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2023年中级职称英语考试试卷(120分钟内完毕)题号一二三总分得分一、阅读理解(阅读下列短文并用英语回答问题,共30分)短文一(15分)Inoneyeartheworldusesasmuchenergyasthatcontainedin21billionbarrelsofoil.Andtheamountoffuelneededisgrowingrapidly.Thesuppliesoffossilfuels---coal,oil,andgas---arelimited.Theymaynotlastacentury.Thenwhatwilltaketheirplace?Fortheanswer,let’slooktothesky.Eachdaythesunshowerstheworldwithseveralthousandtimesasmuchenergyasmanuses.Here,inasense,energyisunlimited.Thesun’senergyisfreeforthetaking.Ifmancouldcaptureevenasmallpartofthesun’senergyatlowcost,noonewouldworryaboutrunningoutofnonrenewablefuels.Ifscientistssucceedinmakinguseofthepowerofthesun,thisnewenergywillhavemanydifferentuses.Thesun’senergycanbeusedinyourownhouseforheatingandcooking.Thenthesuncanalsobeusedasasourceoffuelforpowerplants.Solarenergycanbeusedintelephonecommunication,inspacetravel,andinfarming.Oneofthepracticalproblemsincontrollingsolarenergyismakingitcontinuous.Whatcanbedonewhenthesunisnotshiningontheheatingsystem?Ifyouwereusingasolarpumpforirrigation,theinterruptionwouldnotmatter,sinceplantsdonotneedacontinuoussupplyofwaterinthenighttime.Butsupposeyouwereheatingyourhousebysolarenergy.Anumberofexperimentalhousesthatareheatedinthiswayusestoragetankstoholdtheheatfornighttimeandrainyspells,ortheymusthavesupplementaryheatingsuppliedbyordinaryfuels.Oncethesun’senergyiscaptured,thesupplyofenergywillbeendless.Nowonderthosewholooktotheskyseetherewillbegreatchangesinourfuturewayoflife.Questions:Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?Whatwillreplacefossilfuelsinthefuture?Whatproblemmayarisewhensolarenergyisusedtoheatthehouse?Howcansolarenergybestoredforcontinuoususe5.Whatcanbeexpectedofourlifeinthefutureifthesun’senergyiswidelyused?短文二(15分)Inrecentyearswehavecometorealizethatseveralthreatstotheenvironmentarefundamental.Oneisacidrain,whichiscreatedbythemillionsoftonsofsulphurdioxide(二氧化硫)andnitrogenoxides(氧化氮)spewedoutofsmokestacksandautomobileexhaustpipes.Theoxidesmixwithwatervaporintheairtoformweaksulphuricandnitricacid,whichlaterfallsasacidrain.Theresultisincreasedacidity(酸性)inlakes,whichhascurtailedtheabilityofmanyfishtoreproduce,andinthesoil,whichhasslowedthegrowthoftrees.Witheverynewsreport,theexternality(外延性)ofenvironmentalproblemsseemstobecomeclearer.Forexample,itwasrecentlyreportedthatLappvillagersinnorthernSwedenandNorwaywereforbiddentoeatlocaldeermeataftertheirdeerbecamepollutedbyfalloutfromthenuclearaccidentatChernobyl(切尔诺贝利).Butsomepollutionproblemsinvolvesuchgreatexternalitiesthatthewholeworldisaffected.Oneexampleisthegreenhouseeffect.Thesteadilyrisingofcarbondioxideintheearth’satmospherecausesittotrapincreasingamountsoftheheatradiatedbytheplanet.Thegeneralwarmingtrendisexpectedtohavedisastrouseffects,includingmassstarvationinsomelessdevelopedcountries,floodingofentirecoastalareas,andseveredroughtsontheCanadianPrairies,perhapswithinthenextfiftyyears.Improperlydisposedwastessuchasthosefromnuclearplants,industrialmanufacturing,laboratories,andmedicalinstitutionbecomesanothercriticalenvironmentalproblem;theycanthreatenallformsoforganiclife.Unfortunately,littlehasbeendonesofartosolvethisproblem.Indeedtherearemanyexamplesinwhichindustrializedcountrieshaveliterallyjustshippedtheproblemofftothepoorestofthelessdevelopedcountries–countriesunequippedwiththenecessarystorageandtreatmentfacilities,andcertainlytoopoortodealwiththeseriousenvironmentalproblemsthatwillfollow.Forexample,in1988thegovernmentofGuineasignedacontractwithtwoBritishfirmstoreceivefifteenmilliontonsofpharmaceuticalwastesoverafive-yearperiod.Whilethisarrangementwasveryinexpensivefromthefirms’pointofview,thepaymentstoGuineatotaledmorethanfourtimesthatcountry’snationalproduct.Itmakesitdifficulttosolvetheproblemwhenpartsoftheworldaresopoorthattheyareforcedtoregardsuchtransactionsas“gooddeals”.Theusersoftheworld’sresourcessimplymustbemadetotaketheexternalcostsoftheiractionsintoconsiderationwhenmakingtheirdecisions.Thepeoplewhoarehackingdowntheworld’srainforestsattherateof1200hectaresanhourareliterallycuttingawaythelungsoftheearth,sincerainforestscontributealargepercentageoftheoxygenintheearth’satmosphere.Buttheseindividualsarenotnecessarilyevil:inmanycases,theyareforcedtooverusetheenvironmentfortheirownortheircountry’simmediatesurvival.Forexample,somedevelopingcountries’needsforforeignexchangetopayforimportscompelthemtocutwoodfasterthanitcanberegenerated.Theysimplycan’taffordtoworryaboutthefuture.Questions:1.Whatcausesacidrain?2.Whycan’tdeermeatbeeateninnorthernSwedenandNorway?3.4.Whatcanimproperlydisposedwastesthreaten?5.Whydoeshackingdowntheworld’srainforestsmeancuttingawaythelungsoftheearth?二、英译汉(将下列短文译成汉语,每题10分,共50分)1.Alookaheadgivespetroleumanexcitingroleintheworldoftomorrow.Twogenerationsagopetroleumbecamearevolutionaryenergysourceusedtotransportmanfromplacetoplace.Next,itwasusedtoheathomes.Morerecently,peoplehavebegunusingittomakeclothing,washdishesandsoon.Tomorrowthisversatilesubstancemaybecalledintohelpfeedman.2.Geneticstechnologyaswellasenergyandenvironmenttechnologiescouldholdthispotential.Butlookingaheadtowardsthenexttenyearsorso,themaindrivingforceforeconomicandsocialchangewillbeinformationtechnology.Adecadefromnow,informationtechnologywillhavepenetratedeveryaspectofhumanactivity.Onceagain,theinteractionbetweentheevolutionoftechnologyandthedevelopmentofeconomyandsocietywillhavefoundchanges.3.ManyreportsonChinabythemediaoftheWestarenotaccurate,andsometimesveryunobjectiveandveryunfair.ReportsonChina’sdevelopmentarerarelyseeninWesternnewspapers.TheyshowlittleconcernforChina’srapidprogress,butcareonlyaboutthedifficultiesandproblems.IfonereliedonlyonthosereportsandignoredtherealityofChina,thepictureofChinainone’smindwouldbeasocietysoontocollapse.Butquiteonthecontrary,Chinainfactisapoliticallyverystablesocietyandeconomicallyrapidgrowingcountry.4.Advertisingisawayofbrirmationtothepublicforthepurposeofsellingaproduct,providingaservice,givinganidea.Theinformationistransmittedbymeansoftheprintedwordsorovertheair.Itmaybypresentedasasimplestatementoffact,asismorefrequentlythecase,itmaybeofferedincolorfulorevenemotionallanguage.Alladvertisingisintendedtostimulatepeopletodosomespecificthings,suchasbuyaproduct,orderaservice,joinanorganization,attendameetingorthinksympatheticallyaboutasituation.5.Innovationisnotjustabouttechnology;itisabouthowyouusetechnology.Itisnotaboutthe“new”economy;itisabout
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