新托福测试题

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1.

Whatisthemainreasonthatpeopledevelopedmethodsofrefrigeration?

eq\o\ac(○,A)

Theywantedtoimprovetheflavorandnutritionalvalueoffood.

eq\o\ac(○,B)

Theyneededtoslowthenaturalprocessesthatcausefoodtospoil.

eq\o\ac(○,C)

Theyneededausefortheicethatformedonlakesandrivers.

eq\o\ac(○,D)

Theywantedtoexpandtheproductionofcertainindustries.

2.

Thewordperishableinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto

eq\o\ac(○,A)

capableofspoiling

eq\o\ac(○,B)

uncooked

eq\o\ac(○,C)

ofanimalorigin

eq\o\ac(○,D)

highlynutritious

3.

Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutcoldstoragebeforetheinventionofartificialrefrigeration?

eq\o\ac(○,A)

Itkeptfoodcoldforonlyaboutaweek.

eq\o\ac(○,B)

Itwasdependentonasourceoficeorsnow.

eq\o\ac(○,C)

Itrequiredacontainermadeofmetalorwood.

eq\o\ac(○,D)

Itwasnotasafemethodofpreservingmeat.

4.

ArtificialrefrigerationinvolvesallofthefollowingprocessesEXCEPT

eq\o\ac(○,A)

thepumpingofwatervaporthroughapipe

eq\o\ac(○,B)

therapidexpansionofcertaingases

eq\o\ac(○,C)

theevaporationofavolatileliquid

eq\o\ac(○,D)

thetransferofheatfromoneplacetoanother

5.

Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinparagraph2?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

eq\o\ac(○,A)

Ittakesalotofenergytotransformaliquidintoavapor,especiallywhenthevaporlosesheat.

eq\o\ac(○,B)

Somegasesexpandrapidlyandgiveoffenergywhentheyencounteraverycold

THEDEVELOPMENTOFREFRIGERATION

Coldstorage,orrefrigeration,iskeepingfoodattemperaturesbetween32and45degreesFinordertodelaythegrowthofmicroorganisms—bacteria,molds,andveast—thatcausefoodtospoil.Refrigerationproducesfewchangesinfood,someats,fish,eggs,milk,fruits,andvegetableskeeptheiroriginalflavor,color,andnutrition.Beforeartificialrefrigerationwasinvented,peoplestoredperishablefoodwithiceorsnowtolengthenitsstoragetime.Preservingfoodbykeepingitinanice—filledpitisa4,000-year-oldart.Coldstorageareaswerebuiltinbasements,cellars,orcaves,linedwithwoodorstraw,andpackedwithice.Theicewastransportedfrommountains,orharvestedfromlocallakesorrivers,anddeliveredinlargeblockstohomesandbusinesses.

Artificialrefrigerationistheprocessofremovingheatfromasubstance,container,orenclosedarea,toloweritstemperature.Theheatismovedfromtheinsideofthecontainertotheoutside.Arefrigeratorusestheevaporationofavolatileliquid,orrefrigerant,toabsorbheat.Inmosttypesofrefrigerators,therefrigerantiscompressed,pumpedthroughapipe,andallowedtovaporize.Astheliquidturnstovapor,itlosesheatandgetscolderbecausethemoleculesofvaporuseenergytoleavetheliquid.Themoleculesleftbehindhavelessenergyandsotheliquidbecomescolder.Thus,theairinsidetherefrigeratorischilled.

Scientistsandinventorsfromaroundtheworlddevelopedartificialrefrigerationduringtheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.WilliamCullendemonstratedartificialrefrigerationinScotlandinl748,whenheletethyletherboilintoapartialvacuum.Inl805,AmericaninventorOliverEvansdesignedthefirstrefrigerationmachinethatusedvaporinsteadofliquid.Inl842,physicianJohnGorrieusedEvans’sdesigntocreateanair-coolingapparatustotreatyellow—feverpatientsinaFloridahospital.Gorrielaterlefthismedicalpracticeand

liquid.

eq\o\ac(○,C)

Whenkineticenergyischangedtoheatenergy,liquidmoleculesturnintovapormolecules.

eq\o\ac(○,D)

Duringevaporation,thevapormoleculesuseenergy,andtheliquidbecomescolder.

6.

Accordingtothepassage,whowasthefirstpersontouseartificialrefrigerationforapracticalpurpose?

eq\o\ac(○,A)

WilliamCullen

eq\o\ac(○,B)

OliverEvans

eq\o\ac(○,C)

JohnGorrie

eq\o\ac(○,D)

AdolphusBusch

7.

Theworditinparagraph3refersto

eq\o\ac(○,A)

printer

eq\o\ac(○,B)

refrigerator

eq\o\ac(○,C)

type

eq\o\ac(○,D)

ether

8.

Whydoestheauthordiscussthebrewingindustryinparagraph4?

eq\o\ac(○,A)

Tocomparecavestoragewithmechanicalrefrigeration

eq\o\ac(○,B)

Todescribetheuniqueproblemsthatbrewersfaced

eq\o\ac(○,C)

Topraisetheaccomplishmentsofaprominentbrewer

eq\o\ac(○,D)

Toshowhowrefrigerationchangedawholeindustry

9.

Thewordconstrainedinparagraph4isclosestinmeaningto

eq\o\ac(○,A)

restricted

eq\o\ac(○,B)

spoiled

eq\o\ac(○,C)

improved

eq\o\ac(○,D)

alternated

10.

Accordingtothepassage,thefirstrefrigeratedrailcarusedwhatmaterialasacoolingagent?

eq\o\ac(○,A)

Ether

eq\o\ac(○,B)

Ice

eq\o\ac(○,C)

Ammonia

eq\o\ac(○,D)

CFCs

11.

Thewordtoxicinparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto

experimentedwithicemaking,andinl85lhewasgrantedthefirstU.S.patentformechanicalrefrigeration.Inthesameyear,anAustralianprinter,JamesHarrison,builtanetherrefrigeratorafternoticingthatwhenhecleanedhistypewithetheritbecameverycoldastheetherevaporated.Fiveyearslater,Harrisonintroducedvapor-compressionrefrigerationtothebrewingandmeatpackingindustries.

BrewingwasthefirstindustryintheUnitedStatestousemechanicalrefrigerationextensively,andinthe1870s,commercialrefrigerationwasprimarilydirectedatbreweries.German-bornAdolphusBuschwasthefirsttouseartificialrefrigerationathisbreweryinSt.Louis.Beforerefrigeration,brewersstoredtheirbeerincaves,andproductionwasconstrainedbytheamountofavailablecavespace.Brewingwasstrictlyalocalbusiness,sincebeerwashighlyperishableandshippingitanydistancewouldresultinspoilage.Buschsolvedthestorageproblemwiththecommercialvapor-compressionrefrigerator.Hesolvedheshippingproblemwiththenewlyinventedrefrigeratedrailcar,whichwasinsulatedwithicebunkersineachend.Aircameinonthetop,passedthroughthebunkers,andcirculatedthroughthecarbygravity.InsolvingBusch’sspoilageandstorageproblems,refrigerationalsorevolutionizedanentireindustry.By1891,nearlyeverybrewerywasequippedwithmechanicalrefrigeratingmachines.

Therefrigeratorsoftodayrelyonthesamebasicprincipleofcoolingcausedbytherapidevaporationandexpansionofgases.Untill929,refrigeratorsusedtoxicgases—ammonia,methylchloride,andsulfurdioxide—asrefrigerants.Afterthosegasesaccidentallykilledseveralpeople,chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)becamethestandardrefrigerant.However,theywerefoundtobeharmfultotheearth’sozonelayer,sorefrigeratorsnowusearefrigerantcalledHF134a,whichislessharmfultotheozone.

eq\o\ac(○,A)

dense

eq\o\ac(○,B)

poisonous

eq\o\ac(○,D)

ManynewcomerstoCanadamustworkhardtomasterthenationalstyleofpronouncingEnglish.

22.

AllofthefollowingwordsoriginatedinNorthAmericanIndianlanguagesEXCEPT

eq\o\ac(○,A)

kerosene

eq\o\ac(○,B)

parka

eq\o\ac(○,C)

Canada

eq\o\ac(○,D)

kayak

23.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutvocabulary?

eq\o\ac(○,A)

VocabularyisthemostdistinctivefeatureofCanadianEnglish.

eq\o\ac(○,B)

WorldStandardEnglishhasaverylargevocabulary.

eq\o\ac(○,C)

CanadiansusemoreNothAmericanIndianwordsthanAmericansdo.

eq\o\ac(○,D)

MuchofthevocabularyforicehockeyoriginatedinCanada.

24.

Theauthordiscussestheexpression“eh”inparagraph6asanexampleof

eq\o\ac(○,A)

anidiomthatuniquelycharacterizesCanadianspeech

eq\o\ac(○,B)

anexpressionthatfewpeopleoutsideCanadahaveheard

eq\o\ac(○,C)

astyleofCanadiandramaandliterature

eq\o\ac(○,D)

awordthatcannotbetranslatedintootherlanguages

“tomato,”and“missile.”ThemostobviousanddistinctivefeatureofCanadianspeechisprobablyitsvowelsound,thediphthong“ou.”InCanada,“out”ispronouncedlike“oat”innearbyU.S.accents.ThereareotheridentifyingfeaturesofCanadianvowels；forexample,“cot”ispronouncedthesameas“caught”and“collar”,thesameas“caller.”

AnimportantcharacteristicofthevocabularyofCanadianEnglishistheuseofmanywordsandphrasesoriginatinginCanadaitself,suchas“kerosene”and“chesterfield”(“sofa”).SeveralwordsareborrowedfromNorthAmericanIndianlanguages,forexample,“kayak,”“caribou,”“parka,”and“skookum”(“strong”).ThenameofthecountryitselfhasanIndianorigin；theIroquoisword“kanata”originallymeant“village.”Anumberoftermsforicehockey—“face-off,”“blue-line,”and“puck”—havebecomepartofWorldStandardEnglish.

SomefeaturesofCanadianEnglishseemtobeuniqueandareoftendeliberatelyidentifiedwithCanadianspeakersinsuchcontextsasdramaticandliterarycharacterizations.AmongtheoriginalCanadianidioms,perhapsthemostfamousisthealmostuniversaluseof“eh?”asatagquestion,asin“That’sagoodmovie,eh?”“Eh”isalsousedasafillerduringanarrative,asin“I’mwalkinghomefromwork,eh,andI’mthinkingaboutdinner.Ifinallygethome,eh,andtherefrigeratorisempty.”

ThetraditionalviewholdsthattherearenodialectsinCanadianEnglishandthatCanadianscannottellwhereotherCanadiansarefromjustbylisteningtothem.Thelinguistsoftodaydisagreewiththisview.WhilethereisagreaterdegreeofhomogeneityinCanadianEnglishcomparedwithAmericanEnglish,severaldialectareasdoexistacrossCanada.LinguistshaveidentifieddistinctdialectsfortheMaritimeProvinces,Newfoundland,theOttawaValley,southernOntario,thePrairieProvinces,theArcticNorth,andtheWest.

Glossary：

diphthong：aspeechsoundthatbeginswithonevowelandchangestoanothervowel

25.

Thewordhomogeneityinparagraph7isclosestinmeaningto

eq\o\ac(○,A)

accent

eq\o\ac(○,B)

change

eq\o\ac(○,C)

creativity

eq\o\ac(○,D)

sameness

26.Lookatthefoursquares,A,B,C,andD,whichindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Thus,“out”rhymeswith“boat,”sothephrase“outandaboutinaboat”soundslike“oatandaboatinaboat”toAmericanears.

ThereisnodistinctiveCanadiangrammar.Thedifferencesaremainlyinpronunciation,vocabulary,andidioms.Canadianpronunciationreflectstheexperienceofapeoplestrugglingfornationalidentityagainsttwostronginfluences.About75percentofCanadiansusetheBritish“zed”ratherthantheAmerican“zee”forthenameofthelastletterofthealphabet.Ontheotherhand,75percentofCanadiansusetheAmericanpronunciationof“schedule,”“tomato,”and“missile.”AThemostobviousanddistinctivefeatureofCanadianspeechisprobablyitsvowelsound,thediphthongou.BInCanada,“out”ispronouncedlike“oat”innearbyU.S.accents.CThereareotheridentifyingfeaturesofCanadianvowels;forexample,“cot”ispronouncedthesameas“caught”and“collar”thesameas“caller.”D

27-28.Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

CanadianEnglishisavarietyofNorthAmericanEnglishthatcontainsseveraldistinguishingfeatures.

●

●

●

AnswerChoices

eq\o\ac(○,A)

CanadianEnglishcontainselementsofbothBritishandAmericanEnglish.

eq\o\ac(○,B)

SeveraluniquevarietiesofEnglishhaveevolvedinNorthAmerica.

eq\o\ac(○,C)

CanadianspronouncemostwordsthesamewayasAmericansdo.

eq\o\ac(○,D)

CanadianEnglishassertsitsdistinctivenessthroughpronunciation.

eq\o\ac(○,E)

WordsandidiomsoriginatinginCanadaalsohelptodefineCanadianEnglish.

eq\o\ac(○,F)

MostCanadianscannotidentifywhereotherCanadiansarefrom.

29.

Thephrasebranchoutinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto

eq\o\ac(○,A)

separate

eq\o\ac(○,B)

hurry

eq\o\ac(○,C)

look

eq\o\ac(○,D)

originate

30.

Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinparagraph2?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

eq\o\ac(○,A)

Physicalanthropologistsinvestigatehowintelligenthumanbeingsevolvedfromcreaturesthatlivedintrees.

eq\o\ac(○,B)

Thereareunansweredquestionsaboutwhysometree—dwellinganimalshaveevolvedonlytwolegs.

eq\o\ac(○,C)

Peoplewanttoknowmoreaboutthebehaviorofanimalsandhowsomeanimalsacquiretheabilitytolearn.

eq\o\ac(○,D)

Someanimalpopulationshavethepowertoaskquestionsandtolearnfromtheeventsofthepast.

31.

Thewordspeculateinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto

eq\o\ac(○,A)

worry

eq\o\ac(○,B)

forget

eq\o\ac(○,C)

disagree

eq\o\ac(○,D)

think

32.

WhydoestheauthordiscusstheLeakeyfamilyinparagraph3?

eq\o\ac(○,A)

ToargueforanincreaseintheamountofresearchinAfrica

eq\o\ac(○,B)

Tocontradictearliertheoriesofhumanevolution

eq\o\ac(○,C)

Togiveexamplesoffieldworkdonebyphysicalanthropologists

eq\o\ac(○,D)

TocomparehominidevidencefromTanzaniawiththatfromKenya

33.

Whichofthefollowingisofmajorinteresttobothphysicalandculturalanthropologists?

eq\o\ac(○,A)

Methodsofphysiologyandgenetics

eq\o\ac(○,B)

Religiousbeliefsandpractices

THESCIENCEOFANTHROPOLOGY

Throughvariousmethodsofresearch,anthropologiststrytofittogetherthepiecesofthehumanpuzzle—todiscoverhowhumanitywasfirstachieved,whatmadeitbranchoutindifferentdirections,andwhyseparatesocietiesbehavesimilarlyinsomewaysbutquitedifferentlyinotherways.Anthropology,whichemergedasanindependentscienceinthelateeighteenthcentury,hastwomaindivisions:physicalanthropologyandculturalanthropology.Physicalanthropologyfocusesonhumanevolutionandvariationandusesmethodsofphysiology,genetics,andecology.Culturalanthropologyfocusesoncultureandincludesarchaeology,socialanthropology,and1inguistics.

Physicalanthropologistsaremostconcernedwithhumanbiology.Physicalanthropologistsaredetectiveswhosemissionistosolvethemysteryofhowhumanscametobehuman.Theyaskquestionsabouttheeventsthatledatree-dwellingpopulationofanimalstoevolveintotwo-leggedbeingswiththepowertolean—apowerthatwecallintelligence.Physicalanthropologistsstudythefossilsandorganicremainsofonce-livingprimates.Theyalsostudytheconnectionsbetweenhumansandotherprimatesthatarestillliving.Monkeys,apes,andhumanshavemoreincommonwithoneanotherphysicallythantheydowithotherkindsofanimals.Inthelab,anthropologistsusethemethodsofphysiologyandgeneticstoinvestigatethecompositionofbloodchemistryforcluestotherelationshipofhumanstovariousprimates.Somestudytheanimalsinthewildtofindoutwhatbehaviorstheysharewithhumans.Othersspeculateabouthowthebehaviorofnon-humanprimatesmighthaveshapedhumanbodilyneedsandhabits.

Awell—knownfamilyofphysicalanthropologists,theLeakeys,conductedresearchinEastAfricaindicatingthathumanevolutioncenteredthereratherthanAsia.In1931,LouisLeakeyandhiswifeMaryLeakeybeganexcavatingatOlduvaiGorgeinTanzania,whereoverthenextfortyyearstheydiscoveredstonetoolandhominidevidencethat

eq\o\ac(○,C)

Childrearinginsocietiesaroundtheworld

eq\o\ac(○,D)

Cluesabouthumanbeingswholivedlongago

34.

Accordingtoparagraph4,culturalanthropologistswhodofieldworkusually

eq\o\ac(○,A)

discoverhominidevidenceindicatingwhenhumansevolved

eq\o\ac(○,B)

writeanaccountofthedailylifeofthepeopletheystudy

eq\o\ac(○,C)

workatuniversitiesandmuseumsinterpretingtheworkofothers

eq\o\ac(○,D)

developnewtechnologiesforgatheringculturaldata

35.

Thephrasesiftthroughinparagraph4isclosestinmeaningto

eq\o\ac(○,A)

avoid

eq\o\ac(○,B)

sort

eq\o\ac(○,C)

discuss

eq\o\ac(○,D)

contradict

36.

ThewordTheyinparagraph4refersto

eq\o\ac(○,A)

researchuniversities

eq\o\ac(○,B)

ethnologists

eq\o\ac(○,C)

fieldanthropologists

eq\o\ac(○,D)

museums

37.

Accordingtothepassage,MargaretMeadwroteaboutallofthefollowingsubjectsEXCEPT

eq\o\ac(○,A)

thenatureofculturalchange

eq\o\ac(○,B)

relationsbetweenpeopleofdifferentraces

eq\o\ac(○,C)

thebiologicalbasisofgender

eq\o\ac(○,D)

economicsystemsofpioneerwomen

38.

Itcallbeinferredfromparagraph5thatMargaretMead’swork

eq\o\ac(○,A)

madeanimpactonthefieldofanthropology

eq\o\ac(○,B)

contradictedthatoftheLeakeyfamily

eq\o\ac(○,C)

openedSamoatooutsideinfluences

eq\o\ac(○,D)

isnotwidelyreadbyanthropologiststoday

pushedbackthedatesforearlyhumanstoover3.75millionyearsago.Theirson,RichardLeakey,discoveredyetothertypesofhominidskullsinKenya,whichhewroteaboutinOrigins(1979)andOriginsReconsidered(1992).

Likephysicalanthropologists,culturalanthropologistsstudycluesabouthumanlifeinthedistantpast;however,culturalanthropologistsalsolookatthesimilaritiesanddifferencesamonghumancommunitiestoday.Someculturalanthropologistsworkinthefield,livingandworkingamongpeopleinsocietiesthatdifferfromtheirown.Anthropologistsdoingfieldworkoftenproduceanethnography,awrittendescriptionofthedailyactivitiesofmen,women,andchildrenthattellsthestoryofthesociety’scommunitylifeasawhole.Someculturalanthropologistsdonotworkinthefieldbutratheratresearchuniversitiesandmuseumsdoingthecomparativeandinterpretivepartofthejob.Theseanthropologists,calledethnologists,siftthroughtheethnographieswrittenbyfieldanthropologistsandtrytodiscovercross-culturalpatternsinmarriage,childrearing,religiousbeliefsandpractices,warfare—anysubjectthatconstitutesthehumanexperience.Theyoftenusetheirfindingstoarguefororagainstparticularhypothesesaboutpeopleworldwide.

AculturalanthropologistwhoachievedworldwidefamewasMargaretMead.In1923,MeadwenttoSamoatopursueherfirstfieldworkassignment—astudythatresultedinherwidelyreadbookComingofAgeinSamoa(1928).Meadpublishedtenmajorworksduringherlongcareer,movingfromstudiesofchildrearinginthePacifictotheculturalandbiologicalbasesofgender,thenatureofculturalchange,thestructureandfunctioningofcomplexsocieties,andracerelations.Meadremainedapioneerinherwillingnesstotacklesubjectsofmajorintellectualconsequence,todevelopnewtechnologiesforresearch,andtothinkofnewwaysthatanthropologycouldservesociety.

Glossary:

primates:theorderofmammals