英语参考阅读测试介绍

1、1分钟。浏览全篇文章，特别是注意每一段文字的首句和尾句内容，明白每一段所说内2、7分钟。认真阅读每一个题目和答案，开始查阅式阅读，快速根据，定位需要回Thisisnotaneasylessontolearn,especiallywhenweareyoungandthinkthattheworldisourstocommand,thatwhateverwedesirewiththefullofourpassionatebeingcan,nay,will,beLifeisneverjustbeing.Itis ing,arelentlessflowingWhilefashionisthoughtofusuallyinrelationtoclothing,itisimportanttorealizethatitcoversamuchwider Whyfashionthingsofbeautywhenbeautyisevanescent?Whygiveourheartinlovewhenthosewelovewillultimaybetornfromourgrasp?Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.Wholfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.Theartoflivingistoknowwhentoholdfastandwhentoletgo.Forlifeisaparadox:itenjoinsustoclingtoitsmanygiftsevenwhileitordainstheireventualrelinquishment.Therabbisofoldputitthisway:“Amancomestothisworldwithhisfistclenched,butwhenhedies,hishandisItisalso ingincreasinglydifficulttodealwiththeproblemoftrafficintowns;mostoftheimportantcitiesoftheworldsufferfromtrafficcongestion.Infact,anyadvantagegainedincomfortisoftencancelledoutincitydrivingbythefrustrationcausedbytrafficjams:endlessqueuesofcarscrawlingoneafteranotherthroughallthemainstreets.Togivepraisecoststhegivernothingbutamoment’sthoughtandamoment’seffort,perhapsaquickphonecalltopassonacomplimentorfiveminutesspentwritinganappreciativeletter.1）Childrenwillywithdollsequipped alitychips,computers alitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmellevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Andhomeapplianceswillalso esosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder---kitchenrage.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialism alproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities–thoseofloveandofreason–aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.Itistheincreaseinthesizeandqualityofthefactorsofproductionthatunderliesgrowth,butcertainfactors---innovationsandentrepreneurship,thepartyedbyernment,andtheroleofinvestmentasdistinctfromconsumption---deservespecialattention.1)and,or,but,both…and,aswellas,either…or,neither…nor,only等等。Beingtiredwithwalking,theoldladysatdowntotakealittleMakinguphismind,Jackwon’tlistentoanymoreTomwaspoorinhealth,andthereforehewasunabletorunFredwaswell-fittedforthatpostbycharacterandattainments,onlyhewasrathertooyoungandWhatisoneman’smeatisanotherman’sWhetherthensuggestedwillsucceedorfaildependsonhowitwillbereceivedbythosewhoaremostinterestedinitsprogress.inlyenough,anyonemustrealizeitwhoreflectsuponthemannerinwhichtheyreachpubicIhavepersuadedhim,withsomedifficulty,butthatwastobeexpected,tocomeandtalkitoverwithus.Sheusedtowalkaboutinthestreetsandlookatpeoplegoinghome,andwonderwhatitfeltliketogohomeatnight.TheroadwassocrowdedthatitwasimpossibletoturnbackandwehadtokeepintheFromwhatIsawofhimthenandfromwhatIheardfromotherpeopleImadeformyselfwhatIthinkmusthavebeenafairlyaccuratepictureofthelifehehadledforthelastfifteenyears.JohncouldofcoursebesentbacktoEngland,butashehadnorelativeswhatsoever,nooneseemedtoknowwhatcouldbedonewithhimwhenhegotthere.PrivayIhavebelievedforyearsthataswomenhaveanalmostterrifyingamountofcommonsenseandtheoneswhoaregoodathousekeeareverygoodatit,thenthesoonersomeofourcommunalandnationalaffairsaremanagedbywomenthebetter.soastomakeoutthatthemeritspossessedbyournationarethereallyimportantones,whileitsdemeritsarecomparativelytrivial.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesof alexperience.(谓语、主语Timeisonlyarelativething:aninstantmaybeanage,anageanThenwintercameandwithitthesnowandTheItaliancanspeakand like ManyforeignerslikeBeijingverymuch,aseverybodydoeswhohasbeenThesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresources,but isnot(inevitable).)Thank)soundslikecommonsensetoSeentheTVprogrammeSorry.MyIfyouthinkasmuchofothersas(youthink)ofyourself,youwillnotmakeanyoftheseWemustavoidthisfallacy,(wemust)realizethatmanyofourcommunicationsareclearonlyif(theyare)alreadyknown.HaveyoueverseentheyWereyoutoseeher,youmightlhertocometomyNotonlydoliesnotprovidethe“help”hopedforbyadvocatesofbenevolentdeception;theyinvadetheautonomyofpatientsandrenderthemunabletomakeinformedchoicesconcerningtheirownhealth,includingthechoiceofwhethertobeapatientinthefirstce.Onlywhenhehaslosthiswaydoesherealizethathewasn’tcarefulenoughtomakesurethathereallydidunderstand.Soimpressivewasthisinvention,sodifficultwasittoexceedthisspeedlimit,thatnearly3,500yearslater,whenthefirstmailcoachbeganoperatinginEnglandin1784,itaveragedameretenByandbytherecamearumorthathehadbeenthekingofadistantDowncamethe“whiteonly”noticesinbuses,hos,trains,restaurants,sportingevents,restroomsandonparkbenchesthatoncecouldbefoundeverywherethroughouttheSouth.Mindyoudon’tbeDon’tyoubelievehimIdo/did/doesdomyyesterdayItwastwocollegestudentswho(that)assistedtheblindmancrosstheItwasmewhom(that)hesentaNewyearcardItwaslightpinkthat/whichCathypaintedherItwasnotuntilhegotamapthathestartedonhisItisinthestreetthatIsawanoldfriendMostimportant,youmustkeepinmindthatlanguageisnottaughtbutInhisshortlifetime—hediedat36—MozartproducedanenormoustyofOurforefathershadnoideathathumanpopulationwouldincreasefasterthanthesofrawmaterials;mostofthem,evenuntilveryrecently,hadthefoolishideathatthetreasureswere“limitless”and“inexhaustible”.Whilewewerewaitingforthecoffeetheheadwaiter,withanartificialsonhisfalseface,cameuptousbearingalargebasketfullofhugepeaches.TheheatobtainedfromanuclearreactionisamilliontimesgreaterthanfromachemicalHowthediscoverywasmadebyourancestorsthatseedscouldbesavedandntedtoraiseanewcropcanonlybeguessedattoday.Thecessationoftheemploymentofextraordinarymeanstoprolongthelifeofthebodywhenthereisirrefutableevidencethatbiologicaldeathisimminentisthedecisionofthepatientand/orherimmediatefamily.Youknowthatastreamwhichmovesslowlycanbewadedveryeasilybutifwaterismovingveryrapidly,asinmountainstream,theisgreatenoughtocarryyouoffyourfeet.Basedonanimaltestsofnearly1,000chemicals,thedatashowthatdailyconsumptionoftheaveragepeanut-buttersandwich,whichcontainstracesofaflatoxin(anaturallyoccurringmoldcarcinogeninpeanuts),is100timesmoredangerousthanourdailyintakeofDDTfromfood,andthataglassofthemostpollutedwellwaterintheSiliconValleyis1,000timeslessofcancerriskthanaglassofwineorbeeris.IknowIshouldn’tdothat,buthowcanIhelpJohncouldn’thavefinishedtheworkontimebutforMike’shelp.Catchmengthat/atit.Forall/whatI moreAthanB…,before…., havetrouble/difficultyahardtimeng…Thelittleboy’shandsaretoosmallforthegloves.Thefoodismorethanwecaneat. Heisbraverthanwise.HeleftbeforeIhadtimetoaskhisname.JaneusedtohavegreatdifficultyunderstandingEnglishAllmusicisaliketoTom.Shelivedanddiedavirgin.notbelieve/expect/feel/reckon/imagine/suppose/think+thatclause:Idon’tbelieveheislingthetruth.Hedoesn’tthinkAnnisfitforthejobasanIdonotreadthebookbecauseIlikeit./Theenginedidnotstopbecausethefuelhadrunout.Hedidn’tcomebecausehelosthisway./Katedidn’tattendthemeetingbecauseshewasill.never…too…to…,not…unless….,can’tbut….,can’thelp….,nosooner….than..,not…untilWearenevertoooldtolearn./Hewillnotstopunlesshereacheshisgoal.Youcan’tbetoocarefulwithyourInnotime….,noneotherthan…,nobody/nothingMotherwantsnothingbutpeace./Hedidn’tdenythechargesagainstHence,ifhumanbeingsfindproblemsinsolublebecauseoffixatedreactions---iftheyarefrustratedbecausetheycanrespondinonlyoneway,regardlessofcontextorcircumstances,tocertainsymbolicallydefinedsituation---theyarefunctioningatlessthanfullhumancapacity.InterspersedamongEinstein’srepeatedexpressionsoflovewerediscussionsofscientificquestionswithwhichbothwereconcerned.Thisisnotaneasylessontolearn,especiallywhenweareyoungandthinkthattheworldisourstocommand,thatwhateverwedesirewiththefullofourpassionatebeingcan,nay,will,beUnderpinningwhatisalwaysthoughttobegoodtastearerecurrentideassuchasrefinement,restraint,appropriatenessandgoodmanners.Thesesallleadtodelight;thealternativeisvulgarexcesswhichisultimayunsatisfying.Itcannotbelongbeforeitisrealizedthatperfectproportionsandunderstatedelegancearesuperiortomeretriciousornament,flashysurfacesandproductsoutstandingonlyforthedegreeofsocialpretentiousnesstheyexude.Forexample,ifa weretorequestaphotoofformerBritishPrimeMinisterMargaretThatcherwithadog,datawouldbefedintothecomputer,whichwouldthenprovidetheresearcherwithsuchinformationasthetypeofdogpictured,thelocationanddateofthephotoshotandtheeventtakingce,thequalityofthephoto,thesource,thecolor(black-and-whiteorfullcolor)anditslocationinthepicturefiles.Nowinashockingreversal,it'sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn'tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn'tprovideastablehome.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofnineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalSincecarbondioxideispresentintheaironlyintraceties(3to4partsin10,000partsofair)andwatervaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithintheleaf(at80degreeF,saturatedairwouldcontainabout186partsofwatervaporin10,000partsofair),thetotalamountofwatervaporlostismanytimesthecarbondioxideintake.TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.“Ihavegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewe’llknowinvastdetailhowcellsarise,”saysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,andexpertoncancer.“But,”hecautions,“somepeoplehavetheideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow.ConsiderPasteur.Hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butitwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereavailable.”Thisyear,50percentofthe910,000peoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurviveatleastfiveyears.Intheyear2,000,theNationalCancerInstituteestimates,thatfigurewillbe75percent.Forsomeskincancers,thefive-yearsurvivalrateisashighas90percent.Butothersurvivalstatisticsarestilldiscouraging–13percentforlungcancer,and2percentforcancerofthepancreas.Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes,areinactiveinnormalcells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff, escancerous.Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthelikelihoodthatmanycancersareinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewillneverpreventallcancers.“Changesareanormalpartoftheevolutionaryprocess,”saysoncologistWilliamHayward.Environmentalfactorscanneverbetotallyeliminated;asHaywardpointsout,“Wecan’tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicTheprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,are“First,weneedtounderstandhowthenormalcellcontrolsitself.Second,wehavetodeterminewhethertherearealimitednumberofgenesincellswhicharealwaysresponsibleforatleastpartofthetrouble.Ifwecanunderstandhowcancerworks,wecancounctitsaction.”TheexampleofPasteurinthepassageisusedto predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinadecadeindicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerarebrightprovethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtyyearswarnthatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeTheauthorimpliesthatbytheyear therewillbeadrasticriseinthefive-yearsurvivalrateofskin-cancer90percentoftheskin-cancerpatientstodaywillstillbethesurvivalstatisticswillbefairlyevenamongpatientswithvarioustherewon'tbeadrasticincreaseofsurvivalrateofallcancerOncogenesarecancer-causing thatarealwaysinoperationinawhichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotthatcanbedrivenoutofnormalwhichnormalcellscan'tturnTheword"dormant"inthethirdparagraphmostprobably Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asaofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DaysafterdaysmymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisn'thardtodefine.Itmeansthatevery isresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether---honesty,kindness,andsoon---accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,no---and,ultimay,noMyjobasaofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverymanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople'sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.Fortunaytherearestillcommunities---smallertowns,usually---whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:"Inthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated---theysimplyarenotdone!"Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Nowinashockingreversal,it'sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn'tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn'tprovideastablehome.Idon'tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,we easocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperayneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthe whocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat it'sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofit'scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutit'sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatit'sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromAccordingtotheauthor,if isfoundguiltyofacrime, societyistobeheldmoderncivilizationisresponsibleforthecriminalhimselfshouldbearthethestandardsoflivingshouldbeComparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave A．lessself-disciplineB．bettersenseofC．moremutualD．less Thewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusepeopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandtoday'ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleinpeopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalThekeypointofthepassageisthat stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandmoregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletomorerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople'smorepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofWhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearly break-suchastheegraph,theboatandtheweavingAmongthemanyshafactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools;alabor edthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingsWhymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliteandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,"Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledAfurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe"premium"system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist."Thisnonverbal"spatial"thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea."Whenalltheseshas-schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking-inctedwithoneanotherontherichU.S. ,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristicemulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.ButinearliertimesmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandAccordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto elementaryenthusiastictheattractivepremiumaspecialwayofItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmerican benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalshedlightondisciplinedschoolwasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhomeowedalottothetechnologicalAtechnologistcanbecomparedto because theyarebothwinnerstheyarebothexpertsinspatialtheybothapplyvarioustheybothgiveupverbalWhatdoestheauthormeanbyusingthephrase"athomein"inparagraphinone'sown B.familiarC.withone's D.withoutanyThebesttitleforthispassagemightbe Outpouringof B.WaysofC.Inventive D.EffectiveMoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontoideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byheltoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamenternthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherIcanthinkof.ThereisonemorepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knownevisionalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hedrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.OfcourseadvertisingseekstoIfitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation-andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive-advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knownevision alitywants.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeans heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofeverybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyadvertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingitisworthwhiletospendmoneyonInthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofSecuringgreaterProvidingmoreEnhancinglivingReducingnewspaperTheauthordeemsthatthewell-known ality verypreciseinpassinghisjudgementoninterestedinnothingbutthebuyers'correctinlingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandobviouslypartialinhisviewsonIntheauthor's advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidingadvertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemthereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthethebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanTheuseofthemotoris ingmoreandmorewidespreadinthetwentiethcentury;asanincreasingnumberofcountriesdevelopbothtechnicallyandeconomically,soalargerproportionoftheworld'spopulationisabletobuyanduseacar.Possessingacargivesamuchgreaterdegreeofmobility,enablingthedrivertomovearoundly.Theownerofacarisnolongerdtorelyonpublictransportandis,therefore,notcompelledtoworklocally.Hecanchoosefromdifferentjobsandprobablychangeshisworkmorefrequentlyasheisnotrestrictedtoachoicewithinasmallradius.Travellingtoworkbycarisalsomorecomfortablethanhavingtousepublictransport;thedrivercanadjusttheheatinginwinterandtheairconditioninginthesummertosuithisownneedsandpreference.Thereisnoirritationcausedbywaitingfortrains,busesorundergroundtrains,standinginlongpatientqueues,orsittingonwindytforms,foraslongashalfanhoursometimes.Withthebuildingofgood,fastmotorwayslongdistancescanbecoveredrapidlyandpleasantly.Forthefirsttimeinthiscenturyalso,manypeoplearenowabletoenjoytheirleisuretimetothefullbymakingtripstothecountryorseasideattheweekendsinsteadofbeingconfinedtotheirimmediateneighbourhood.Thisfeelingofindependence,andthedomtogowhereyouplease,isperhapsthegreatestadvantageofthecar.Whenconsideringthedrawbacks,perhapspollutionisofprimeimportance.Asmoreandmorecarsareproducedandused,sotheemissionfromtheirexhaust-pipescontainsaneverlargervolumeofpoisonousgas.Someofthecontentsofthisgas,suchaslead,notonlypollutetheatmospherebutcauseactualharmtothehealthofpeople.Manyoftheminerillnessesofmodernindustrialsociety,headaches,tiredness,andstomachupsetsarethoughttoarisefrombreathingpollutedair;doctors'surgeriesarefullofpeoplesufferingfromillnessescausedbypollution.Itisalso increasinglydifficulttodealwiththeproblemoftrafficintowns;mostoftheimportantcitiesoftheworldsufferfromtrafficcongestion.Infact,anyadvantagegainedincomfortisoftencancelledoutincitydrivingbythefrustrationcausedbytrafficjams:endlessqueuesofcarscrawlingoneafteranotherthroughallthemainstreets.Asanincreasingnumberoftrafficregulationschemesaredevised,thepoorbewildereddriverfindshimselfdivertedanddintoone-waysystemswhichcauseevengreaterdelaysthanthetrafficjamstheyaresupposedtoprevent.Themountingcostofpetrolandtheincreasedlicensefeesandroadtaxalladdtothedriver'sworries.Infact,hemustsometimeswonderifthemotorcarissuchablessingandnotjustamenace.Moreandmorepeoplecanaffordtobuyandusecarsbecause anincreasingnumberofcarsarebeingthecostofcarsisgettingcheaperwiththedevelopmentoflotsofcountries emoretheuseofcarshasprovedtobemoreTheadvantagesofhavingacararebestexperiencedinthedriver's dominchoosinghiscomfortduringtheenjoymentofhisleisurefeelingofself-Whatisconsideredbythewriterasthegreatestmenacetothepeoplecausedbythewidespreaduseofmotorcar?A.air B.traffic C.fatal D.highTheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmento izeprofitsandthedesireofindividuals izetheir es,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherh