软件工程要点第三章

第三章项目计划与管 nningandManagingthe提出建DoyouunderstandcustomerproblemandCanyoudesignasystemtosolvecustomerproblemorsatisfycustomerHowlongwillittakeyoutodeveloptheHowmuchwillitcosttodeveloptheProjectProjectScheduledescribesthesoftwaredevelopment cycleforaparticularprojectbyenumeratingthephasesorstagesofaprojectandbreakingeachintodiscrete tasksoractivitiestobedone.Theschedulealsoportraysthein ctionsamongtheseactivitiesandestimatesthetimethateachtaskoractivitywilltake.Thescheduleisatimelinethatshowswhenactivitieswillbeginandend,andwhentherelateddevelopmentproductswillbeready.ProjectsDemonstrationsoffunctionDemonstrationsofsubsystemsDemonstrationsofaccuracyDemonstrationsofreliabilityperformanceorsecuritytonesandActivity（活动）:Apartofaprojectthattakesceover periodoftone（里程碑） completionofanactivity-- particularpointin eventorsetofeventsthat occur orderforanactivityto lengthoftimeneededtocompleteanDuedate（截止日期 datebywhichanactivitymustbeWorkbreakdownstructure:depictstheprojectasasetofdiscretepiecesofRealtime:istheestimatedamountoftimerequiredfortheactivitytobeavailabletime:istheamountoftimeavailableintheschedulefortheactivity’sSlacktime=availabletime–real（＝－实际时间）lateststarttimeearlieststart（空闲时间＝CriticalPathMethodTheCriticalPathcanshowustheminimumamountoftimeitwilltaketocompletetheproject.Thecriticalpathisthe oneforwhichtheslacktimeateverynodeiszero. Slacktimeforprojectstarttime111000000000000CPM是以可交付成果为导向的对项目成分的分组，从而组织并定义整个项目范围。WBS不包括的工作WBS1需求定义在WBS的基础上，把各项活动到相关人员。用一个矩阵表格表示分工与责任XXXX22-12-2GanttActivitydefinition(WBSandActivityActivitydurationScheduleSchedule项目干系人 nelKeyactivities requirementssystemprogramprogramquality abilitytoperforminterestinexperiencesimilarsimilartoolsorsimilarsimilardevelopmentabilitytocommunicatewithabilitytosharemanagementWork ltheir askfor basedecisionson basedecisionsonfacts,我们不可能用“人力换时间”的办法无限缩短一个软件的开发时间。Boehm根据经验，软件项目的Project译、、运行等。编程也不容易找到走查与工作的主程序员必然要出现在走查和工作中同时其又是各程序员工作的绩效评价人。技术与管理的双重形成的权力往往会对程序员造成影响。nn(n－1)／2条。2—8程程程程程程程程序序序序序序序序员员员员员员员员Effort Effort ExpertjudgmentogyDelphitechniqueDelphiWolvertonmodelWolverton WolvertonmodelcostTypeofPre/postDataAlgorithmic E=(a+bSc) LOC Bailey-Basili Boehm DotyFPE=- Albrecht和E=60.62*7.728*10^(-8)*FP^3 Maston、Barnett输入项数（Inp输出项数（Out查询数（Inq主文件数（Maf（Inf （UFP （UFCTCF05，0表示该部分对系统没有影响，5TCF=0.65+TCF0.651.35最后，功能点计算为：FP=UFC×O模型（COnstructiveCOst模型1：基本 模型2：中级 O模型，将软件开发工作量及成本作为程序规模及一组“成本驱动因子”的函模型3：高级 EvaluatingMeanmagnitudeofrelativeerrorMMRE)absolutevalueofmeanof[(actual- shouldbe.25or shouldbe.75orgreaterforx= Summaryofmodel OBailey-0.06-0.78-0.06-0.70-0.38-0.23-GeneralRisk Risk:isanunwantedeventthathasnegativeRiskManagement:istounderstandandcontroltherisksonRisk 风险 thelossassociatedwiththeevent与该有关的损 thelikelihoodthattheeventwilloccur发生的可能Riskcontrol(风险控制 thedegreetowhichwecanchange e我们能改变结果的程Riskexposure=(risk (riskimpact)风险成本（量）＝风险概率×风险Boehm’stoptenrisknelUnrealisticschedulesandDevelothewrongDevelothewronguserGold-ContinuingstreamofrequirementsShortfallsinexternally-performedShortfallsinexternally-furnishedReal-timeperformanceStrainingcomputerscienceThreestrategiesforriskavoidingthe changerequirementsforperformanceortransferringthe transferto system,orbuyassumingthe acceptandcontrolriskleverage=differenceinriskexposuredividedbycostofreducingtheProjectnprojectprojectproject technicaldescriptionofprojectstandards qualityassuranceconfigurationmanagementationdatamanagementresource testtrainingsecurityriskmanagementmaintenance有效的项目管理集中于P -项目 --工作人员之间既独立又联系的关系使得通常的管理力不从心。软件配置管理（SoftwareConfigurationManagement）是一门应用技术、管理和监督相结合的学科，通SCI。配置管理：SCI的一个组合。简称CMTherequirementsthatdefinewhatthesystemshould Thedesignmodulesthatare fromth