语言学专八考研真题及答案

专八语言集锦（05年——14年专八真题及解析归纳）目录1、2005年·····················································12、2006年·····················································23、2007年·····················································44、2008年·····················································65、2009年·····················································86、2010年·····················································107、2011年·····················································118、2012年·····················································129、2013年·····················································1310、2014年····················································1411、附加语言学考研题············································152005年38.（考查点：mainbranchesoflinguistics)Syntax

is

the

study

of

A.language

functions

B.sentence

structuresC.textual

organization

D.word

formation答案：B。解析：SyntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences,是关于形成和理解正确英语句子的原则。也就是句子结构。故选择B。（考察点：designfeaturesoflanguage)WhichofalefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.ProductivityC.CulturaltransmissionD.Finiteness答案：D。解析：题问下面四个选项中，哪一个不是人类语言的主要特征？除Finiteness(有限性)外，选项中的其它的三项Arbitrariness（任意性），Productivity（能产性）和Culturaltransmission（文化传递性）在语言学概述部分都提到了。故选择D。

（考察点：人物）The

speech

act

theory

was

first

put

forward

by

A.John

Searle

B.John

Austin

C.Noam

ChomskyD.M.A,K.

Halliday答案：B。解析：问言语行为是哪位语言学家首先提出来的？根据语言学著作的介绍，JohnAustin于l969年首先提出了“言语行为”理论，其他人如JohnSearle(1969年提出)等，不管是提出或是进一步阐述该理论，都是在JohnAustin之后，对比不应有什么怀疑。故选择B。2006年（考察点：mainbranchesoflinguistics)Whatessentiallydistinguish-essemanticsandpragmaticsisthenotionofA.ReferenceB.MeaningC.AntonymyD.Context答案：D。解析：A.Reference即所指，指一种语言形式在现实世界中指代的事物，主要研究语言元素和非语言经验世界之间的关系;C.Antonymy即反义词。再观题意Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage,而pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext。在没语境的情况下研究语言的意义是语义学的主要任务。在有语境的情况下研究语言的意思是语用学的主要课题。故选择D。（考察点：meaning）Thewords“kid,child,offspring”areexamplesofA.dialectalsynonymsB.stylisticsynonymsC.emotivesynonymD.collocationalsynonyms答案：B。解析：A.dialectalsynonyms指地域同义词：意义相同，但用在不同的方言中。E.g.(BE)autumnVS(AE)fall；B.stylisticsynonyms指风格同义词：意义相同，但风格不同，有的正式，有的随意，有的中性。（e.g.口头语、常用语和书面语）；C.emotivesynonym指感情色彩不同的同义词，词义相近但又有不同的感情色彩，如褒义、贬义或中性；D.collocationalsynonyms搭配同义词，由于词语的搭配而形成的同义词。E.g.“bechargewith”和“beaccusedof”。题目中Kid指小孩，child指孩子，offspring指子孙，其实都是同样的，只是正式程度不同。故选择B。

（考察点：人物）The

distinction

between

parole

and

langue

was

made

by

A.

HallidayB.

ChomskyC.

BloomfieldD.

Saussure答案：D。解析：A.

Holliday韩礼德是系统功能语法的代表人物；B.

Chomsky乔姆斯基区分的是competence和performance语言能力指理想语言使用者关于语言规则的知识储备；语言运用指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用；C.

Bloomfield布龙菲尔德是结构主义的代表人物，认为语言学是心理学的分支，重视行为主义；D.

Saussure索绪尔把“语言”和“言语”区分开来语言指语言系统的整体，这个整体相对是比较稳定的；言语则指代某个个体在实际语言使用环节中说出的具体话语。再观题意parole

and

langue指言语和语言，其区分者是Saussure。故选择D。2007年（考察点：mainbranchesoflinguistics)_______referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofwordformation.A.PhonologyB.MorphologyC.SemanticsD.Sociolinguistics答案：B。解析：A.Phonology（音系学）studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables,研究语音和音节的构成、分布和排列规则；B.Morphology（形态学）isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords,涉及词的内在结构；C.Semantics（语义学）isaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences,研究语言中语义是如何编码的；D.Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）isthestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctions,andthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakers,研究各种语言变体的特征、它们的功能特征和语言使用者特征。那么研究词的内部结构和构词规则的是形态学。故选择B。(考察点：mainbranchesoflinguisticsandmacrolinguistics)ThedistinctivefeaturesofaspeechvarietymaybeallthefollowingEXCEPTA.LexicalB.SyntacticC.PhonologicalD.Psycholinguistic答案：D。解析：speechvariety语言变体（e.g英式和美式英语）A.Lexical（词汇的;字汇的）meansrelatingtothewordsofalanguage；B.Syntactic（句法的）isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructure；C.Phonological（音韵学的）studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables；D.Psycholinguistic（心理语言学）investigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,研究语言和大脑的相互关系。Lexical,syntactic和phonological都是语言学的主要分支，而Psycholinguistic属宏观语言学。故选择D。(考察点：meaning）Thewordtailoncereferredto“thetailofahorse”,butnowitisusedtomean“thetailofanyanimal.”ThisisanexampleofwideningofmeaningB.narrowingofmeaningC.meaningshiftD.lossofmeaning答案：A。解析：wideningofmeaning词义扩大，引伸。以lady一词为例，它以前仅仅指"女主人"。后来指贵族太太，再后来指有教养的妇女，现在，lady可以用于指任何"女人"，是一种礼貌的用法。2008年（考察点：design

feature

of

language）Which

of

the

following

is

NOT

a

design

feature

of

human

language?

A.

Arbitrariness.

B.

Displacement.

C.

Duality.

D.

Diachronism.

答案：D。解析：Arbitrariness（任意性），displacement（移位性），duality（二层性），diachronism（历时性）。Design

feature

of

human

language包括arbitrariness（任意性），displacement（移位性），duality（二层性）和creativity（创造性），而diachronism（历时性）不是语言学的特征，故选择D。（考察点：sentencestructure）What

type

of

sentence

is

“Mark

likes

fiction,but

Tim

is

interested

in

poetry.”?

A.

A

simple

sentence.

B.

A

coordinate

sentence.

C.

A

complex

sentence.

D.

None

of

the

above.答案：B。解析：并列句but连接两个分句。A

simple

sentence(简单句），句子只包含一个主谓结构；acoordinate

sentence（并列句），句子包含两个或多个主谓结构，通常有并列连词连结，如and，but等；a

complex

sentence（复合句），句子包含有两个或更多的主谓结构，但是其中一个或多个主谓结构充当句子的成分，就是复合句。所有从句都是复合句。故选择B。（考察点：meaning&senserelation

）The

phenomenon

that

words

having

different

meanings

have

the

same

form

is

called

HyponymyB.

SynonymyC.

PolysemyD.

homonymy.

答案：D。解析：A.

Hyponymy（上下义关系）：ahyponymyisawordorphrasewhosesemanticrangeisincludedwithinthatofanotherword，下义词是事物的具体表现形式或更为具体的说明，如Afamilyusuallyincludesfather,motherandchild；B.

Synonymy（同义关系）：referstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning，如Sobsshookherslenderframe.她抽泣著，苗条的身体都在颤动。Aslendersmilestillflickeredacrossherface.她脸上闪过一丝微笑。C.

Polysemy（多义关系）：.atermusedtorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings如：Givemeahand,please.Heisanewhand;

D.

Homonymy(异义关系):wordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling，如OnSundaytheyprayforyouandonMondaytheypreyonyou。那么“that

words

having

different

meanings

have

the

same

form

is

called”所指对应homographs（同形异义词），属于homonymy。故选择D。2009年（考察点：linguistic）Thestudyofthementalprocessesoflanguagecomprehensionandproductionis__________A.corpuslinguistics.B.sociolinguistics.C.theoreticallinguistics.D.Psycholinguistics.答案：D解析：D、Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）isthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheemind.(心理语言学是研究语言与思维之间关系的学科）A、Corpuslinguistic(语料库语言学）isanapproachtoinvestigatinglanguageandusethroughtheanalysisoflargedatabasestoreallanguageexamplesstoredoncomputer.(语料库语言学是通过分析储存在电脑里的语言数据库里的大量的真实言语资料来研究语言结构和使用的资料）B、Sociolinguistic(社会语言学）thestudyofeffectofanyandallaspectsofsociety,includingculturalnorms,expectations,contextandthewaylanguageisused.(社会语言学是对语言学是对任何一种或全部社会因素的研究，包括文化标准，期望值，语境及语言使用方式等）（考察点：语言变体）Aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixeslanguagesandisusedbyspeakersofdifferentlanguagesforpurposesoftradingiscalled__________A.dialect.B.idiolect.C.pidgin.D.Register.答案：C解析：Pidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.(洋泾浜是将几种语言混合或者融合在意的一种特殊语言变体，它是由操不同语言的人为了有限的目的，如贸易而使用的语言。）Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariation.(个人语言是个人方言，它结合了有关地域、社会、性别、年龄的变体成分）Registerreferstothetypeorstyle,oflanguageselectedasappropriatetotypeofsituation.(语域是因具体用途不同产生的语言变体）。Dialectisavarietyoflanguage,spokeninonepartofacountryorbypeoplebelongingtoaparticularsocialclass.（方言的某个地区使用或特定社会阶级的人使用的一种语言变体）（考察点：语用学）Whenaspeakerexpresseshisintentionofspeaking,suchasaskingsomeonetoopenthewindow,heisperforming__________anillocutionaryact.B.aperlocutionaryact.C.alocutionaryact.D.noneoftheabove.答案：A解析：Illocutionaryact:theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.Itistheactpreformedinsayingsomething.(言外行为是通过发出这样一个话语，说话者表达他说话的意图）Perlocutionaryact:theactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.Itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.(言后行为是指话语带来的后果）Locutionaryact:theactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.(言内行为就是发出词的动作。它通过句法、词汇和音位学的方式来传达字面意义的行为。）2010年

（考察点：语言习得）________referstothelearninganddevelopmentofalanguage.A.LanguageacquisitionB.LanguagecomprehensionC.LanguageproductionD.Languageinstruction答案：A解析：本题为语言学常识题。背景知识：语言习得最基本的定义，其余选项一看就不符合提干内容。

（考察点：语言学分支形态学）Theword“Motel”comesfrom“motor+hotel”.Thisisanexampleof

________inmorphology.A.BackformationB.conversionC.BlendingD.Acronym答案：C解析：本题为语言学分支形态学最基本常识，也是比较活跃的一种构词方式。背景知识：A逆生法；B转类法；C拼缀法；D首字母构词。

Languageisttoolofcommunication.Thesymbol“HighwayClosed”onahighwayserves________A.anexpressivefunction.B.aninformativefunction.C.aperformativefunctionD.apersuasivefunction.答案：D语言学基本常识。Expressivefunction意为表达功能。Informationfunction意为信息功能。C为施为功能。D为劝导功能2011年（考察点：语言与思维）_________isdefinedasthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandmind.SemanticsB.pragmaticsC.cognitivelinguisticsD.sociolinguistics答案：C解析：探讨语言和思维的学科：CognitiveLinguistics：referstothebranchoflinguisticsthatinterpretslanguageintermsoftheconcepts,sometimesuniversal,sometimesspecifictoaparticulartongue,whichunderlieitsforms.Itisthuscloselyassociatedwithsemanticsbutisdistinctfrompsycholinguistics,whichdrawsuponempiricalfindingsfromcognitivepsychologyinordertoexplainthementalprocessesthatunderlietheacquisition,storage,productionandunderstandingofspeechandwriting.（考察点：元音与辅音）AvowelisdifferentfromaconsonantinEnglishbecauseof________.A.absenceofobstructionB.presenceofobstructionC.mannerofarticulationD.placeofarticulation答案：A解析：元音和辅音的区别：Obstructionoftheairstream;

（考察点:多语言学）：Thedefinition“theactofusing,orpromotingtheuseof,severallanguages,eitherbyanindividualspeakerorbyacommunityofspeakers”referto__________.PidginB.CreoleC.MultilingualismD.Bilingualism答案：C解析：推动多种语言使用：Multilingualism

2012年

37.

"The

lettuce

was

lonely

without

tomatoes

and

cucumbers

for

company"

is

anexample

of

_________A.

Exaggeration.

B.

understatement.

C.

Personification.

D.

synecdoche.

答案：C[分析]“生菜没有了番茄和黄瓜的陪伴就会十分孤单”这句话是什么的例子？A是夸张B是低调陈述C是拟人D是提喻。根据题意知道选C

In

English

ifawordbeginwitha[l]ora[r],thennextsoundmustbeavowel.Thisisan______答案：B[分析]在英语中如果一个单词以【l】或者【r】开头发音，那么下一个声音一定是元音。这是什么规则？A是同化规则B是序列规则C是省略规则D是语法规则。选B

Which

of

the

following

is

an

example

of

clipping?

APEC.

B.Motel.

C.Xerox.

D.Disco.

答案：D[分析]下面那个词是用截略法来构词的？clipping（截略）是一种构词方法，即对长词加以略写，从而构成新词，但同义保持不变。截略同常用于非正式语体，口语中尤为常见。其中D选项的disco就是discotheque截略而来。故选D

The

type

of

language

which

is

selected

as

appropriate

to

a

particular

type

of

situation

is

called

________

A.

register.

B.

dialect.

C.

slang.

D.

Variety答案：A[分析]A指语域B指方言C指俚语行话D指语言变体根据意义知道选A。语域是指依据用法而变的变量2013年Which

of

the

following

clusters

of

words

is

an

example

of

alliteration?A.

weak

seat．

B．Safe

and

sound．

C．Knock

and

kick．

D．Coat

and

boat．答案：B[分析]下面哪一个是头韵法？只有B选项的save和sound的开头发音是一样的Which

of

the

following

italicized

parts

is

an

inflectional

morpheme?Unlock．

B．Government．

C．Goes．

D．Off-stage．答案：C[分析]英语中的曲折语素有：名词所有格名词复数动词现在分词动词过去式动词过去分词第三人称单数比较级最高级这8种。所以选C_____

is

a

language

phenomenon

in

which

words

sound

like

what

they

refer

to.

A．Onomatopoeia

B．Collocation

C．Denotation

D．Assimilation

答案：A[分析]问题是听到其音就知道其意思的是什么？A为拟声B为搭配C为符号D为同化因此选AThe

sentence

"Close

your

book

and

listen

to

me

carefully!"

performs

a(n)

____

function．

interrogative

B．informative

C．performative

D．Directive答案：D[分析]题问“关上书认真听我讲”起到了什么作用其中A表示疑问功能B表示信息功能C表示述行功能D表示命令功能根据句子意思知道选D2014年Whichofthefollowingpairsofwordsarehomophones?A、wind(v.)wind(n.)B、suspect(v.)suspect(n.)C、bare(adj.)bear(v.)D、Convict(v.)convict(n.)答案：C[分析]下面哪组是同音异形词,C组发音相同但是单词不同选CWhichofthefollowingsentenceshasthe“S+V+O”structure?A、Hedidahero.B、IwenttoLondon.C、Shebecameangry.D、Maryenjoyedparties.答案：D[分析]下面那个句子是主谓宾结构的句子。A是主语+宾语+宾补B是主语+谓语+补语C是主语+表语D是主语+谓语+宾语选DWhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeusedasanadverbial.A.Heartandsoul.B.Thelion’sshare.C.Nullandvoid.D.Hammerandtongs.答案：B[分析]下面哪个不能做状语？A翻译为全心全意地为副词短语可以做状语。B翻译为最大份额为名词短语不能做状语C翻译为无效的为形容词短语可以做状语D翻译为全力以赴地为副词短语可以做状语。故选择B二部分重点章节测试题TestOne:InvitationstoLinguisticsI. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________. A.contact B.communication C.relation D.community2. Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary? A.tree B.typewriter C.crash D.bang3. Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is__________. A.interrogative B.directive C.informative D.performative4. InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform? A.Interpersonal B.Emotive C.Performative D.Recreational5. Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation? A.Transferability B.Duality C.Displacement D.Arbitrariness6. Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn’tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight. A.Emotive B.Phatic C.Performative D.Interpersonal7. __________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances. A.Performance B.Competence C.Langue D.Parole8. Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________. A.culturaltransmission B.productivity C.displacement D.duality9. __________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage. A.Psycholinguistics B.Anthropologicallinguistics C.Sociolinguistics D.Appliedlinguistics10. __________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation. A.Linguistictheory B.Practicallinguistics C.Appliedlinguistics D.ComparativelinguisticsII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.12. Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.13. Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.14. Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.15. Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.16. Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.17. F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18. AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.19. Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.20. Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.III. Fillintheblanks.(10%)21. Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.22. Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.23. Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis__________.24. Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.25. Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.26. Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.27. Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.28. Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.29. Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.30. LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__________.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31. Designfeature32. Displacement33. Competence34. SynchroniclinguisticsV. Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（南开大学，2004）36. Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?（北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青岛海洋大学，1999）TestTwo:PhoneticsandPhonologyI. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences. A.intonation B.tone C.pronunciation D.voice2. Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//). A.allophone B.phone C.phoneme D.morpheme3. Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme. A.analogues B.tagmemes C.morphemes D.allophones4. Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________. A.glottis B.vocalcavity C.pharynx D.uvula5. Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs. A.wide B.closing C.narrow D.centering6. Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________. A.minimalpairs B.allomorphs C.phones D.allophones7. Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds? A.Acousticphonetics B.Articulatoryphonetics C.Auditoryphonetics D.Noneoftheabove8. Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation? A.[n] B.[m] C.[b] D.[p]9. Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels? A.[i:] B.[u] C.[e] D.[i]10. Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating? A.Voiceless B.Voiced C.Glottalstop D.ConsonantII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.12. Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.13. Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14. [p]isavoicedbilabialstop.15. Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.16. Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.17. Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.18. Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.19. ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.20. Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.III. Fillintheblanks.(20%)21. Consonantsoundscanbeeither__________or__________,whileallvowelsoundsare__________.22. Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__________.23. Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__________andthelips.24. Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe__________towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.25. Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout__________.26. Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating__________.27. InEnglishthereareanumberof__________,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.28. __________referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.29. __________isthesmallestlinguisticunit.30. Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe__________comingfromthelungs.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31. Soundassimilation32. Suprasegmentalfeature33. Complementarydistribution34. DistinctivefeaturesV. Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. Whatisacousticphonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（青岛海洋大学，1999） (1) voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop (2) lowfrontvowel (3) lateralliquid (4) velarnasal (5) voicedinterdentalfricativeTestThree:MorphologyI. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________. A.lexicalwords B.grammaticalwords C.functionwords D.formwords2. Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme. A.inflectional B.free C.bound D.derivational3. Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization. A.three B.four C.five D.six4. InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________. A.prefixes B.suffixes C.infixes D.stems5. Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________. A.derivationalaffix B.inflectionalaffix C.infix D.back-formation6. __________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword. A.affixation B.back-formation C.insertion D.addition7. ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________. A.acronymy B.clipping C.initialism D.blending8. Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________. A.blending B.clipping C.back-formation D.acronymy9. Thestemofdisagreementsis__________. A.agreement B.agree C.disagree D.disagreement10. Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________. A.lexeme B.phoneme C.morpheme D.allomorphII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.12. Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13. Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.14. Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15. Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16. Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.17. Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18. Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.19. Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.20. Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III. Fillintheblanks.(20%)21. An__________ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean__________ispronouncedasaword.22. Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith__________.23. Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:__________,__________and__________.24. Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot__________.25. Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto__________class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto__________class.26. __________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.27. __________isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.28. Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe__________level.29. Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda__________.30. Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:__________and__________.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-classword34. MorphologicalruleV. Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?（厦门大学，2003）36. WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武汉大学，2004） I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) freemorpheme b. subconscious(3) derivationalmorpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectionalmorpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculationTestFour:SyntaxI. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinearB.onlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical2. Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite3. The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinational4. Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati­c