新标准大学英语综合教程4(unit1-6)课后答案及课文翻译

Keytobook4unit1-6Unit1Activereading(2)8Lookatthesentencesfromthepassageandidentifythestylefeatures.1Twelveyearsatschoolandthreeyearsatuniversity,teachersbangingonaboutopportunitiesinthebigwideworldbeyondourshelteredlifeasstudents,andwhatdoIfind?Thisshowstheinformalityofanincompletesentenceinthefirstpart,theuseofaninformalexpression(bangingon)andarhetoricalquestiontothereader(WhatdoIfind?)2TryasImighttostaycheerful,allIevergetishassle,sometimeswithpeople(especiallyboys,god,whenwilltheygrowup?)…Thishastheuseofaninformalword(hassle),aninformalexclamation(god)andaquestiontothereader(Whenwilltheygrowup?)3Actually,IhadmyeyeonthecourseattheLondonSchoolofEconomics(LSE).Herethereisadiscoursemarkertypicalofspeech(Actually)andaninformalphrase(hadmyeyeon).4Ikindofunderstandit,andnotjustbecausemydegreeisineconomics.Here“kindof”isasortofdiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(showingsomethingisgeneral,vagueornotdefinite).5Iwantedsomethinginfinanceandinvestments,becauseyouknow,maybewithajoblikethat,Icouldusemydegree.Thishasadiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(youknow).6...it’strue,hereallydidseemtohavethreehands.Againhereisadiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(it’strue).7Italkedtohimabout...well,aboutprettywelleverything…Thishasanotherdiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(well)andaninformalphrase(prettywell).Languageinusetryas…might3Rewritethesentencesusingtryas…might.1I’mtryingtofillthislastpage,butIjustcan’tthinkofanything.TryasImighttofillthislastpage,Ijustcan’tthinkofanything.2ItrytobefriendlywithMarta,butshedoesn’tseemtorespond.TryasImighttobefriendlywithMarta,shedoesn’tseemtorespond.3Itryhardtogettosleep,butIcan’thelpthinkingaboutmyfamily.TryasImighttogettosleep,Ican’thelpthinkingaboutmyfamily.4Hejustdoesn’tseemtogetthepromotionhedeserves,eventhoughhekeepstrying.Tryashemight,hejustdoesn’tseemtogetthepromotionhedeserves./Tryashemighttogetthepromotionhedeserves,hejustdoesn’tseemtogetit.5Ikeeptryingtorememberhername,butmymindisablank.TryasImighttorememberhername,mymindisablank.giventhat…4Rewritethesentencesusinggiventhat…1SinceIknowseverallanguages,IthoughtIwouldlookforworkabroad.GiventhatIknowseverallanguages,IthoughtIwouldlookforworkabroad.2XiaoLihasthebestqualifications,sosheshouldgetthejob.GiventhatXiaoLihasthebestqualifications,sheshouldgetthejob.3Sincewe’reallhere,Ithinkitwouldbeagoodideatogetdowntosomework.Giventhatwe’reallhere,Ithinkitwouldbeagoodideatogetdowntosomework.4Sinceit’sratherlate,Ithinkweshouldleavethislasttaskuntiltomorrow.Giventhatit’sratherlate,Ithinkweshouldleavethislasttaskuntiltomorrow.clausesintroducedbythan5Rewritethesentencesusingclausesintroducedbythan.1She’sexperiencedatgivingadvice.I’mmoreexperienced.She’slessexperiencedatgivingadvicethanIam./I’mmoreexperiencedatgivingadvicethansheis.2Youeattoomuchchocolate.Itisn’tgoodforyou.Youeattoomuchchocolatethanisgoodforyou.3Sheworkedveryhard.Mostpart-timersdon’tworksohard.Sheworkedharderthanmostpart-timersdo.4Youhavearrivedlatetoomanytimes.Thatisn’tacceptable.Youhavearrivedlatemoretimesthanisacceptable.5Idon’tthinkyoushouldhavegivensomuchpersonalinformation.Itisn’twise.Ithinkyouhavegivenmorepersonalinformationthaniswise.collocations6Readtheexplanationsofthewords.Answerthequestions.1highlightAhighlightisthemostexciting,impressive,orinterestingpartofanevent.(a)Whatwouldyouliketobethehighlightofyourcareer?Iwouldlikethehighlightofmystudentcareertobetoreceiveanationalawardforthebeststudentresearchproject.(b)Howcanyouhighlightanimportantsentenceinatext?Youcanunderlineitinpencilorpenoryoucanusecolouredpensorhighlighters.(c)Whataretheeditedhighlightsofafootballmatch?Thehighlightsarewhensomeonescoresagoalorpreventsonefrombeingscored.2loanAloanisanamountofmoneysomeoneborrowsfromsomeoneelse.(a)Haveyouevertakenoutaloan?No,Ihaven’t.Butmyparentshavetakenoutseveralloanstobuykitchenequipment.(b)Whatisthebestwaytopayoffaloan?Itisbesttopayaloanoffquickly,althoughyouwillstillhavetopaysomeinterest.(c)Ifyouhavealibrarybookonloan,whatdoyouhavetodowithit?Youhavetoreturnitbeforethedateitisdue,otherwiseyoumayhavetopayafine.3thriveTothrivemeanstobeverysuccessful,happyorhealthy.(a)Whatsortofbusinessthrivesbestinyourpartofthecountry?Inmypartofthecountry,lightindustriesandelectronicscompaniesthrive.(b)Whichsortofplantsthriveinahotclimate?Inahotclimateyoucanseetropicalfruitandvegetablesthriveandalsotropicalplantsandtrees.(c)Whydoyouthinksomecouplesthriveonconflict?Itisdifficulttounderstandwhysomecouplesthriveonconflict.Maybeeachonewantstocompetewiththeotherormaybetheyenjoy“kissingandmakingup”aftertheconflict.7TranslatetheparagraphsintoChinese.Ifyouaskme,reallifeisnotallit’scrackeduptobe.Twelveyearsatschoolandthreeyearsatuniversity,teachersbangingonaboutopportunitiesinthebigwideworldbeyondourshelteredlifeasstudents,andwhatdoIfind?TryasImighttostaycheerful,allIevergetishassle,sometimeswithpeople(especiallyboys,god,whenwilltheygrowup?),butmostlywithmoney.It’sjustsoexpensiveouthere!Everyonewantsasliceoffyou.TheInlandRevenuewantstodeductincometax,thebankmanagerwantsrepaymentsonmystudentloan,thelandlordwantstherent,gas,water,electricityandmymobilebillskeepcomingin,andallthat’sbeforeI’vehadanythingtoeat.Andthensomebrightsparkcallsmeoutoftheblue,askingifI’minterestedinbuyingapension.Atthisrate,Iwon’tevenlasttilltheendoftheyear,letalonetillI’m60.（☞翻译时能够依照上下文增译，即增加原文暗含了但没有直接表示出来意思。如最终一句译文加了“领养老金”，点出了与上一句关联。）依我看，现实生活与人们想象不一样。我们上了中、小学，又上了3年大学，这期间老师们一直在没完没了地谈论在安宁学生生活之外那个宽广天地里各种机会，可我碰到又是什么呢？不论我怎么想保持心情愉快，麻烦事总是接踵而来：有时是跟人争吵（尤其是跟男孩，天哪！他们什么时候才能长大？），但通常是为钱发愁。这个地方什么东西都很贵！人人都想从我身上拿点钱去：国税局要收个人所得税，银行经理要我偿清学生贷款，房东催我交房租、燃气费、水费、电费，手机账单也不停地寄来。全部这些还没算上吃饭钱。更可气是，不知从哪里冒出一个自作聪明家伙冷不丁地给我打电话，问我要不要买养老金。照这么下去，我连今年都活不过去了，更别提活到60岁领养老金了。8TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.我认为，选修第二专业并不适合每一位本科生。我大学本科主修英语专业，大一时就开始辅修经济学了。无疑，我是班里最用功学生。我竭尽全力想同时达成两个不一样专业要求，但还是有不及格时候。因为经济学需要良好数学基础，我不得不花大量时间钻研数学，因而忽略了英语学习。第二学期,《英国文学》及《宏观经济学》两门课不及格给我敲响了警钟，这可是我一生中第一次考试不及格，这大大打击了我自信心。即使我不是一个轻易向命运低头人，在暑假结束时候，我还是决定放弃经济学，以免两个专业都难以完成。当我只需修一个专业时候，一切似乎又回到了正轨。(ifyouaskme;odds;tryas…might;sapone’sconfidence;giventhat;bowtofate;cometoaclose;forfearthat;nowthat)Ifyouaskme,takingasecondmajorisn’tgoodforeveryundergraduate.InmyfreshmanyearasanEnglishmajor,Itookeconomicsasmyminor.Byallodds,Iwasthemosthardworkingstudentinmyclass.ButtryasImighttomeettherequirementsofthetwodifferentsubjects,Istillcouldn’tdowellenoughtopassalltheexams.Giventhatthestudyofeconomicsrequiredagoodcommandofmathematics,IhadtospendsomuchtimeonmaththatIneglectedmyEnglishmajor.FailingEnglishLiteratureandMacroeconomicsinthesecondsemestersoundedthealarmforme.ThiswasthefirsttimeIdidnotpassacourseinmylife,whichhadgreatlysappedmyconfidence.AlthoughIwasnotamanwhowouldeasilybowtofate,asthesummerbreakcametoaclose,IdecidedtogiveupeconomicsforfearthatIwouldfailinbothsubjects.NowthatIhadonlyonesubjecttoattendto,everythingseemedtobeontherighttrackagain.Unit2Activereading(2)Readingandinterpreting7Answerthequestions.1Whatisthefirststrugglethathehaswithbooks?Miller’sfirststruggleistoobtainbooksandgethishandsonthem.2Whyisitdifficulttolayhandsonthem?ThebooksarenotinthepubliclibrarybecausesomeonehasalreadyborrowedthemandMillerdoesn’thavethemoneytobuythem.3Whatsortofbooksareprohibitedforayoungman?Bookswhichareconsideredtobeimmoralforayoungpersontoread.4Whatisthebestwaytobeintroducedtoabook?Throughthepassionaterecommendationofsomeonewhohasreadthebook.5Whatisanunusedbooklyingonashelfcomparedwith?Itiscomparedwithwastedammunition.Thismeansthatitisuseless.Itisalsocomparedtomoneybecauseitshouldbeincirculation.6WhydoesMillersuggestresistingyourimpulsesandnotopeningabookassoonasyougetit?Hesaysyoushouldthinkintenselyaboutthetitle,author,andlikelycontents,imaginingwhatyouwouldhavewrittenyourselfaboutit.Thenyoumaydecideyoudon’tneedtoreadit,or,ifyoudoreadit,youwillreaditwithmoreinterestandacumen.Languageinusewordformation:-ous1Writetheadjectiveswhichdescribe:1awriterwhohasachievedfame(famous)2readerswhoshowcuriosity(curious)3someonewhofeelsenvy(envious)4aregionwhichisfullofmountains(mountainous)5aparcelwhichhasaverylargevolume(voluminous)infinitive/gerundasthesubjectofasentence2Completethesentencesusinginfinitiveorgerundasthesubject.Usuallybothformsarepossible,butyoushouldbeabletojustifyyourchoice.1Gettingupearlyinthemorninggivesmemoretimetoorganizetheday.(Toexpressaneverydayactivity)2Towriteabest-sellerhasalwaysbeenmydream.(Thisisabitmoreabstractorafar-awaygrandidea)3Forgettingtotakebackalibrarybookmaynotseemserious,butitcausesproblemsforotherstudents.(Toexpressanormalactivityformanypeople)4Tospendalotoftimereadinginone’schildhoodcanbringrewardslaterinlife.(Usethemoreabstractformforanimportantidea)5Tobeornottobe,thatisthequestion.(InShakespearethiscanbeinterpretedasagrandidea,soheusestheformalway;ifyousay,‘Beingornotbeing…’ismaybemoreimmediateandseemsnormal–butinHamletthesituationisnotnormal)suchis/are…3Rewritethesentencesusingsuchis/are…1Goodwritingissopowerfulthatthereaderthinksthewriterisspeakingdirectlytothem.Thereaderthinksthewriterisspeakingdirectlytothem.Suchisthepowerofgoodwriting.2ThenovelSalmonFishingintheYemenissocharmingthatyoucan’tputitdownevenforamoment.Youcan’tputSalmonFishingintheYemendownevenforamoment.Suchisthecharmofthenovel.3Travelissuchapleasurethatyoumayenduplivinginanothercountry.Youmayenduplivinginanothercountry.Suchisthepleasureoftravel.4Thesenseofconfusioninthisfilmissogreatthatyoumayfeelyouwanttoleavebeforetheend.Youmayfeelyouwanttoleavebeforetheend.Suchisthesenseofconfusioninthisfilm.5Thedifficultiesoftranslationaresoenormousthatmuchofthemeaningislost.Muchofthemeaningislost.Suchistheenormityofthedifficultiesoftranslation.if/whetheritbe…4Rewritethesentencesusingif/whetheritbe…1Isittherighttimetostartthiskindofproject?Askyourselfcarefully.Askyourselfcarefullywhetheritbetherighttimetostartthiskindofproject.2IsitthefirsteditionofDrJohnson’sDictionary?Iverymuchdoubtit.IverymuchdoubtifthisbethefirsteditionofDrJohnson’sDictionary.3IsitcommonknowledgethatArthurMillerthoughtlikethis?I’mnotsure.IamnotsureifitbecommonknowledgethatArthurMillerthoughtlikethis.4Isitnecessarytoproduceanydocumentswhenmakinganapplication?Perhapsweshouldinquire.Perhapsweshouldinquirewhetheritbenecessarytoproduceanydocumentswhenmakinganapplication.5Isittherightwaytotackletheproblem?Idoubtit.Idoubtifitbetherightwaytotackletheproblem.collocations5Readtheexplanationsofthewords.Answerthequestions.1confrontThiswordusuallymeanstodealwithadifficultsituation.(a)Whicharethemostimportantproblemswehavetoconfrontintoday’sworld?Thiscouldbealonglist!I’dsay:globalwarming,pollution,watershortages,extremeweatherconditions,localmilitaryconflicts,poverty,famineandhunger,unemployment,tonameonlyafew.(b)Wereyouconfrontedbyanyoneaskingforsomethingonyourwaytoclasstoday?Nottoday,butafewdaysagoIwasconfrontedbysomeoneaskingformoney–whichIdidn’tlikeatall.(c)What’sthebiggestcrisisyou’veeverbeenconfrontedwith?TheproblemthatmygrandfatheriselderlyandhasAlzheimer’sdisease:Heneedsconstantcarebecauseheforgetsordinarythings.Itisdifficultformyparentsandformebecausewealltaketurnstolookafterhim.IrealizedwhatthiswasreallylikewhenIhadtolookafterhimforaweekendwhenmyparentswereaway,butIdiscoveredIhavealotmorepatiencenow.Soperhapsthiscrisishashelpedustodevelopsomegoodqualities,althoughitisactuallyaverydifficulttimeforallofus.2idleThiswordusuallymeansnotbeingused,lazy,orwithoutanyrealreasonorpurpose.(a)Ifsomeoneisidlebynature,whatdon’ttheylikedoing?Theydon’tlikedoingworkorotherthingsthattheyshoulddobutwhichtheydon’tlikedoing.(b)Ifmachineryisidle,whatisn’titdoing?Themachineryisnotbeingused.(c)Ifsomeonepicksupabookoutofidlecuriosity,dotheyhaveastrongmotivationtoreadit?Notreally,theyjusthaveaslightcuriositytoseewhatthebookis,buttheyhavenorealinterest.(d)Ifsomeonemakesyouanidlethreat,doyoutakeitseriously?No,youdon’tbecauseyouknowthatthethreathasnorealpurpose.3tackleThiswordusuallymeanstochallengesomeoneorsomething,ortomakeanattempttodealwithaproblem.(a)Whatarethemainissuesthegovernmentneedstotackleinthenearfuture?Well.Isupposethereareseveralissueswhichneedtobetackled,includingrisingpricesandemploymentinsomeplaces,orsomesocialproblemsinafewareas.(b)Howdoyoutacklesomeoneabouttheirideasandopinions?Iaminclinedtobedirectandsimplyaskthemabouttheiropinionsandideas.IthinktheywilltellmehonestlyiftheybelieveIamreallyinterestedinwhattheythink.(c)Ifyoutacklesomeoneinagameoffootball,whathaveyoumanagedtodo?Youhavemanagedtogettheballawayfromthemsothatyourteamcankeeptheballforamoment.4withstandThiswordusuallymeanstobestrongenoughnottobeharmedordestroyedbysomething,ortobeabletodealwithadifficultsituation.(a)Whatsortofdefencescanwithstandadirectattack?Towithstandadirectattackyouneedstrongdefenceswhicharewellplaced.(b)Whatsortofclothesallowyoutowithstandthecoldinwinter?Towithstandthecoldinwinter,youneedthick,warmclothes.(c)Canyouwithstandthepressureofhavingtoproduceregularassignmentsonyourcourse?Yes,Ican.Actually,ourteachersgenerallygiveusourassignmentsatintervalsandweusuallyknowwellinadvancewhatweshould.Soaslongasyougetonwiththework(anddon’tleaveituntilthelastminute!)thepressureisnottoobadandwecanmanage.6TranslatetheparagraphintoChinese.Indubitablythevastmajorityofbooksoverlaponeanother.Fewindeedarethosewhichgivetheimpressionoforiginality,eitherinstyleorincontent.Rarearetheuniquebooks–lessthan50,perhaps,outofthewholestorehouseofliterature.Inoneofhisrecentautobiographicalnovels,BlaiseCendrarspointsoutthatRémydeGourmont,becauseofhisknowledgeandawarenessofthisrepetitivequalityinbooks,wasabletoselectandreadallthatisworthwhileintheentirerealmofliterature.Cendrarshimself–whowouldsuspectit?–isaprodigiousreader.Hereadsmostauthorsintheiroriginaltongue.Notonlythat,butwhenhelikesanauthorhereadseverylastbookthemanhaswritten,aswellashislettersandallthebooksthathavebeenwrittenabouthim.Inourdayhiscaseisalmostunparalleled,Iimagine.For,notonlyhashereadwidelyanddeeply,buthehashimselfwrittenagreatmanybooks.Allontheside,asitwere.For,ifheisanything,Cendrars,heisamanofaction,anadventurerandexplorer,amanwhohasknownhowto“waste”histimeroyally.Heis,inasense,theJuliusCaesarofliterature.（几处倒装句应灵活处理，以表现原文语气。everylastbookthemanhaswritten等于allthebookshehaswritten。注意这段话逻辑关系。Ifheisanything,heisamanof…一句中if从句起强调作用，说明他不是一个书生或思想家，而是一个行动家。此处需灵活翻译。）不容置疑是，大多数书都相互重复，在文体或内容上让人感到具备独创性书实在是少之又少。在整个文学库藏中，或许只有极少数作品——不到50本——是独具一格。在最近出版一部自传体小说中，布莱斯·桑德拉尔指出，雷米·德·古尔蒙之所以能够选择并通读文学领域中一切值得读书籍，就是因为他知识渊博，了解书这种重复性。没有些人会怀疑桑德拉尔本人就是一个博览群书人，他阅读了大部分独具个性作家作品。不但如此，一旦他喜欢上一个作家，就会阅读这个人写每一本书，包含他书信以及全部关于他书籍。我猜测，在当今世上，像他这么情况是绝无仅有，他不但读得广，读得深，而且本人还著述颇丰。这一切似乎都是在业余时间完成。因为从本质上讲，他是一个十足行动家，一个四处跋涉冒险家和探险家，一个知道怎样大量“浪费”时间人。从某种意义上说，他是文学届凯撒大帝。7TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.1张磊是在毕业工作后才开始意识到读书乐趣。反思自己大学教育时，他感叹不已：他一些同学都沉醉于从图书馆或书店找到各种有趣书籍，而他却只读了一些教科书，其中连一本真正能让他爱不释手、值得一读书都没有。他能够说是被剥夺了经过书了解作家奇妙世界特权。ItwasnotuntilafterhehadgraduatedfromuniversityandstartedtoworkthatZhangLeibecameawareofthepleasureofreading.Reflectingonhisundergraduatestudies,helamentedthathe,unlikehisclassmateswhohadimmersedthemselvesinvariousinterestingbookstheywereabletolayhandsonfromthelibraryorbookshop,hadonlyreadtextbooks,noneofwhichwasreallyworthwhile,orcouldbereadinonesitting.Hewasdeprivedoftheprivilegeofgainingaccesstothewriters’fantasticworldsthroughthewindowstheirbookshaveopened,sotospeak.2如今，他嗜书如命，废寝忘食，好像要把大学期间没机会读好书全都读一遍。到现在为止他已经利用业余时间读了几百本小说、传记和游记。他意识到书不但能向他展示一个充满希望前景，帮他消除现实生活中压力和疲劳，而且能够帮他澄清一些误解，找到生活真谛。(reflecton;inonesitting;layhandson;immersein;worthwhile;privilege;withstand;vista)Nowhehasbecomeanavidandomnivorousreader.Itisasifhewantstomakeupforthosemarvelousbookshehadn’thadachancetoreadinhisuniversitydays.Bynow,inhissparetime,hehasreadseveralhundredsofbooks,includingnovels,biographiesandtravelnotes.Herealizesthatbookscannotonlyrevealtohimthevistaofahopefulfutureandhelphimwithstandstressesandstrains,theycanalsohelphimclearupsomemisconceptionsanddiscoverthetruemeaningoflife.Unit3Activereading(1)BackgroundinformationFashionisgenerallydividedintosubsectors:menswear,womenswear,sportswearandstreetwear,hosiery(socks,tights,stockings),formalwearandcasualwear.Fashionandthechoiceofwhatclotheswebuyandwearisinfluencedbyourbeliefs,attitudesandpersonality.Butthispassageshowsthatthestockmarketcanalsobeaninfluence.CulturepointsTheCaliforniangoldrush(1848–1855)wasaperiodofrapidmigrationofminersandotherworkersintoCaliforniafollowingthedramaticdiscoveryofgoldintheSierraNevada.ItledtothesettlementofCalifornia.SwingingLondonisatermthatdescribesfashionandculturaltrendsinmusicandthemediainmid-1960sBritain,especiallyLondon.Iconsofthetimeincludedtheminiskirt,theminicar,thefirstsupermodelslikeTwiggy(whowasfamousforbeingverythin)andfashionableshoppingstreetsforclothes(likeCarnabyStreetandKingsRoadinLondon).Thehippiemovementbeganintheearly1960sinCaliforniaandspreadinternationally.Hippieshadareputationforsocialrebellion(egwithdrugsandsexualbehaviour)andalternativelifestyles(egincommunes).Theytriedtofindanewwayoflifewhichvaluedpeace,individuality,andreligiousandculturaldiversity.Themovementinfluencedpopularmusic,TVandfilm,literatureandthearts.Hippiefashionsincludedlongfullskirts,bell-bottomedjeans,home-madeandtie-dyedgarments,theuseofflowerdesigns(whichrepresentedpeaceandlove),andinfluencesfromnon-Westernculturesinheadscarves,headbands,braceletsandlongbeadednecklaces.Thepunkperiodfeaturesfashionsthatexpressedangeragainstsocietyandincludedbrightlycolouredhair,rippedclothesandstuddedbelts.TheNewRomanticswasayouthfashionmovement,developedin1960sinLondon.Itisstronglyassociatedwithmusic,whichwasinspiredbyhistoricalperiods,especiallytheEnglishRomanticMovement.Fashionshadadramatic,flamboyantlookwithlusciousfabrics,looseshirtswithfrillsandshortshirtcollars,unfolded,withtopbuttonsunfastenedandusingmonotonecolours.Powerdressingisastylishandperhapsexpensivewayofdressing(usuallyforbusiness,theprofessionsorpolitics)whichisintendedtogivetheimpressionthatthepersonwearingtheclothesisassertiveandcompetent,throughtheuseofstructuredshapes,shoulderpads,smartfabrics,highheelsandcleancutstylingintheformofworkuniform.Whetherwearingparticularstylesofclothingempowersthewearerorwhethernewly-empoweredpeoplesimplywearclothesthatreflecttheirachievementsisanopenquestion.MiamiVicewasaclassic1980sTVcrimedramaabouttwodetectiveswhogoundercovertofightdrugtraffickers.Theseries–andthefilm–wasnotedforitsstronguseofmusicandvisualeffects;ithasbeenrebroadcastaroundtheworld.DuringthefiveyearsofmakingthisTVseriestheproducersexplicitlysoughttheadviceofdesigners(egGianniVersace,HugoBoss)inordertodisplaythelatestEuropeanfashiontrends,withtheresultthatMiamiVicehadasignificantinfluenceon1980smen’sfashionintheUSAandelsewhere,andevenonthesrevival(itwascalled“retro”or“retrospectivestyle”).TheclothingstyleoftheTVdetectives,SonnyCrockettandRicoTubbs,hadpastelcolouredT-shirtsandsuits,nosocks,sunglasses,andanunshavenappearanceofasmallamountofbeardstubble.HeavymetalmusicisakindofrockmusicthatdevelopedintheUKandUSAinthelate1960sandearly1970s,characterizedbyloudness,speed,distortedamplifiedsoundsandextendedguitarsolos.Converseisacompanywhichhasproducedbasketballshoessince1917,especiallytheChuckTaylorAllStarstrainers(oftenabbreviatedto“Chucks”or“Cons”),namedafterthebasketballplayerwhocontributedtothedesignandwasthecompany’sbestsalesman.Nikeisaleadingsupplierofsportswearandequipment.ThisAmericancompanystartedmakingNikeshoesin1971.TheyarenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.Thestockmarketindexesshowtheperformanceofthestockmarket,typicallyreflectingtheriseandfallofthesharesoflargecompanies,egtheFTSE(also“footsie”)isanindexofthetop100companieslistedontheLondonstockexchangeandtheNikkei225isanindexofthestockmarketinTokyo.Languagepoints1Nohistoryoffashionintheyears1960tocanoverlookorunderestimatetwoconstantfactors:theubiquitousjeansand...(para1)Thewordubiquitousmeanspresenteverywhere.Thustheubiquitousjeansmeansthatjeanscanbefoundeverywhere.2Exactlywhywomenshouldwanttoexposemoreorlessoftheirlegsduringperiodsofeconomicboomandbustremainsamystery.Aneconomicboomisasuddenincreaseintrade,businessactivityanddevelopmentinaparticularareaorregion;aneconomicbustisabusinessfailureorbankruptcybecauseoflackofmoney.Theexpressioneconomicboomandbustdescribescyclesinwhichaboomperiodofgrowth,highproductionandrisingpricesisfollowedbyeconomicdecline,contractionandunemploymentbeforeanewcycle.3Whenevertheeconomicoutlookisunsettled...(para2)Theeconomicoutlookisunsettledmeanstheeconomyisunstable,thatis,theeconomyhasproblemsandislikelytochangesuddenly,makingpeopleuncertainaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuture.4ItwasgivengreaterrespectabilitywhenthegreatFrenchdesigner,Courrèges,developeditintoanitemofhighfashion.(para4)Forawhiletheminiskirtwascontroversialandnotrespectablebecauseitshowedalargeextentofthewearer’slegs,butwhenCourrègesdevelopeditinParisfashionshows,thisgaveapprovalandsupport,becausetheminiskirtcouldbeconsideredanitemofhighfashion(havinghighstatusfromaParisfashionhouse).5...butthepredominantcoloursbecameolivegreenandoatmeal.(para10)Predominantcoloursrefertothemostcommoncoloursorthosewhichseemmoreimportantorpowerful.6...whichweredescribedbyonecommentatoras“theprimandproperlookisin…”(para11)Afashionisinwhenitisaneworcurrentstyle,oroutwhenitisout-of-date.7Duringthewholeperiod,fashionstyleshaverangedwidely,andhaveusuallybeensparkedoffbyadesiretoidentifypeopleasbelongingtoaparticularsub-culture.(para14)Duringthewholeperiod,therehasbeenawiderangeofdifferentfashionstyles,whichwereusuallystartedbypeople’swishtoshowtheiridentityinawaythatwouldmakethemdistinctfromtheresetofsociety.VocabularysupportThefollowingaresometermsrelatedtoclothingthatappearinthepassage.Understandingofthesetermsmayhelpwithreadingcomprehensionofthepassage.Hemlinereferstothebottomedgeofadressorskirt.Itshowsthelengthofwomen’sskirtsanddresses–thislengthchangesaccordingtofashion.Denimisathickcottoncloththatisusuallyblueandisusedespeciallytomakejeans.ThenamecomesfromFrenchDeNîmes(“fromNimes”,acityinthesouthFrance).SuchclothwasmadebothinFranceandEnglandinthe17thcentury.ThewordjeanscomesfromGenoa.Sailorsfromthe17th-centuryrepublicofGenoaworkedinFranceandworetrousersmadeofamixofcotton,linenand/orwoolwhichwasmadenearTurininItaly.Bleachedjeanswerealsofashionable.Theyhadbeenthefashionofthe17th-centurysailors,whosetrouserslosttheircolourwhentheywerewashedinseawaterandwereexposedtothesun.Therearevariousdifferentfitstojeanswhichincludebaggy,boot-cut,flares,wideleg,twistedandskinnyjeans.Miniskirtisaveryshortskirtofmid-thighlength.Amicrominiskirtisshorter,uptotheupperthigh;amidiisaskirtwithamoderatelengthbelowtheknee,perhapsmid-calflength;amaxiisanankle-lengthskirt.Apairsoftightsisapieceofwomen’sclothingthattightlycoversthefeetandlegsuptothewaist;stockingsonlycoverthefeetandlegs,andareheldupwithsuspenders.Flareisashapethatbecomeswideratoneend.Aflared“bell-bottom”stylereferstotrouserswithflaredlegs–theygetwidertowardsthefoot