JohnMiltonParadiseLost分析教学讲解课件

Lecture9JohnMilton—

ParadiseLost

JacobsLadderJohnMilton(1608—1674)HeremainedoutsidebothDonne’sandJonson’sinfluenceParadiseLosttakesitsplaceinwesternliteraturealongwithHomer’sIlliadandOdyssey,Virgil’sAneid《伊尼伊德》,andDante’sDivineComedyandinEnglishliteraturewithBeowulfandSpenser’sFairieQueene.1.JohnMilton'sTimes1642-1649:EnglishCivilWarKing/AnglicanClergyvs.Parliament(dominatedbyPuritans)ProtestantRevolution(DeathofKingCharlesI)1649-1660:NoBritishKing1649-1653:Commonwealth1653-1658:ProtectorateofOliverCromwell1660:Restoration(ofKingCharlesII)

2.Milton’sReligion

1).MiltonbelievedthateachindividualChristianshouldbehisownchurch,withoutanyestablishmenttoencumberhim.

2).Inhislateryears,MiltoncametoviewallorganizedChristianchurches,whetherAnglican,CatholicorPresbyterian,asanobstacletotruefaith.3.Hisrevolutionarycareer

1).Pamphleteeringinthecauseofreligiousandcivillibertyin1641-60.2).AppointedLatinSecretarytoCromwell’sCouncilofStatein1649.3).CensorandeditoroftheCommonwealthpaper,MercuriusPoliticuin1651.LatinDefenseofthePeopleofEngland.4).Totallyblindin1652andimprisonedforashorttimeaftertherestorationandthenretiredtoprivatelife.

4.Milton’sliterarycareer

1625-1640:shortpoems:L’AllegroandIl

Penseroso(1632),Comus(1634,宴会欢乐之神),andLycidas(1638)1640-1660:pamphletsandtracts:Areopagitica(1644《论出版自由》);TheDefenseoftheEnglishPeople(1650);The2ndDefenseoftheEnglishPeople(1650).1660-1674:ParadiseLost(1667),Paradise

Regained(1671),andSamson

Agonistes(1671).

1).Milton’sWorksofHisEarlyDaysPoemswritteninCambridgeandatHorton:a.OntheMorningofChrist’sNativity《基督诞生晨颂》,firstimportantworkb.L’Allegro《快乐的人》Penseroso《幽思的人》c.Comus《科玛斯》amask假面剧,inblankversed.Lycidas《利西达斯》,expressingthepathos(哀颂)ofhisfriendEdwardKing’sprematuredeathtwinlyricalpoemsRhyme:abbacdeec2).Worksofhisadultyears:a.pamphletsonreligiousreform

OfReformationinEngland《论英国改革》b.pamphletsonmarriageanddivorce:

DoctrineandDisciplineofDivorce《离婚的戒律与学说》c.Areopagitica《论出版自由》aproseworkforthefreedomofthepressd.DefenceoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人民声辩》

—Apamphletagainstthedivinerightoftheking.—Peoplemadetheking,sothekingshoulddoeverythingforthepeople.e.TheSecondDefenceoftheEnglishPeople

《再为英国人民声辩》

—AnanswertotheproductionsagainsttheCommonwealth.—Fightforthelibertyofthenationsintheworldandrecovertheirlostliberty.3).Milton’sworksofoldagea.ParadiseLostb.ParadiseRegainedc.SamsonAgonistes5.ParadiseLost(1667)1).OverviewofParadiseLost

__Milton’smasterpiece.__Alongepicin12books.__takenfromtheOldTestament.__Majorcharacters:Satan,God,Archangel,Adam,Eve…__ItisaboutSatan’srebellionagainstGodandtheexpulsionofAdamandEvefromtheGardenofEden.ThecreationTherebellionofSatanandhisfellowangelsTheirdefeatandexpulsionfromHeavenCreationoftheearthandofAdamandEveSataninhellplottingagainstGodSatan’stemptationofEveDepartureofAdamandEvefromEden2).TheStoryofParadiseLostParadiseLost–LeadingUptotheBeginningAtthebeginningofpoem,warinHeavenhasbeenoverfortwoweeks;Forninedays,SatanandthosewhofoughtGodalongsidehimhavebeenlyinginHell,stunnedattheoutcome;ThefirstcharactertomoveisSatan,whobeginsbyspeakingtoBeelzebub;Startstosortofrallyhistroops.

AtthecenteroftheconflictbetweenhumanloveandspiritualdutyliesMilton’sfundamentalconcernwithfreedomandchoice;thefreedomtosubmittoGod'sprohibitiononeatingtheappleandthechoiceofdisobediencemadeforlove.Eve,seducedbySatan’srhetoricandherownconfusedambitionfallsintosinthroughinnocentcredulity.AdamfallsbyconsciouslychoosinghumanloveratherthanobeyingGod.Thisistheerrorwhereinhisgreatnesslies.InthefallofmanAdamdiscoveredhisfullhumanity.Butman'sfallisthesequeltoanotherandmorestupendoustragedy,thefalloftheangels.Byliftinghisargumenttothatplane,Miltonraisestheproblemofevilinamoreintractableform.MiltonheldthatGodcreatedallthingsoutofHimself,includingevil.TherewasevilinHeavenbeforeSatanrebelled:Pride,Lust,Wrath,andAvaricewerethere.3).Themes:arevoltagainstGod’sauthority

AttheexaltationoftheSontheseforceseruptedandwerecastforth.ButGodsufferedthemtoescapefromHellandinfecttheEarth.Andthenthetragedywasre-enacted,butwithadifference—“Manshallfindgrace”.Buthemustlayholdofitbyanactoffree-will.ThefreedomofthewillisthekeystoneofMilton'screed.HispoemattemptstoconvinceusthattheunquestionabletruthofBiblicalrevelationmeansthatanall-knowingGodwasjustinallowingAdamandEvetobetemptedand,oftheirfreewill,tochoosesinanditsinevitablepunishment.And,thereby,itopensthewayforthevoluntarysacrificeofChrist,whichshowedthemercyofGodinbringinggoodoutevil.OnlySixmajorcharactersSatan,theleaderofthefallenangels(nowknownasdevils)Beelzebub,Satan´sclosestfriend/allyGod,theFatherTheSon,alsoknownastheMessiah,ChristAdam,thefirstman,livinginParadiseEve,hiswife,supposedtobeunderhiscontrol4).ThecharactersSatan：arebelagainsttyrannyandSatanandhisfollowersresemblea_________________.

MajorQuote:"BettertoreigninHellthenserveinHeav'n!"republicanParliamentSatan:ChineseView1.Arebelagainsttyranny2.Milton’smouthpiece,utteringhishatredoftyranny.3.Revoltagainstthedictatorandestablisheddoctrines.

WesternViewSatan’squalitiesareperverted:evilandexaggerated.Satan'sdefianceofGodmanifests:hisegoisticpride,falseconceptionoffreedom,alienationfromallgood;Religiouslyandmorallycorruptandblind.ConsciousnessofhisownevilanddamnationSatanandhisfellowsareenvelopedindramaticironybecausetheyfightandschemeinignoranceoftheunshakablepowerofGodandgoodness.BeelzebubSatan’sBestFriendHeistalkingtoSatanaboutareturntoHeavenformorefightingDisappearsafterBookI,sincetherestofthestoryconcernsSatan,God,andtheFirstPeople

GodTheFather：selfishdespot,cruel,unjustCalledtheFatherbecauseofHolyTrinity:TheFather,theSon,theHolySpiritRulerofHeavenandCreatorofEarthItwasHewhocastSatanoutFirstappearanceisinBookIII:“NowhadtheAlmightyFather,fromabove,

FromthepureEmpyreanwherehesits

Highthronedaboveallheighth,bentdownhiseye…”–Lines56-58TheSonAlsoreferredtoasTheMessiahWhenGodtheFatherfirstspeaks,itisTheSonthatHeisaddressingTheFatherandSonseeAdameattheappleTheSonmovesdown,inBookX,tointerview,passjudgementon,andclotheAdamandEveAdam

ThefirstmanHeliveswithEveintheGardenofEden(Paradise,Earth)HeeatsfromtheTreeofKnowledgeonlyafterEvedoesReferredtoas“thepatriarchofman”,Line379,BookIXEveThefirstwomanSatanuseshercuriosityagainstherSheistrickedinto,andgivenabadnamefor,eatingfromtheTreeofKnowledgefirstGenesis3:18referstoheras“themotherofallliving”Adam&EveChineseView:embodyMilton’sbeliefinthepowersofman,cravingforknowledge.WesternView:EnvelopedinaparallelkindofironyGardenofEdenisasymbolicrenderingofMilton'svisionofperfection;butitispresentedwithSatan,thusidyllicinnocenceandhappinessareseenonlyundertheshadowofevil.farfromattaininggodlikeknowledge,theysuccumbtoanimallust.Thoughthereispromisedredemptionforthefaithful,andthoughthepoemisadivinecomedywithahappyending,Milton'spanoramaofhumanhistorygiveslittlegroundforhopeonearth.5).UnderstandingoftheselectionLines50-58NinetimesthespacethatmeasuresdayandnightTomortalmen,hewithhishorridcrewLayvanquish'd,rollinginthefierygulf,Confoundedthoughimmortal.ButhisdoomReserv'dhimtomorewrath;fornowthethoughtBothoflosthappinessandlastingpainTormentshim;roundhethrowshisbalefuleyes,Thatwitness'dhugeafflictionanddismayMix'dwithobdurateprideandsteadfasthate.Thiscarefullyavoidsthesimplerexpressionof“ninedaysandnights”becausethemutinyinheavenoccurredbeforetheCreationUtterlydefeatedandruined.Judgment;punishmentDestined;keptforSatan’shappylifeinheavennowlostforeverThepaininhellwhichSatanmustsuffernowforeverEvilandsuffering.NotethedepthofDescriptionhere,andthisfromablindman依照人间的计算，大约九天九夜，他和他那一伙可怕的徒众，沉沦辗转在烈火的深渊中。虽属不死之身，却象死者一样横陈；但这个惩罚反激起他更大的忿怒，既失去了幸福，又受无穷痛苦的煎熬。他抬起忧郁的双眼，环顾周遭，摆在眼前的是莫大的隐忧和烦恼，顽固的傲气和难消的憎恨交织着。Lines59-64

Atonce,asfarasAngelsken,heviews

Thedismalsituationwasteandwild:

Adungeonhorribleonallsidesround

Asonegreatfurnaceflam'd;yetfromthoseflames

Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible

Serv'donlytodiscoversightsofwoe,

Inonecomprehensiveviewrangeofvisionreveal霎时间，他竭尽天使的目力，望断际涯，但见悲风弥漫，浩渺无垠，四面八方围着他的是个可怕的地牢，象一个洪炉的烈火四射，但那火焰却不发光，只是灰蒙蒙的一片，可以辨认出那儿的苦难景况，杜勒﹝AlbrechtDurerand忧郁(MelencoliaI﹞1514年读《拉奥孔》文字艺术不但能制造颜色的矛盾，还能调和黑暗和光明的真矛盾，创辟新奇的景象。例如《金楼子》第二篇《箴戒》“两日并出，黑光遍天”，冯明期《滹沱秋兴》“倒卷黑云遮古林，平沙落日光如漆”……莱辛称赞弥尔顿《乐园的丧失》里有“诗歌的画”，在《拉奥孔》草稿中列举该诗章句为例，都是描述继续进展的动作的，“物质的画”画不出来。不过，弥尔顿有些形容状态的词句，也同样无法画入“物质的画”，拉辛似乎忽视了。

例如地狱里的阴火“没有亮光，只是可以照见事物的黑暗”，又魔鬼向天堂开炮，射出一道“黑火”(blackfire)。本身黑暗的光明或本身光明的黑暗，造型艺术很难表达。中国诗里的“黑日”也曾出现在雨果的诗里：“一个可怕的黑太阳耀射出昏夜”……一位大画家确曾企图把黑太阳画出来；尽管度勒的名作《忧郁》里那枚黑太阳也博得雨果的叹赏，我们终觉得不如他自己的诗句惊心动魄。竟可以大胆说，我们要不是事先心中有数，还看不出度勒所画的是黑太阳呢。

Antithesis:

Arhetoricaldeviceinwhichirreconcilableoppositesorstronglycontrastingideasareplacedinsharpjuxtapositionandsustainedtension,asinthephrase“theypromisedfreedomandprovidedslavery.”

AbrahamLincoln’s“GettysburgAddress”:Theworldwilllittlenotenorlongrememberwhatwesayhere,butitcanneverforgetwhattheydidhere.Paradox:

Anapparentlyself-contradictorystatement,theunderlyingmeaningofwhichisrevealedonlybycarefulscrutiny.Thepurposeofaparadoxistoarrestattentionandprovokefreshthought.Thestatement“lessismore”isanexample.

InGeorgeOrwell’santi-UtopiansatireAnimalFarm(1945),thefirstcommandmentoftheanimals’communeisrevisedintoawittyparadox:“Allanimalsareequal,butsomeanimalsaremoreequalthanothers.”Oxymoron

Whenaparadoxiscompressedintowords,asin“loudsilence”,“lonelycrowd”,or“livingdeath”,itiscalledanOxymoron.Lines65-74Regionsofsorrow,dolefulshades,wherepeaceAndrestcanneverdwell,hopenevercomes

Thatcomestoall,buttorturewithoutend

Stillurges,andafierydeluge,fed

Withever-burningsulphurunconsum'd.SuchplaceEternalJusticehadprepar'dForthoserebellious;heretheirprisonordain'dInutterdarkness,andtheirportionset,Asfarremov'dfromGodandlightofHeav'nAsfromthecentrethricetoth'utmostpole.HopethatcomestoallnevercomestothefallenAngels.pressesonforeverAndafierydeluge,fed…,stillurges.Here“eternaljusticehad”ordainedtheirprisonInutterdarkness,andsettheirportion(i.e.lot)TheCenter:theearth.InParadiseLostthestarryuniverseisunderstoodasagreathollowsphereenclosedinanopaqueshell.Aflightofstairsleadtoheavenfromthetopofthespherewhereanopeningismade,throughwhichpassagebetweenearth,heavenandhellcanbeeffected.Theutmostpole:referingtotheendoftheaxisrunningthroughthestarryuniverse,nottheEarth’spole.JacobsLadderThedistancedownwardfromearthtohellistwiceaslongasthatfromearthtoheaven.Inall,thedistancebetweenempyrealheavenandhellisthreetimesthatfromtheearthtothepoleofthestarryuniverse.悲惨的境地和凄怆的暗影。和平和安息绝不在那儿停留，希望无所不到，惟独不到那里。只有无穷无尽的苦难紧紧跟着永燃的硫磺不断地添注，不灭的火焰，洪水般向他们滚滚逼来。这个地方，就是正义之神为那些叛逆者准备的，在天外的冥荒中为他们设置的牢狱，那个地方离开天神和天界的亮光，相当于天极到中心的三倍那么远。Lines75-83Ohhowunliketheplacefromwhencetheyfell!Therethecompanionsofhisfall,o'erwhelm'dWithfloodsandwhirlwindsoftempestuousfire,Hesoondiscerns;andwelt'ringbyhissideOnenexthimselfinpowerandnextincrime,LongafterknowninPalestineandnam'dBeëlzebub.Towhomth'Arch-Enemy,AndthenceinHeav'ncall'dSatan,withboldwordsBreakingthehorridsilence,thusbegan:Therehesoondiscernsthecompanionsofhisfall…andonenexttohimselfinpowerandcrime,welteringbyhisside,knowninPalestinelongafterandnamedBeelzebubChiefenemy,i.e.Satan.InHebrew,‘adversary”.啊，这里和他所从坠落的地方比起来是何等的不同呀！和他一起坠落的伙伴们淹没在猛火的洪流和旋风之中，他辨认得出，在他近旁挣扎的，论权力和罪行都仅次于他的神魔，后来在巴勒斯坦知道他的名字叫别西卜。这个在天上叫做撒旦的首要神敌，用豪言壮语打破可怕的沉寂，开始向他的伙伴这样说道：Lines84-92"Ifthoubeesthe--butohhowfall'n!howchang'dFromhimwho,inthehappyrealmsoflight,Cloth'dwithtranscendentbrightnessdidstoutshineMyriadsthoughbright!--ifhewhommutualleague,Unitedthoughtsandcounsels,equalhopeAndhazardinthegloriousenterprise,Join'dwithmeonce,nowmiseryhathjoin'dInequalruin,intowhatpitthouseestFromwhathighthfall'n.Satan’srebellionThesubjectsof“joined”are“mutualleague,unitedthoughtsandcounsels,equalhopeandhazard’.Nowmiseryhathjoined(theewithme)inequalruin.i.e.weareeqaullyfallenandruined“是你啊；这是何等的坠落！何等的变化呀！你原来住在光明的乐土，全身披覆着无比的光辉，胜过群星的灿烂；你曾和我结成同盟，同心同气，同一希望，在光荣的大事业中和我在一起。现在，我们是从何等高的高天上，沉沦到了何等深的深渊呀！Lines92-99Somuchthestrongerprov'dHewithhisthunder--andtillthenwhoknewTheforceofthosedirearms?Yetnotforthose,NorwhatthepotentvictorinhisrageCanelseinflict,doIrepentorchange,Thoughchang'dinoutwardlustre,thatfix'dmind,Andhighdisdainfromsenseofinjur'dmerit,99Thatwiththemightiestrais'dmetocontend,他握有雷霆，确是强大，谁知道这凶恶的武器竟有那么大的威力呢？可是，那威力，那强与力的胜利者的狂暴，都不能叫我懊丧，或者叫我改变初衷，虽然外表的光彩改变了，但坚定的心志和安然的骄矜决不转变；由于真价值的受损，激动了我，决心和强权决一胜负，Lines100-105AndtothefiercecontentionbroughtalongInnumerableforceofSpiritsarm'd,Thatdurstdislikehisreignand,mepreferring,Hisutmostpowerwithadversepoweroppos'dIndubiousbattleontheplainsofHeav'n,Andshookhisthrone.率领无数天军投入剧烈的战斗，他们都厌恶天神的统治而来拥护我，拿出全部力量跟至高的权力对抗，在天界疆场上做因此冒险的战斗，动摇了他的宝座。LastLinesofParadiseLostTheylookingback,allth’EasternsidebeheldOfParadise,solatetheirhappieseat,Wav’doverbythatflamingBrand,theGateWithdreadfulFacesthrongdandfierieArmes;Somenaturaltearstheydropd,butwip’dthemsoon;Theworldwasallbeforethem,wheretochooseThirplaceofrest,andProvidencethirguide:Theyhandinhandwithwandringstepsandslow,ThroughEdentookthirsolitarieway.InvolvedstylewithfrequentinversionsandverycomplicatedsentencestructureFirstlines:Hurledheadlongflamingfromth’EtherealSkieWithhideousruinandcombustiondownTobottomlessperdition,theretodwellInAdamantineChainsandpenalFire,Whodurstdefieth’OmnipotenttoArms.

Heretheinvertedstructurevividlydepictshisbeinghurledtothehellheadoverheels.6).LiteraryStyleLongandinvolvedsentenceThecontinuousflowbuildsupacontinuousonwardpressure.Nevermonotonous,andthepatternofsoundissoweddedtothepatternofsensethateachisessentialtotheother.

LatinatesyntaxanddictionMilton'smeansofachievingtheelevationrequiredbyaloftythemeisintermixedwithpuresimplicity.enlargeandenrichhisrangeofemphasisandhisuseofeconomy,contrast,suspension;toexpresshissublimityofthought,hewroteinastylethatisunsurpassedinitssonority,eloquence,majestyandgrandeur.ThisstyleiscalledtheMiltonicstyle.Grewsteadilyafter1667andwaswellestablishedbeforeJosephAddison'spapersonParadiseLostappearedinTheSpectator(1712);Hisinfluenceon18th-centuryversewasimmense.SamuelJohnson:Itsperusalisadutyratherthanapleasure.WereadMiltonfori