新时代交互英语读写译3、4级中国文化

TraditionalChinesefestivalTraditionalChinesefestivalsareusuallyfixedaccordingtotheLunarcalendar.January1stonlunarcalendarhasbeendesignatedastheSpringFestival(generallyreferredtoasguonian).ThereareseveralcustomsduringtheSpringFestival,suchasprayingforagoodharvest,etc.TheSpringFestivalisthemostceremonioustraditionalfestivalinChinaandsymbolizesunityandprosperity.SomeothersignificantChinesefestivalsincludetheLanternFestival,thePureBrightFestival,theDragonBoatFestival,theDouble-seventhFestival,theMid-AutumnFestival,theDouble-NinthFestival,theWinterSolstice,andtheEighthDayoftheTwelfthLunarMonth,etc.Eachfestivalhasitsownuniqueoriginandcustom.TheseChinesefestivalsthatfollowtheLunarcalendararedifferentfromthe24SolarTermsintheLunarcalendar.TheyembodyChina’scohesionandvitality.中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现。ChineseteacultureAsatraditionaldrinkforChinesepeople,ChineseteaisbelievedtohavefirststartedwithChineseEmperorShenNong,andflourishedintheTangandSongDynasties(618AD-1279AD).Makingteawasconsideredoneofthesevenbasicdailynecessitiesalongwithfuel,rice,oil,salt,soysauceandvinegar,whiledrinkingteaisanaptportrayalofdailylifeinChina.Teacultureistheextensionandgeneralizationofthescienceandthehumanitiescharacteroftea.InChina,theteaspiritblendsthethoughtsofConfucianism,BuddhismandTaoism,anditaimstohelppeoplecultivatebothmindandbody,comprehendthetruth,andelevatetherealmoflifethroughtheartofdrinkingtea.茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋（618—1279）。开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。中国的茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，体悟大道，提升人生境界。TraditionalChinesepaintingThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting.AndpaintingparticularlyreferstotraditionalChinesepainting.TraditionalChinesepaintingisdoneChinesegrottoesChinesegrottoesmainlyreflecttheartofBuddhistculture.InChina,therearefourmajorartlandscapesofgrottoes:theMogaoGrottoesatDunhuang,theYungangGrottoesatDatong,theLongmenGrottoesatLuoyang,andtheMaijishanGrottoesatTianshui.Carvedandpaintedonmountains,theBuddhistgrottoesminglebothsublimityandsecularfeelingstogether,presentingusavividandnaturalappearance.Theyembodythesystematiccombinationofboththeexceptionalartistryofgreatnatureandtheextremelyfinecraftsmanshipofmankind.TheChineseBuddhistgrottoesareregardedasaprofoundandstunninggeneralartgallery,whicharecomposedofarchitecture,painting,sculptures,etc.TheartisticachievementsofChinesegrottoeshaveattractedtheattentionoftheworld,andhavebecomeimportantinternationalculturalheritage.中国石窟主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇高美与世俗情融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界所瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。ChineseclassicalliteratureChineseclassicalliteratureincludespoetry,prose,fictionandci(newlyricswrittentopre-existingtunes),fu(“descriptivepoems”ofprose-poetry),qu(afreerformbasedonthenewpopularsongsanddramaticarias),andmanyotherstyles.Itsartisticexpressionsarevariousintechnique.FourclassicsofChineseliteratureare“RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,”“WaterMargin,”“JourneytotheWest,”and“DreamofRedMansions,”whichhaveextensiveandfar-reachingsignificancebothonanationalandinternationallevel.Throughreading“thefourfamousnovels”carefully,youcanexperiencetraditionalChinesesocietyandhumanculture,andfolklorecustoms.AnditisanimportantwaytoabsorbthequintessenceofthetraditionalChinesecultureaswellastopickupstrategiesandwisdomonhowtogetalongwithothers.中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。而小说中的《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》、《红楼梦》则被称为中国四大古典文学名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大名著能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途径。ChinesePorcelainPorcelainisregardedasoneofChina’soutstandingcontributionstotheworld’scivilization.AsearlyastheNeolithicAgeabout8,000yearsago,theChineseancestorsinventedandbegantousepottery.Proto-porcelainwasinventedinthemid-ShangDynasty(1600BC-1046BC).CeladonwasmouldedinthelateHanDynasty(206BC-220AD).Fromthenon,porcelainwasintroducedbyChinatotherestoftheworld.Chinawasthereforedubbedthe“porcelaincountry.”InEnglish,theword“china”hasbecomeawordthatrepresents“China.”瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的伟大贡献。早在八千年前的新石器时代，中国的先民就发明使用了陶器。商代（前1600—前1046）中期创造出了原始瓷器。汉代（前206—公元220）末期烧制出成熟的青瓷。以后瓷器由中国传播到世界各地，中国也博得了“瓷之国”的称号。英文中“瓷器（china）”一词已成为“中国”的代名词。Unit6Book3中国古典文学名著中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。而小说中的《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》、《红楼梦》则被称为中国四大古典文学名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大名著能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途径。ChineseClassicalLiteratureChineseclassicalliteratureincludespoetry,prose,fictionandci(newlyricswrittentopre-existingtunes),fu(“descriptivepoems”ofprosepoetry),qu(afreerformbasedonthenewpopularsongsanddramaticarias),andmanyotherstyles.Itsartisticexpressionsarevariousintechnique.FourclassicsofChineseliteratureareRomanceoftheThreekingdoms,WaterMargin,JourneytotheWest,andDreamoftheRedMansions,whichhaveextensiveandfar-reachingsignificancebothonanationalandinternationallevel.Throughreadig“thefourfamousnovels”carefully,youcanexperiencetraditionalChinesesocietyandhumancultureandfolklorecustoms.AnditisanimportantwaytoabsorbthequintessenceofthetraditionalChinesecultureaswellastopickupstrategiesandwisdomonhowtogetalongwithothers.Unit1Book4剪纸剪纸又叫刻纸、窗花或剪画。剪纸在纸的发明之前就已流行，当时人们运用金箔、绢帛、皮革等片状材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代（前206—公元220），纸张的发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题，表达对美好生活的向往。Paper-cuttingPaper-cutting(otherwiseknownasjianzhi)isalsocalledkezhi,chuanghuaorjianhua.Paper-cuttingwaspopularevenbeforepaperwasinvented.Whentherewasnopaper,peoplecarvedongoldleaf,sick,feathers,andsoon,withacarvingtechniqueknownashollow-cuttingtomakehandicrafts.IntheHanDynasty(206BC~220AD),theinventionofpaperpromotedthedevelopmentandpopularityofpaper-cutting.Thefolkthemesofthepaper-cuttingarerootedinreallife,fillingwiththethemesofenjoyingalifeofeaseandcomfort,andexpressingthedesireforahappylife.Unit2book4儒家思想Confuciusthought,alsocalledConfucianism,wasestablishedbyConfucius,agreatthinkerandeducatorwholivedinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod(770BC-476BC).SomerepresentativesofConfucianismthroughoutChinesehistoryincludeMencius,DongZhongshu,Zhuxi,andWangYangming.ThemainclassicsofConfucianismareFourBooks(TheGreatLearning,TheDoctrineoftheMean,TheAnalectsofConfucius,andMencius)andTheFiveClassics(Zhouyi,Shangshu(CollectionofAncientTexts),TheBookofSongs,TheRites,andTheSpringandAutumnAnnals).TheConfucianschoolregards“benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdomandfidelity”asbeingatthecoreofitsethicalsystem.Confucianismwasthemainideologyofthefeudalsocietyformorethan2,000yearsinChina.儒家思想也称为儒学，由春秋（前770年—前476年）末期伟大的思想家、教育家孔子所创立。历代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王阳明等。主要经典有：四书（《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》），五经（《周易》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《礼记》、《春秋》）等。儒家学派以“仁、义、礼、智、信”为核心内容，构成了其伦理思想体系，是中国古代长达两千余年封建社会的主流意识。Unit3Book4中国象棋中国象棋早在战国时期（前475—前221）就有记载，最初称为六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（960—1127）末期定型为近代模式。棋盘为九竖十横线画成的长方形平面，是中国封建社会制度和文化的缩影-----有中军帐（九宫）、士位（士、仕）、文官（象、相）、武将（车、马、炮）、士兵（兵、卒）。是世界四大棋类（中国围棋、中国象棋、国际象棋、日本将棋）之一。ChineseChessTheearliestrecordsofChinesechesscanbetracedbacktotheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC~221BC).Theearly-stageChinesechesswascomposedofsixpiecescarvedoutofivory,andwasthereforecalled“SixBoxing”.ItsfinalformofplaywasfixedattheendofNorthernSongDynasty(960AD~1127AD)afteralongperiodofdevelopment.Thechessboardisarectangularboardthatis9lineswideby10lineslong.Composedofmarshalorgeneral,advisors(scholarorofficial),civilofficials(elephantorminister),militaryofficers(chariots,horses,andcannons),andsoldiers(soldiersorpawns),ChinesechessisChinesesocialinstitutionandcultureinminiature.Itisalsooneofthefourmostpopularchessgamesintheworld,theotherthreebeingtheChineseWeiqi,thegameofchess,andshogi(orgeneral’schess).二十四节气中国古代的先民们，根据太阳在黄道（即地球绕太阳公转的轨道）上的位置，将一年均分为二十四个等分，并分别赋予具有特定含义的专有名称，如春分、清明等，这便是二十四节气。二十四节气以黄河流域气候为背景，把自然季节现象与农事活动的相互联系作为内容列入历法，用以指导农业生产。它是中国古代先民们独特而伟大的历法。TheancientChinesedividedayearinto24equalsegmentsaccordingtothepositionsofthesunontheecliptic.Namesweregivenwithspecialconnotationsforthesesegments;suchasvernalequinox(OccursonMarch20or21)andpurebrightness(occursonApril4,5or6);andhencetheyarecalledthe24SolarTerms.OriginatingfromtheReachesofYellowRiver,the24SolarTermsarebasicallyacalendartogovernagriculturalarrangementswhichtakesintoaccountofthechangesinclimatesandthepracticalagriculturalneeds.The24SolarTermsareconsideredagreatanduniquecreationoftheancientChinese.中国书法中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“书”特指书法。它是用毛笔书写篆、隶、楷、行、草等各体汉字的艺术。中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法等，其艺术的和谐之美体现在字里行间。隶书的蚕头燕尾，楷书的中规中矩，草书的龙飞凤舞，行书的潇洒飘逸，可谓异彩纷呈，千姿百态。中国书法体现了中华民族豪爽大气、端庄含蓄的特点。ThefourancientChineseartisticformsarecalledguqin,chess,penmanshipandpainting;andpenmanshipparticularlyreferstoChinesecalligraphy.Chinesecalligraphyisakindofartusingabrushtowritesealscript,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,grassscriptandothervariouswritingstylesofChinesecharacters.ThewritingtechniquesofChinesecalligraphyarehighlightedbythemannerofusingabrush,thewayinkisused,theartofcomposition,andsoon.Itsharmoniousbeautyofartisreflectedinbetweenthelines.Chinesecalligraphyexhibitsitsbeautyindifferentposes,suchastheuniquenessofofficialscript’s“silkwormheadandswallowtail,”theregularscript’srequirementto“sticktothenormandrules,”thecharacteristicofgrassscript’s“flyingdragonsanddancingphoenixes,”andthedistinctive“naturalgrace”ofthecursivescript.Indeed,ChinesecalligraphyreflectsthepersonalityofChinesepeople’sstraightforwardness,dignity,andreticence.中国古琴中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“琴”特指古琴，亦称瑶琴、玉琴、七弦琴，是中国古老的一种弹拨乐器。据《史记》记载，琴的出现不晚于尧舜时期。为区分于西方乐器，现被称作“古琴”。古琴依凤之身形而制并命名各部位，反映出儒家的礼乐思想及中国人所重视的和合性。Asoneofthefourartforms(namelyguqin,chess,penmanshipandpainting)inancientChina,guqinisakindofpluckedstringinstrumentwhichisalsoknownasyaoqin,yuqinandqixianqin.AccordingtotheChinesehistorybookShihChi,qinappearednolaterthantheYaoandSuneras.InordertobedistinguisheditfromsimilarmusicalinstrumentsoftheWest,itwascalledguqin.Theguqin’sdesignimitatestheshapeofaphoenix.Peoplealsonameddifferentpartsofguqinafterthenamesofvariousbodypartsofthephoenix.ThisnamingmethodreflectsConfucius’sthoughtsonmusicandtheideologyofharmonythatChinesepeoplevalue.十二生肖十二生肖是中国用十二种动物所组成的记年方法。我国自古就有“干支记年法”，而我国西北地区游牧的少数民族则以动物记年，两种记年法相互融合，形成了现在的十二生肖，即：子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌狗、亥猪。属相的基本意义在于使人们圆融通达、和衷共济。TheChineseZodiacistheChinesewayofnumberingtheyears.Itattributesananimaltoeachyear,accordingtoa12-yearcycle.Sinceancienttimes,theChinesepeoplebegantouseHeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBranchestorecordthepassingofyears.Atthesametime,ChinesenomadicpeoplewholivedinthenorthwestChinainsteadusedanimalstonumbertheyears.Thetwowaysofnumberingtheyearsweresmoothlyintegrated,andtheChineseZodiactookshape.The12animalsintheChineseZodiacare:rat,ox,tiger,rabbit,dragon,snake,horse,ram,monkey,rooster,dogandpig.Themeaningofthesymbolicanimalofthebirthyearisthatitcan