The-History-of-China教学讲解课件

TheHistoryofChina1Prehistory(史前时代)

1.1Paleolithic1.2Neolithic2Ancientera(传说时代)2.1XiaDynasty2.2ShangDynasty2.3ZhouDynasty2.4SpringandAutumnPeriod2.5WarringStatesPeriod3Imperialera(帝王时代)3.1QinDynasty3.2HanDynasty3.3WeiandJinPeriod3.4SouthernandNorthernDynasties3.6SuiDynasty3.7TangDynasty3.8FiveDynastiesandTenKingdoms3.9Song,Liao,Jin,andWesternXiaDynasties3.10YuanDynasty3.11MingDynasty3.12QingDynasty4Modernera(近，现代时期)4.1RepublicofChina4.21949topresentContentsRemoteAntiquitytoSlaveSociety

(1.7millionyearsago-476B.C.)

China,oneoftheworld’smostancientcivilizations,hasarecordedhistoryofnearly4,000years.AfossilanthropoidunearthedinYuanmouinYunnanProvince,“YuanmouMan,”wholivedapproximately1.7millionyearsago,isChina’searliestprimitivemanknownsofar.YuanmouMansite“PekingMan,”wholivedintheZhoukoudianareanearBeijing600,000yearsago,wasabletowalkupright,makeandusesimpletools,andknewhowtomakefire.PekingMansitePekingManskull

tools(PaleolithicAge)

TheNeolithicAgestartedinChinaabout10,000yearsago,andrelicsfromthisperiodcanbefoundalloverthecountry.ArtificiallygrownriceandmilletaswellasfarmingtoolshavebeenfoundintheremainsofHemuduinYuyao,ZhejiangProvince,andBanpo,nearXi’anCity,ShaanxiProvince,respectively.Theserelicsdatebacksome6,000-7,000years.

HemuduBanpo

XiaDynasty

Chinesecivilizationbeganwiththelegendarysage-emperorsHuangDiandYanDiintheareaoftheYellowRiverBasinAftercenturies,thetwotribesgraduallymergedintoonebythetimeoftheXiaDynasty.Chinesepeople,usuallyregardthemselvesas“thedescendantsofYanandHuang”.ChinesegenerallytellthehistoryfromXiaDynasty,whichwasfoundedin2070B.C.WiththeXiaDynasty,Chinaenteredslavesociety

YuDressArtsandcraftsTheShangDynasty(1600B.C.-1046B.C.)TheShangDynastyenjoyedthemostadvancedbronzecivilizationintheworldThedevelopmentofawritingsystemcanbewitnessedontheoraclesliketortoiseshelloranimalbones,andthesewritingswerethebeginningofthewrittenChineselanguage.司母戊鼎

四羊方尊甲骨文

TheZhouDynasty(1046B.C.-221B.C.)TheZhouDynastyreignedforthelongestperiodofallChinesedynastiesTheZhouDynastyfellintoseveralsub-periods:theWesternZhou,theEasternZhouwhichwasfurtherdividedintotheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriodTheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesperiodsarefamousfortheculturalprosperitywith“HundredSchoolsofThought”.AllSchoolsofThoughtsContendforAttentionDuringtheSpringandAutumnandtheWarringStatesperiods,therewasagreatupsurgeofintellectualactivity,producingmanyfamousphilosophers,suchasLaoTzu,Confucius,MenciusandMoTzu,andthewell-knownmilitaryscientistSunWu.

LaoTzu

《道德经》TheBookofTaoandTehConfucius

AnalectsofConfucius

Mencius富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈。此之谓大丈夫。

︱孟子

MoTzuMoTzu尚贤、尚同、兼爱、非攻、节用、节葬

SunWu

《孙子兵法》，现收藏于故宫博物馆TheArtofWarTheQinDynasty

QinShiHuang(259-210B.C.)andHisEmpire

In221B.C.,YingZheng,ruleroftheStateofQinandamanofgreattalentandboldvision,endedthe250-oddyearsofrivalryamongtheindependentprincipalitiesduringtheWarringStatesPeriod,establishingthefirstcentralized,unified,multi-ethnicfeudalstateinChinesehistory—theQinDynasty(221-207B.C.).HecalledhimselfQinShiHuangor“FirstEmperorofQin”.秦的统一远交近攻合纵连横秦韩楚魏齐燕赵

Hestandardizedthewrittenscript,weightsandmeasures,andcurrencies.Thesovereignsofthenext2,000-oddyearsfollowedthefeudalgovernmentalstructureestablishedbyhim.WrittenScript

圆形方孔钱Currencies度衡量WeightsandMeasuresTheQinDynastywaswell-knownforbeginningtheconstructionoftheGreatWallwhichwaslateraugmentedandenhancedduringtheMingDynasty.QinShiHuanghadworkedonhisenormousmausoleumstartedearlyinhisreign.Theterracottawarriorsofthe“undergroundarmy”guardingthemausoleum,unearthedin1974,amazedtheworld.The8,000vivid,life-sizepotteryfigures,horsesandchariotshavebeencalledthe“eighthwonderoftheworld.”HanDynasty(206B.C.-220A.D.)andthe"SilkRoad"

LiuBangestablishedthepowerfulHanDynastyin206B.C.DuringtheHanDynasty,agriculture,handicraftsandcommerceflourished,andthepopulationreached50million.LiuBangEmperorWudiDuringhisreign(140-87B.C.),themostprosperousperiodoftheHanDynasty,LiuChe,EmperorWudi,expandedtheterritoryoftheempirefromtheCentralPlaintotheWesternRegions(present-dayXinjiangandCentralAsia).SilkRoadHedispatchedZhangQiantwiceashisenvoytotheWesternRegions,andintheprocesspioneeredtherouteknownasthe"SilkRoad"fromChang'an(today'sXi'an,ShaanxiProvince),throughXinjiangandCentralAsia,andontotheeastcoastoftheMediterraneanSea.ChinesesilkgoodsweretradedtotheWestalongtheSilkRoad.AscontactsbetweentheEastandWestincreased,BuddhismspreadtoChinainthefirstcentury.In105,anofficialnamedCaiLuninventedatechniqueformakingfinepaper,whichisconsideredtohavebeenarevolutionincommunicationandlearning.Jin(265-420)TheThreeKingdomswasfollowedbytheWesternJinwithLuoyangasitscapitalcity,andEasternJinwithJiankang(Nanjing)asitscapitalcity.TheJinDynastydidnotlastlongwithalotofconfrontationsandconflicts.TheUpheavaloftheEightPrincesTangDynasty(618-907)

LiYuanfoundedtheTangDynastywithitscapitalatChang’an.ZhenguanReignPeriodReformsLiShimin,orEmperorTaizong(626-649),sonofLiYuan,adoptedaseriesofliberalpolicies,pushingtheprosperityofChina’sfeudalsocietytoitspeak.LiShiminDuringtheTangDynasty,BuddhismflourishedandgraduallybecamelocalizedasanimportantpartofChinesetraditionalcultureABuddhistmonkXuanZangtraveledfromChang’anthroughGansu,XinjiangandcentralAsiatoIndiaforthefurtheranceofBuddhistclassics.Song,Yuan,MingandQingDynasties

(960-1911)

TheperiodoftheFiveDynastiesandTenStates,whichsucceededtheTangDynasty,wasoneofalmostcontinualwarfare.SongDynasty(960-1279)

In960,ZhaoKuangyin,ageneraloftheStateofLaterZhou,establishedtheSongDynasty(960-1279),historicallyknownastheNorthernSongDynasty.WhentheSongDynastymoveditscapitaltothesouth,historicallycalledtheSouthernSongDynasty,itbroughtadvancedeconomyandculturetothesouth,givingagreatimpetustoeconomicdevelopment.RiversideSceneatQingmingFestival

ChinaintheSongDynastywasinthefrontrankoftheworldinastronomy,scienceandtechnologyandprintingtechnologyasevidenced,forexample,byBiSheng’sinventingmovabletypeprinting,agreatrevolutioninprintinghistory.BiShengMovabletypeprintingYuanDynasty(1271-1368)

In1271,Kublai,agrandsonofGenghisKhan,conqueredtheCentralPlain,foundedtheYuanDynasty(1271-1368),andmadeDadu(today’sBeijing)thecapital.元朝花瓶元朝建筑

Kublaiwrotefinistothecenturies-longsituationinwhichmanyindependentregimesexistedsidebyside,andformedaunitedcountrythatbroughtXinjiang,TibetandYunnanunderitssway.KublaiFourGreatInventions(Song-Yuanperiod)

printing

papermakingthecompass

gunpowderDuringtheSong-Yuanperiod,the“fourgreatinventions”inscienceandtechnologyoftheChinesepeopleinancientwerefurtherdeveloped,andintroducedtoforeigncountries,makinggreatcontributionstoworldcivilization.

MingDynasty

(1368-1644)

In1368,ZhuYuanzhangestablishedtheMingDynasty(1368-1644)inNanjing,reigningasEmperorTaizu.WhenhissonandsuccessorZhuDi(1360-1424)ascendedthethrone,in1360,hebuiltandexpandedthepalaces,temples,citywallsandmoatinBeijingonalargescale.In1421,heofficiallymovedthecapitaltoBeijing.ZhuYuanzhangZhuDi

Duringhisreign,hedispatchedaeunuchnamedZhengHetoleadafleetofmanyshipstomakesevenfar-rangingvoyages.PassingtheSoutheastAsiancountries,theIndianOcean,PersianGulfandMaldivesIslands,ZhengHeexploredasfarasSomaliaandKenyaontheeasterncoastofAfrica.Thesewerethelargest-scaleandlongestvoyagesintheworldbeforetheageofColumbus.QingDynasty(1644-1911)

TheManchusofnortheastChinaestablishedtheQingDynasty(1644-1911)in1644,undertheleadershipofNurhachi.Kangxi(1661-1722)wasthemostfamousemperoroftheQingDynasty.HebroughtTaiwanunderQingrule,andresistedinvasionsbytsaristRussia.ToreinforcetheadministrationofTibet,healsoformulatedtherulesandregulationsontheconfirmationoftheTibetanlocalleadersbytheCentralGovernment.Heeffectivelyadministeredover11millionsqkmofChineseterritory.

NurhachiKangxiModernPeriod(1840-1919)

Duringthe19thcentury,theQingDynastydeclinedrapidly.BritainsmuggledlargequantitiesofopiumintoChina,makingtheQinggovernmentimposeabanonthedrug.Inanefforttoprotectitsopiumtrade,BritainlaunchedawarofaggressionagainstChinain1840.TheQinggovernmentfinallysignedtheTreatyofNanking,atreatyofnationalbetrayalandhumiliation,withtheBritishgovernment.

Manycountries,includingBritain,theUnitedStates,France,RussiaandJapan,forcedtheQinggovernmenttosignvariousunequaltreatiesfollowingtheOpiumWar.Chinawasgraduallyrelegatedtoasemi-colonial,semi-feudalcountry.

TheRevolutionof1911

TheRevolutionof1911ledbyDr.SunYat-senwasoneofthegreatesteventsinmodernChinesehistory,asitoverthrewthe200-odd-year-oldQingDynasty,endingover2,000yearsoffeudalmonarchy,andestablishedtheRepublicofChina.New-DemocraticRevolution

(1919-1949)

TheMay4thMovementof1919isregardedastheideologicaloriginofmanyimportanteventsinmodernChinesehistory.ItsdirectcausewastheunequaltreatiesimposedonChinaaftertheFirstWorldWar.Outofstrongpatriotism,studentsinitiatedthemovement,anditfurtherdevelopedintoanationalprotestmovementofpeoplefromallwalksoflife.ItalsomarkedtheintroductionintoChinaofvariousnewideologies,amongwhichthespreadofMarxism-Leninismwasworthyofspecialmention.

UndertheinfluenceofRussia’sOctoberRevolutionof1917,12delegates,includingMaoZedong,representingcommunistgroupsindifferentplacesthroughoutthenation,heldtheFirstNationalCongressinShanghaiin1921tofoundtheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC).

TheChinesepeopleledbytheCPCunderwentsuccessivelytheNorthernExpeditionaryWar(1924-27),WarofAgrarianRevolution(1927-37),WarofResistanceAgainstJapan(1937-45)andWarofLiberation(1946-49).OwingtothecooperationandjointresistanceoftheCPCandKuomintangtheJapaneseaggressorsweredefeated.WarofResistanceAgainstJapanButshortlyaftertheanti-Japanesewar,theKuomintanglaunchedacivilwaragain.Afterthethree-yearWarofLiberationledbytheCPC,theKuomintanggovernmentwasfinallyoverthrownin1949.WarofLiberationPeople'sRepublicofChina

(1949-)

OnOctober1,1949agrandceremonywaswitnessedby300,000peopleinBeijing’sTian’anmenSquare,andMaoZedong,chairmanoftheCentralPeople’sGovernment,solemnlyproclaimedthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(PRC).

Duringtheinitialpost-Liberationperiod,theChinesegovernmentsuccessfullycarriedoutlandreforminareasaccountingforover90percentofthetotalnationalagriculturalpopulation.AmazingachievementsweremadeduringtheFirstFive-YearPlanperiod,from1953to1957.Theaverageannualincreaserateofthenationalincomereachedover8.9percent.

Chinaestablishedbasicindustriesnecessary