2010年考研英语一真题及答案

2010年入学考试英语试题

SectionI UseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

①In1924America’sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsataephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornentnearChicago.②Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowshop-floorlighting1workers’productivity.③Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangessubjects’behavior.

①Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomeninthent.②Accordingto

5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.③Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.④A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe

9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.

①Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricysis.②TheHawthorneexperimentshadanothersurpriseinstore.③12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.

①Itturnsoutthatthepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationsofwhathappened.②15,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.③WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand

17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.④18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondays.⑤Workers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20ateauandthenslackeningoff.⑥Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown.(285words)

1.[A]affected

[B]achieved

[C]extracted

[D]restored

2.[A]at

[B]up

[C]with

[D]off

3.[A]truth

[B]sight

[C]act

[D]proof

4.[A]controversial

[B]perplexing

[C]mischievous

[D]ambiguous

5.[A]requirements

[B]exnations

[C]accounts

[D]assessments

6.[A]conclude

[B]matter

[C]indicate

[D]work

7.[A]asfaras

[B]forfearthat

[C]incasethat

[D]solongas

8.[A]awareness

[B]expectation

[C]sentiment

[D]illusion

9.[A]suitable

[B]excessive

[C]enough

[D]abundant

10.[A]about

[B]for

[C]on

[D]by

11.[A]compared

[B]shown

[C]subjected

[D]conveyed

12.[A]Contraryto

[B]Consistentwith

[C]Parallelwith

[D]Peculiarto

13.[A]evidence

[B]guidance

[C]implication

[D]source

14.[A]disputable

[B]enlightening

[C]reliable

[D]misleading

15.[A]Incontrast

[B]Forexample

[C]Inconsequence

[D]Asusual

16.[A]duly

[B]accidentally

[C]unpredictably

[D]suddenly

17.[A]failed

[B]ceased

[C]started

[D]

18.[A]Therefore

[B]Furthermore

[C]However

[D]Meanwhile

19.[A]attempted

[B]tended

[C]chose

[D]intended

20.[A]breaking

[B]climbing

[C]surpassing

[D]hitting

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

OfallthechangesthathavetakenceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

①Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.②Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.③Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.

①WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.②Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.③Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnest

,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.④Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.⑤“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorlirygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,” wrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadto

writerswhoare’.”

①Unfortunay,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.②NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.③Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.④Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.

⑤Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknown

savetospecialists.

①IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevival?②Theprospectseemsremote.③Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.④Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.(428words)

ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that .

artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers

English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews

high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders

youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies

NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby .

[A]themes

casualstyle

elaboratelayout

radicalviewpoints

WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandmostprobablyagreeon?

Itiswriters’dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.

Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.

Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays

TheLostHorizoninNewspapers

MournfulDeclineofJournalism

ProminentCriticsinMemory

Text2

①Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.② receivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.③MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.④Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.

①Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompleyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.②Inamovethathasinlectual-propertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.③InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.④It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”

①Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.②Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.③Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.④In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.⑤Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.

①TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.②TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsStateStreetBankruling.

①TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.②LastApril,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.③ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt”,saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.（430words）

Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof .

theirlimitedvaluetobusinesses

theirconnectionwithassetallocation

thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting

thecontroversyovertheirauthorization

WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.

Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction.

IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit.

ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.

Theword“about-face”(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans .

lossofgoodwill [B]increaseofhostility

[C]changeofattitude [D]enhancementofdignity

Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents .

areimmunetolegalchallenges

areoftenunnecessarilyissued

lowertheesteemforpatentholders

increasetheincidenceofrisks

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents.

Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.

Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.

Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents.

Text3

①InhisbookTheTipPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthat“socialepidemics”aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwellconnected.②Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn’texinhowideasactuallyspread.

①Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“two-stepflowofcommunication”:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.②Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.③Thetheoryalsoseemstoexinthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.④Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelowhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.⑤Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.

①Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.②Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredatall.

①Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinteral,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofa

populationsimplydon’tin ctwiththatmanyothers.②Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.③Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluence

theirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.④Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,thecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.

①Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinteralinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.②Theyfoundthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatiscalled“globalcascades”—thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks—isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.(442words)

BycitingthebookTheTipPoint,theauthorintendsto .

yzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics

discussinfluentials’functioninspreadingideas

exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics

describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials

Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"two-step-flowtheory" .

servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems

hashelpedexincertainprevalenttrends

haswonsupportfrominfluentials

requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity

Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat .

thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialin ctions

interallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia

influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic

mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention

Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheoneswho .

stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence

havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence

areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers

areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential

Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?

Theeagernesstobeaccepted.

Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers.

Thereadinesstobeinfluenced.

Theinclinationtorelyonothers.

Text4

①Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.②Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.③Theirrules,moanthebanks,havedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit’sjustnotfair.④Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.

①Unfortunay,banks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.②Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.③And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.

①AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.②Thesegavebanksmoredomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheir estatements.③BobHerz,theFASB’schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives.”④Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppoliycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.”

①EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.②TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallnning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.③McCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealworld”andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.

①Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongnet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.

②Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.③Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.

④Butbanks’sharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.⑤Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.

①Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.②America’snewntobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.③Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.④TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.⑤Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.(430words)

Bankerscominedthattheyweredto .

followunfavorableassetevaluationrules

collectpaymentsfromthirdparties

cooperatewiththepricemanagers

reevaluatesomeoftheirassets

Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin .

thediminishingroleofmanagement

therevivalofthebankingsystem

thebanks’long-termassetlosses

theweakeningofitsindependence

AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB’sattemptto .

keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences

evadethepressurefromtheirpeers

actontheirowninrule-setting

takegradualmeasuresinreform

Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongnet”inthatthey .

misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators

exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets

neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts

deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets

Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof .

satisfaction [B]skepticism [C]objectiveness [D]sympathy

PartB

Directions:

ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout:theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkincesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.

RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriedmerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,

profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.

Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Defini ynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultima ybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.

Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirgiganticscale,existinginfrastructure,andprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketinginligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.

Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain—aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretoosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon’teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”:hos,restaurants,andcafés.Overall,Europe’swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.

Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescameto$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000—morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.

However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensomelargefoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains.

→

→

→

→E→

45.

44.

43.

42.

41.

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto .YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.

Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit,weinventexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.

Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearerthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.

Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymlsandfish-eatingbirds.(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthless”species.Hereagain,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehearthemorehonestargumentthatpredatorsaremembersofthecommunity,andthatnospecialinteresthastherighttoexterminatethemforthesakeofabenefit,realorfancied,toitself.

Somespeciesoftreehavebeen“readoutoftheparty”byeconomics-mindedersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaluetopayastimbercrops.(49)InEurope,whereryisecologicallymoreadvanced,the mercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativecommunity,tobepassuch,withinreason.Moreover,somehavebeenfoundtohaveavaluablefunctioninbuildingupsoilfertility.Theinterdependenceoftheanditsconstituenttreespecies,groundflora,andfaunaistakenforgranted.

Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.

SectionⅢWriting

PartA

Directions:

YouaresupposedtowriteforthePostgraduates’Associationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization.Thenoticeshouldincludethebasicqualificationsforapplicantsandtheotherinformationwhichyouthinkisrelevant.

Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use

“Postgraduates’Association”instead.(10points)

PartB

Directions:

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould

describethedrawingbriefly,

exinitsintendedmeaning,andthen

giveyourcomments.

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

答案速查表

SectionⅠUseofEnglish(10points)

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.D

11.C 12.A 13.A14.D 15.B 16.A 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.D

SectionⅡReadingComprehension(60points)

PartA(40points)

21.B 22.A23.D 24.A25.B 26.C27