointcutlanguageisreusedandcanbemixedwithSpAOP-basedaspects.Further,Spring2.0addedaSpringAspectslibrarywhichusesAspectJtooffercommonSpringfeaturessuchasdeclarativetransactionmanagementanddependencyinjectionviaAspectJcompile-timeorload-timeweaving.SpringSourcealsousesAspectJforAOPinotherSpringprojectssuchasSpringRooandSpringInsight,withSpringSecurityalsoofferinganAspectJ-basedaspectlibrary.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第5页。SpringAOPhasbeendesignedtomakeitabletoworkwithcross-cuttingconcernsinsidetheSpringFramework.AnyobjectwhichiscreatedandconfiguredbythecontainercanbeenrichedusingSpringAOP.TheSpringFrameworkusesSpringAOPinternallyfortransactionmanagement,security,remoteaccess,andJMX.Sinceversion2.0oftheframework,SpringprovidestwoapproachestotheAOPconfiguration:schema-basedapproach.@AspectJ-basedannotationstyle.TheSpringteamdecidednottointroducenewAOP-relatedterminology;therefore,intheSpringreferencedocumentationandAPI,termssuchasaspect,joinpoint,advice,pointcut,introduction,targetobject(advisedobject),AOPproxy,andweavingallhavethesamemeaningsasinmostotherAOPframeworks(particularlyAspectJ).DataaccessframeworkSpring'sdataaccessframeworkaddressescommondifficultiesdevelopersfacewhenworkingwithdatabasesinapplications.SupportisprovidedforallpopulardataaccessframeworksinJava:JDBC,iBatis,Hibernate,JDO,JPA,OracleTopLink,ApacheOJB,andApacheCayenne,amongothers.Forallofthesesupportedframeworks,Springprovidesthesefeatures:Resourcemanagement-automaticallyacquiringandreleasingdatabaseresourcesExceptionhandling-translatingdataaccessrelatedexceptiontoaSpringdataaccesshierarchyTransactionparticipation-transparentparticipationinongoingtransactionsResourceunwrapping-retrievingdatabaseobjectsfromconnectionpoolwrappersAbstractionforBLOBandCLOBhandling信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第6页。AllthesefeaturesbecomeavailablewhenusingTemplateclassesprovidedbySpringforeachsupportedframework.CriticssaytheseTemplateclassesareintrusiveandoffernoadvantageoverusing(forexample)theHibernateAPI..directly.Inresponse,theSpringdevelopershavemadeitpossibletousetheHibernateandJPAAPIsdirectly.Thishoweverrequirestransparenttransactionmanagement,asapplicationcodenolongerassumestheresponsibilitytoobtainandclosedatabaseresources,anddoesnotsupportexceptiontranslation.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第6页。TogetherwithSpring'stransactionmanagement,itsdataaccessframeworkoffersaflexibleabstractionforworkingwithdataaccessframeworks.TheSpringFrameworkdoesn'tofferacommondataaccessAPI;instead,thefullpowerofthesupportedAPIsiskeptintact.TheSpringFrameworkistheonlyframeworkavailableinJavawhichoffersmanageddataaccessenvironmentsoutsideofanapplicationserverorcontainer.WhileusingSpringfortransactionmanagementwithHibernate,thefollowingbeansmayhavetobeconfigured.TransactionmanagementframeworkSpring'stransactionmanagementframeworkbringsanabstractionmechanismtotheJavaplatform.Itsabstractioniscapableofworkingwithlocalandglobaltransactions(localtransactiondoesnotrequireanapplicationserver).workingwithnestedtransactionsworkingwithtransactionsafepointsworkinginalmostallenvironmentsoftheJavaplatformIncomparison,JTAonlysupportsnestedtransactionsandglobaltransactions,andrequiresanapplicationserver(andinsomecasesalsodeploymentofapplicationsinanapplicationserver).TheSpringFrameworkshipsaPlatformTransactionManagerforanumberoftransactionmanagementstrategies:TransactionsmanagedonaJDBCConnectionTransactionsmanagedonObject-relationalmappingUnitsofWorkTransactionsmanagedviatheJTATransactionManagerandUserTransactionTransactionsmanagedonotherresources,likeobjectdatabasesNexttothisabstractionmechanismtheframeworkalsoprovidestwowaysofaddingtransactionmanagementtoapplications:Programmatically,byusingSpring'sTransactionTemplateConfiguratively,byusingmetadatalikeXMLorJava5annotations信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第7页。TogetherwithSpring'sdataaccessframework—whichintegratesthetransactionmanagementframework—itispossibletosetupatransactionalsystemthroughconfigurationwithouthavingtorelyonJTAorEJB.Thetransactionalframeworkalsointegrateswithmessagingandcachingengines.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第7页。TheBoneCPSpring/HibernatepagecontainsafullexampleprojectofSpringusedinconjunctionwithHibernate.Model-view-controllerframeworkTheSpringFrameworkfeaturesitsownMVCframework,whichwasn'toriginallyplanned.TheSpringdevelopersdecidedtowritetheirownwebframeworkasareactiontowhattheyperceivedasthepoordesignofthepopularJakartaStrutswebframework,aswellasdeficienciesinotheravailableframeworks.Inparticular,theyfelttherewasinsufficientseparationbetweenthepresentationandrequesthandlinglayers,andbetweentherequesthandlinglayerandthemodel.LikeStruts,SpringMVCisarequest-basedframework.Theframeworkdefinesstrategyinterfacesforalloftheresponsibilitieswhichmustbehandledbyamodernrequest-basedframework.Thegoalofeachinterfaceistobesimpleandclearsothatit'seasyforSpringMVCuserstowritetheirownimplementationsiftheysochoose.MVCpavesthewayforcleanerfrontendcode.AllinterfacesaretightlycoupledtotheServletAPI.ThistightcouplingtotheServletAPIisseenbysomeasafailureonthepartoftheSpringdeveloperstoofferahigh-levelabstractionforweb-basedapplications[citationneeded].However,thiscouplingmakessurethatthefeaturesoftheServletAPIremainavailabletodeveloperswhileofferingahighabstractionframeworktoeaseworkingwithsaidAPI.TheDispatcherServletclassisthefrontcontrolleroftheframeworkandisresponsiblefordelegatingcontroltothevariousinterfacesduringtheexecutionphasesofaHTTPrequest.ThemostimportantinterfacesdefinedbySpringMVC,andtheirresponsibilities,arelistedbelow:HandlerMapping:selectingobjectswhichhandleincomingrequests(handlers)basedonanyattributeorconditioninternalorexternaltothoserequestsHandlerAdapter:executionofobjectswhichhandleincomingrequestsController:comesbetweenModelandViewtomanageincomingrequestsandredirecttoproperresponse.Itessentiallyislikeagatethatdirectstheincominginformation.Itswitchesbetweengoingintomodelorview.View:responsibleforreturningaresponsetotheclient.Itispossibletogostraighttoviewwithoutgoingtothemodelpart.Itisalsopossibletogothroughallthree.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第8页。ViewResolver:selectingaViewbasedonalogicalnamefortheview(useisnotstrictlyrequired)信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第8页。HandlerInterceptor:interceptionofincomingrequestscomparablebutnotequaltoServletfilters(useisoptionalandnotcontrolledbyDispatcherServlet).LocaleResolver:resolvingandoptionallysavingofthelocaleofanindividualuserMultipartResolver:facilitateworkingwithfileuploadsbywrappingincomingrequestsEachstrategyinterfaceabovehasanimportantresponsibilityintheoverallframework.Theabstractionsofferedbytheseinterfacesarepowerful,sotoallowforasetofvariationsintheirimplementations,SpringMVCshipswithimplementationsofalltheseinterfacesandtogetheroffersafeaturesetontopoftheServletAPI.However,developersandvendorsarefreetowriteotherimplementations.SpringMVCusestheJavajava.util.Mapinterfaceasadata-orientedabstractionfortheModelwherekeysareexpectedtobestringvalues.TheeaseoftestingtheimplementationsoftheseinterfacesseemsoneimportantadvantageofthehighlevelofabstractionofferedbySpringMVC.DispatcherServletistightlycoupledtotheSpringInversionofControlcontainerforconfiguringtheweblayersofapplications.However,applicationscanuseotherpartsoftheSpringFramework—includingthecontainer—andchoosenottouseSpringMVC.BecauseSpringMVCusestheSpringcontainerforconfigurationandassembly,web-basedapplicationscantakefulladvantageoftheInversionofControlfeaturesofferedbythecontainer.Thisframeworkallowsformultilayering.Itallowsforthecodetobebrokenapartandusedmoreeffectivelyinsegments,whileallowingthemvctodothework.Itallowsforbackandforthtransmissionofdata.Somedesignsaremorelinearwithoutallowingaforwardandbackwardflowofinformation.MVCisdesignedverynicelytoallowthisinteraction.Itisusedmorethanjustinwebdesign,butalsoincomputerprogramming.It'sveryeffectiveforwebdesign.Basicallyallowsachecksandbalancesystemtooccurwherebeforebeingvieweditcanbeproperlyexamined.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第9页。RemoteaccessframeworkSpring'sRemoteAccessframeworkisanabstractionforworkingwithvariousRPC-basedtechnologiesavailableontheJavaplatformbothforclientconnectivityandexportingobjectsonservers.ThemostimportantfeatureofferedbythisframeworkistoeaseconfigurationandusageofthesetechnologiesasmuchaspossiblebycombiningInversionofControlandAOP.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第9页。Theframeworkalsoprovidesfault-recovery(automaticreconnectionafterconnectionfailure)andsomeoptimizationsforclient-sideuseofEJBremotestatelesssessionbeans.Convention-Over-ConfigurationRapidApplicationDevelopmentSpringRooisSpring'sConvention-over-configurationsolutionforrapidlybuildingapplicationsinJava.ItcurrentlysupportsSpringFramework,SpringSecurityandSpringWebFlow,withremainingSpringprojectsscheduledtobeaddedinduecourse.Roodiffersfromotherrapidapplicationdevelopmentframeworksbyfocusingon:ThefollowingdiagramrepresentstheSpringFrameworkArchitecture2.2StrutsIntroductionApacheStrutsFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaJumpto:navigation,search"Struts"redirectshere.Forthestructuralcomponent,seestrut.Forothermeanings,seestrut(disambiguation).Thisarticleincludesalistofreferences,butitssourcesremainunclearbecauseithasinsufficientinlinecitations.Pleasehelptoimprovethisarticlebyintroducingmoreprecisecitationswhereappropriate.ApacheStrutsisanopen-sourcewebapplicationframeworkfordevelopingJavaEEwebapplications.ItusesandextendstheJavaServletAPItoencouragedeveloperstoadoptamodel-view-controller(MVC)architecture.ItwasoriginallycreatedbyCraigMcClanahananddonatedtotheApacheFoundationinMay,2000.FormerlylocatedundertheApacheJakartaProjectandknownasJakartaStruts,itbecameatoplevelApacheprojectin2005.DesigngoalsandoverviewinastandardJavaEEwebapplication,theclientwilltypicallysubmitinformationtotheserverviaawebform.TheinformationistheneitherhandedovertoaJavaServletthatprocessesit,interactswithadatabaseandproducesanHTML-formattedresponse,oritisgiventoaJavaServerPages(JSP)documentthatinterminglesHTMLandJavacodetoachievethesameresult.Bothapproachesareoftenconsideredinadequateforlargeprojectsbecausetheymixapplicationlogicwithpresentationandmakemaintenancedifficult.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第10页。ThegoalofStrutsistoseparatethemodel(applicationlogicthatinteractswithadatabase)fromtheview(HTMLpagespresentedtotheclient)andthecontroller(instancethatpassesinformationbetweenviewandmodel).Strutsprovidesthecontroller(aservletknownasActionServlet)andfacilitatesthewritingoftemplatesforthevieworpresentationlayer(typicallyinJSP,butXML/XSLTandVelocityarealsosupported).Thewebapplicationprogrammerisresponsibleforwritingthemodelcode,andforcreatingacentralconfigurationfilestruts-config.xmlthatbindstogethermodel,viewandcontroller.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第10页。Requestsfromtheclientaresenttothecontrollerintheformof"Actions"definedintheconfigurationfile;ifthecontrollerreceivessucharequestitcallsthecorrespondingActionclassthatinteractswiththeapplication-specificmodelcode.Themodelcodereturnsan"ActionForward",astringtellingthecontrollerwhatoutputpagetosendtotheclient.InformationispassedbetweenmodelandviewintheformofspecialJavaBeans.ApowerfulcustomtaglibraryallowsittoreadandwritethecontentofthesebeansfromthepresentationlayerwithouttheneedforanyembeddedJavacode.Strutsiscategorizedasarequest-basedwebapplicationframeworkStrutsalsosupportsinternationalizationbywebforms,andincludesatemplatemechanismcalled"Tiles"that(forinstance)allowsthepresentationlayertobecomposedfromindependentheader,footer,andcontentcomponentsHistoryTheApacheStrutsProjectwaslaunchedinMay2000byCraigR.McClanahantoprovideastandardMVCframeworktotheJavacommunity.InJuly2001,version1.0wasreleased.Struts2wasoriginallyknownasWebWork2.Afterhavingbeendevelopedseparatelyforseveralyears,WebWorkandStrutswerecombinedin2008tocreateStruts2.CompetingMVCframeworksAlthoughStrutsisawell-documented,mature,andpopularframeworkforbuildingfrontendstoJavaapplications,thereareotherframeworkscategorizedas"lightweight"MVCframeworkssuchasSpringMVC,Stripes,Wicket,Play!,andTapestry.ThenewXFormsstandardsandframeworksmayalsobeanotheroptiontobuildingcomplexwebFormvalidationswithStrutsinthefuture.信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第11页。TheWebWorkframeworkspunofffromApacheStrutsaimingtoofferenhancementsandrefinementswhileretainingthesamegeneralarchitectureoftheoriginalStrutsframework.However,itwasannouncedinDe信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献全文共19页，当前为第11页。In2004SunlaunchedanadditiontotheJavaplatform,calledJavaServerFaces(JSF).AsidefromtheoriginalStrutsframework,theApacheprojectpreviouslyofferedaJSF-basedframeworkcalledShale,whichwasretiredinMay2009.InthissectionwewilldiscussaboutArchitecture.StrutsisfamousforitsrobustArchitectureanditisbeingusedfordevelopingsmallandbigsoftwareprojects.StrutsisanopensourceframeworkusedfordevelopingJ2EEwebapplicationsusingModelViewController(MVC)designpattern.ItusesandextendstheJavaServletAPItoencouragedeveloperstoadoptanMVCarchitecture.Strutsframeworkprovidesthreekeycomponents:ArequesthandlerprovidedbytheapplicationdeveloperthatisusedtomappedtoaparticularURI.Aresponsehandlerwhichisusedtotransferthecontroltoanotherresourcewhichwillberesponsibleforcompletingtheresponse.AtaglibrarywhichhelpsdeveloperstocreatetheinteractiveformbasedapplicationswithserverpagesLearnStruts2.2.1frameworkStrutsprovidesyouthebasicinfrastructureinfrastructureforimplementingMVCallowingthedeveloperstoconcentrateonthebusinesslogicThemainaimoftheMVCarchitectureistoseparatethebusinesslogicandapplicationdatafromthepresentationdatatotheuser.HerearethereasonswhyweshouldusetheMVCdesignpatternTheyareresuable:Whentheproblemsrecurs,thereisnoneedtoinventanewsolution,wejusthavetofollowthepatternandadaptitasnecessary.Theyareexpressive:ByusingtheMVCdesignpatternourapplicationbecomesmoreexpressive.1).Model:Themodelobjectknowsaboutallthedatathatneedtobedisplayed.Itismodelwhoisawareaboutalltheoperationsthatcanbeappliedtotransformthatobject.Itonlyrepresentsthedataofanapplication.Themodelrepresentsenterprisedataandthebusinessrulesthatgovernaccesstoandupdatesofthisdata.Modelisnotawareaboutthepresentationdataandhowthatdata