英语二自考试题

00015英语二重点语法（结合考题讲解）综合英语（二）常考语法为：名词单数变复数，定语从句，虚拟语气，反意疑问句，非谓语动词，时态，名词性从句，形容词副词比较级，主谓一致，倒装等等。下面我们把这些语法项目进行详细有重点讲解。名词1.大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如：army，audience，class，committee，crew(全体船员，乘务员)，crowd，faculty，family，government，group，orchestra，team，union等。强调整体时谓语动词用单数，强调个体时谓语动词用复数。如：Thegovernmentispayingcloseattentiontoeconomicdevelopment.Thegovernmentarehavingaheateddiscussiononthismatter.2.有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如:electronics(电子学)，mathematics(数学)，optics(光学)，politics，statistics(统计学),economics（经济学）,physics等。比如:Linguisticsisadifficultsubjecttostudy.3.名词作定语时，除了man和woman要和中心词一起变成复数之外，其它修饰词不能变成复数。比如awomanteacher----twowomenteachersamandoctor----twomendoctorsagirlstudent----fivegirlstudentsaboystudent----sixboystudents4.复合名词复数只把其中所包含主体名词变成复数。如:looker(s)-on，runner(s)-up，sister(s)-in-law，editor(s)-in-chief，passer(s)-by，grand-child(ren)，shoelace(s)，bloodtype(s)等。5.假如没有主体名词，就在最终一个词上加复数词尾。如:go-between(s)，drawback(s),grown-ups“Of+抽象名词”相当于形容词Ofinterest----interestingOfimportance---importantOfvalue---valuableOfnecessity---necessaryOfpossibility---possibleOfgreatimportance---greatlyimportant/veryimportantOfnovalue---valueless切记invaluable=priceless这里主要讲一下不定代词some和any。通常some用于必定句，any用于疑问句和否定句。但在以下情况下例外：（1）在表示请求、提议时，some及其派生词能够用于疑问句。如：Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?Cansomebodycomeandhelpme?Couldyoulendmesomebooks?Whydon’tyoubuysomeflowersforherbirthday?注意“any+单数名词”和“anyother+单数名词”区分。现在用两个例子进行说明。ChinaislargerthananyothercountryinAsia.(ChinabelongstoAsia.)ChinaislargerthananycountryinAfrica.(ChinadoesnotbelongtoAfrica.)（2）any及其派生词用于必定句时，起强调作用，意思是“任何……”.如：Youcancomeanydayyoulike.你哪天来都行Heistallerthananyoftheotherboysintheclass.(anyoftheotherboys=anyotherboy)形容词和副词以下情况形容词惯用于后置定语:1)一些表语性形容词要后置，如:present(到场，出席），available，involved，concerned，etc。2)形容词修饰不定代词something，anything，everything时要后置。比如:Therewassomethingwrongwithher.Icameacrossatrickyquestionhardtoanswer.Iwonderediftherewasaroomavailable.注意enough位置：enough修饰名词时放在名词前后均可，修饰形容词或副词时要放在后面。如：enoughwater/waterenoughcarefulenough/wellenough形容词和副词原级比较由“as+形容词或副词原级(或后跟名词或短语)+as”组成，“as…as”前可加not，just，almost，nearly，quite，twice，severaltimes等词修饰。否定式中not后面as可改为so。如：HeisastallasI.Heisnotas/ascarefulashisbrother.形容词与副词比较级形式为:“形容词(副词)比较级+than+…”，应注意than前后相比较人或物要一致（不然没有可比性）。比较级前能够跟even，much，stilI,far,alot等副词修饰比较级，表示强调。Youvoiceismorebeautifulthanyourclassmates’/thatofyourclassmates.ThepopulationinChinaismuchlargerthanthatinAmerica.Thevaluesoftheyoungdifferfromthoseoftheirelders.不可数名词或名词单数，后面用that代替，可数名词复数后面用those代替。注意一些以-ior结尾来自于拉丁语单词，虽表示比较含义，但后面要用to而不是than。惯用有七个：bejuniorto---beyoungerthanbeseniorto---beolderthanbeposteriorto---belaterthanbeanteriorto---beearlierthanbepriorto---beearlierthan/bemoreimportantthanbeinferiorto---beworsethanbesuperiorto---bebetterthan还要注意比较级主要结构：the+比较级，the+比较级(越……就越……)，常考选择或翻译。如：Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyoumake.Theearlieryoucome,thebetter(itis).形容词与副词最高级形式分别为:“the+形容词最高级+名词十范围表示”和“副词最高级十名词+范围表示”，副词比较级和最高级不需要加the。比如:Wearethehappiestwhenstayingwithfriends.Icarriedoutthetaskmoresuccessfullythanhehadexpected.Most有时并不都是最高级形式，相当于very，该使用方法比较正式。如：Itisamosttouchingfilm.这是一部非常感人电影。Theyshallmostcertainlycome.他们很可能回来。时态国考中考试重点是完成时态，现在我们详细讲完成时态使用方法。只有延续性动词能够和时间段连用,瞬间动词要改为对应连续性表示状态短语。die-bedeadleave/go-beawaybuy/borrow-keep/havestart/begin-beon注意主要句型：Itis(hasbeen)…since…这一结构也惯用于现在完成时。Ithasbeen(也可用is)alongtimesincetheylastmeteachother.“This/It/Thatbethefirst(second)timethat…”句型中，从句惯用完成时态。比如：IsthisthefirsttimethatyouhavevisitedHongKong?ThiswillbethesecondtimethatIhavebrokenacupthisweek.Thatwasthethirdtimehehadbeeninterruptedthatafternoon.**现在完成进行时表示一个不间断动作，所以在提到做某事次数或所做事情种类时，不能用该时态，而只能用现在完成时．Ihaveknockedatthedoorfivetimes,butI’mafraidnobodyisin.Thepopsingerhassungthreesongs.关于过去完成时1.由had+过去分词组成，表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成动作，常与由by,before，until等介词或连词引发表示到过去某一时间为止时间状语连用。ThegirlhadlearnedalotofEnglishwordsbeforeshewenttoschool.2.用在表示与过去情况相反虚拟句从句中。Ifhehadstudiedhardlastterm,hewouldhavepassedtheexamination.IwishIhadgonetothepartylastnight.关于未来完成时由shall(will)+have+过去分词组成，表示未来某个时间之前会发生或可能完成事情，常与by,before,when等介词或连词引导表示未来时间短语或从句连用。Whenwegettherethey’llprobablyhaveleft.BytheendofthiscenturyChinawillhavebecomeoneofthestrongestandwealthiestcountryintheworld.下面我们要讲是语法中重中之重：情态动词+完成式(1)could+have+过去分词有时表示过去时间，说明某事可能已发生，有时也表示与事实相反，表示原来有能力做某事，但却未做。例Whathappenedintheairportcouldhavebeentrue.Thedirectorcouldhaveproducedabetterfilm.Hecouldhavehelpedme,buthedidn’t.(2)might/may+have+过去分词表示对已经发生情况进行揣测，但语气相当无须定，表示近乎未实现行为.例：Youmighthavedonetheworkbetter.你原来能够把工作做得愈加好一些。(3)must+have+过去分词是对发生在过去一个行为推测，表示过去必定发生过事情，语气相当必定，表示“必定，一定”。例：Itmusthaverainedlastnight.Thegroundiswet.昨夜一定下雨了，地上湿乎乎。(4)should/oughtto+have+过去分词表示该做而未做到事，表示“本应”。例：Theyshouldhavemadeagoodjobofit.他们原来可把工作做好。(5)shouldnot/oughtn’tto+have+过去分词表示做了不该做事，表示“本不应该”。例：Youshouldnothavedonesuchthings.你不该干出这种事情来。(6)can’t（couldn’t）+have+过去分词表示对过去动作进行否定性推测。意为“必定没有，必定不是”。例：Thepoemcan’thavebeenwrittenbythelittlegirl;sheisonlyfour.这首诗必定不是这个小女孩写，她才刚四岁。(7)would+have+过去分词经惯用于虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反猜测。例：Ifshehadknownaboutit,shewouldhavetalkedaboutit.她要是知道这件事话，早就对此说东道西了。(8)needn’t+have+过去分词表示无须做事情却做了，可译为“原本无须”“其实无须”。例：Youneedn’thavedoneallthesecalculations.Wehaveacomputertodealwiththatsortofthing.Exercises1.Thestreetsareallwet.It______duringthenight.(/4)A.mustrain B.musthaverainedC.mustberaining D.musthavebeenraining2.I______thisthree-roomapartmentwithoutthemoneyIborrowedfromthebank.(/10)needn’thaveboughtmustn’thaveboughtC.shouldn’thaveboughtD.couldn’thaveboughtDB3.Whenwereachedthecinema,thefilm_____started,fortherewerenopeopleattheentrance.(/4)A.shouldhave B.oughttohaveC.hadtohave D.musthave4.Ithinkyouought______meaboutthematterandnothaveletmemakesuchafoolofmyself.(/4)A.havetoldB.tellC.hadtoldD.tohavetoldDD5.Inthepastfewmonthstheproject_____heldupbytheheateddiscussionaboutwhetheritisworthwhile.(/10)A．is B．wasC．hasbeen D．hadbeen6.ThisisthefirsttimeI______onanEnglish-speakingsoil.(/10)A.setmyfootB.havesetfootC.setmyfeetD.havesetfeetCB7.Thejob______bythetimehecomesback.(/10)A.willhavebeendoneB.willhavedoneC.isbeingdoneD.hasbeendone8.ItisthefirsttimethatI______reallyrelaxedformonths.(/4)A.feelB.havefeltC.feltD.willhavefeltBA语态主动形式表示被动含义：A.need/require/want/deservedoing=need/require/want/deservetobedoneB.smell/sound/taste/feel/prove+adj.Thestoryprovedquitefalse.Theflowerssmellsweet.C.Can’t,won’t…+vi.(move,lock,open,…)Thedoorwon’tshut.D.read,write,wash,clean,draw,burn,cook,wear…+adv.(well,easily….)下面请看几个例子：Thiskindofricecooksmorequickly.Theclothwasheseasily.Hisbluejeanshavewornthin.还要注意一些主动形式表示被动含义短语：Betoblame:beresponsiblefordon’tknowwhoistoblame.sinkin:beunderstoodcomeout:bepublished重点短语：have/hassth.done（考试中出现频率极高）该短语有三个意思：（１）请／让某人做某事Iwillhavemyhaircuttomorrow.Hehasjusthadhisbicyclerepaired.（２）某物遭受到某一消极动作Hehadhisfingerburntyesterday.Hehadhisfacecutwhenhewasshavinghisface.（３）主语自己做某事We’llhaveallthedishesclearedawaybeforesevenp.m.everyday.国考中主要考前两个意思。还要注意介词使用：被动形式有时by要被其它介词代替beknowntosb.bepopularwith/amongsb.becoveredwithsth.beengagedtosb.bemarriedtosb.接不带to不定式（也称秃头不定式）做宾补词改成被动时要加to.惯用动词有（十个半动词）一感feel二听listento/hear三让make/let/have四看watch/see/lookat/notice半帮助help(即可用to也可不用）DidanyoneseeTomentertheroom?→WasTomseentoentertheroom?Theteachermakesusdoalotofhomework.→wearemadetodoalotofhomeworkbytheteacher.Myhouseisfullofdustbecausetheoldhousejustopposite______.(/4)willbepulleddown hastobepulleddownC.haspulleddownD.isbeingpulleddownD从句定语从句注意关系代词that使用A．先行词为alleverythingnothingsomethinganythinglittlemuch等不定代词时用thate.g----Ahobbycanbealmostanythingthatapersonlikestodoinhissparetime.----Ahobbyissomethingthatweliketodoinoursparetime.B.先行词被alleverynosomeanylittlemuch修饰时用thate.g----I’vereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.C.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时用thate.g----ThisisthefirstcompositionthathehaswritteninEnglish.----ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.D.先行词被theonlytheverythesamethelast修饰时用thate.g----Thelastplacethatwevisitedwasthechemicalworks.----ThewhiteflowersistheonlyonethatIreallylike.----ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.E.当有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物先行词时用thate.g.----Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolthathehadvisited.F.当主句是who或which开头特殊问句时，定语从句要用thate.g----Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?----Whichofusthatknowsomethingaboutphysicsdoesnotknowthis?关系代词除连接句子外，通常在从句中做主语，宾语或定语由关系副词引导定语从句能引导定语从句关系副词有when=inwhich,onwhich,atwhichwhere=inwhich,atwhich,onwhichwhy=forwhiche.g----ThatisthereasonwhyIdidit.----TheschoolwhereI’mstudyingisakeyschool.----Thetimehascomewhenordinarypeoplecanusecomputer.带介词定语从句引导定语从句关系代词能够作介词宾语，形成带介词定语从句。这种结构有两种：从句由“介词+which”（表示事和物）从句由“介词+which”（表示人）e.g----Themanto/withwhomheistalkingisateacher.----Theschoolin/atwhichIamstudyingisakeyschool.解题要诀：掌握惯用介词基本使用方法掌握惯用动词，形容词与介词之间固定搭配非限定性定语从句1.当指物时，不能用that只能用which2.which有时用来指整个句子或句子一部分。e.g.Hediedsuddenly,whichmadeherverysad.hesaidlastnighthewenttosleepwithhisclotheson,whichwasveryuncomfortable.关系词使用一看先行词，二看关系词在从句中作用，在此基础上熟记几个惯用固定句式，如：thesame…as,such…as…Thefilmisthesameaswehaveexpected.关系词在句中做定语–whose应该熟悉关系词做定语时各种变体。theofficewhosewindowsarebrokentheofficethewindowsofwhicharebroken“介词+which/whom”结构做关系词A．介词是句中短语搭配一部分,如payattentionto,takecareof等固定短语动词，在定语从句中通常不宜将介词与动词分开。Thisistheboywhomshehastakencareof.B．“部分+of+整体名词”结构，该结构做关系词也就是“部分名词+ofwhich/whom”结构。Hertwobrothers,bothofwhomworkinScotland,ringherupeveryweek.Wewillhaveapartyintheroom,thewindowofwhichhasbeenbroken.C．另一个介词是表示范围介词Hehascomposedmanypiecesofmusicpopularwithyoungpeople,____whichthisisanexample.ofD．有时介词与先行词组成短语Itisusefultobeabletopredicttheextent____whichapricechangewillaffectsupplyanddemand.A.fromB.withC.toD.forC.toas/which引导定语从句区分（1）位置不一样：as可置于句首，也可置于句中，而which只能放在句中。（2）指代不一样。as引导定语从句时，其先行词为整个主句。which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词也能够是主句或主句中一部分。（3）与主动动作先后不一样：as从句表示行为经常是在主句行为之前，而which引导定语从句表示却在主句之后，表示连续发生事情或结果等。Aswasexpected,theEnglandteamwonthefootballmatch.Hepromisedtohelpme,whichhedid.Hewasoftenlateforwork,whichcosthimhisjob.注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时，关系词选取假如用when,where或why，关系词在从句中应该是做状语,不然话则应该用which/that等。比如：Iwillneverforgetthedays________Ispentwithmyfriendsinthecountry.that/which/\exercises1.Theboywaspaid$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof____hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.(/10)A．those B．theseC．that D．Which2.Anyone______hassomethinginterestingtoconcentrateonwon'tfindlifeboring.(/4)A.whoever B.whomeverC.who D.whichDC3.Athletes______attheOlympicGamesaresupposedtobenonprofessionals.(/10)A.whocompeteB.whoarecompetingC.whowillcompeteD.whohavecompeted4.Television,______cameintobeingin1939,didnotbecomecommonuntiltheearly1950s.(/4)A.that B.whatC.whichD.itACAdverbialClauses用作状语从句叫状语从句(adverbialclause)．时间状语从句表示“一……就……”连词：once,assoonas,barely/hardly/scarcely…when,nosooner…than,theminute,themoment,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly其余表示时间短语还有：everytime,nexttime,theday等。一些表时间副词和短语也可引导状语从句．例:Thedayhereturnedhome,hisfatherwasalreadydead.Weshallhavecompletedtheworkbythetimehe________backnextweek.(/4)A.willcome B.comesC.iscomingD.willhavecomeBAs,when,while即使都表示时间，不过有区分．As多用于口语，强调“同一时间”或“一先一后”．例:1.AsIwasgoingout,itbegantorain.(as强调两个动作紧接着发生）2.Asspringwarmsthegoodearth,allflowersbegintobloom.（在这里是“伴随”意思）When强调特定时间例:1.Whenhewaseatinghisbreakfast,heheardthedoorbellrang.While也表示同一时间，但表示不是一点，而是一段,所以位于谓语动词必须为延续性动词形式．例：Whilehewaseatinghisbreakfast,hisfriendcametovisithim.注意not…until…正常结构、倒装结构、强调结构、和until置于句首使用方法。Hedidn’tgotosleepuntilhehadfinishedhishomework.（正常结构）Notuntilhehadfinishedhishomeworkdidhegotosleep.（倒装结构）Itwasnotuntilhehadfinishedhishomeworkthathewenttosleep.（强调结构）Untilhehadfinishedhishomeworkhedidn’tgotosleep.（until置于句首）原因状语从句，关联词有because,assince等．because,as,since三者区分：because语气最强，重在交待原因，以why引导疑问句只能because用往返答；其前可用only,just等词强调；可用在Itis…that…强调句型中。如：Youshouldn'tgetangryjustbecausesomepeoplespeakillofyou.as一词语气最弱，表示显著原因。如：Asshewasinahurry,sheleftherkeyinthecar.since表示人们已知事实，所以常译成“既然……”。如：Sinceeveryoneishere,let'sgetstarted.另外，for属并列连词，不能位于句首，是对前一分句加以解释或说明。如：Itmusthaverainedlastnight,fortheyardiswet.与since相近，seeingthat,nowthat,consideringthat,giventhat都有“鉴于某个事实、考虑到”意思，另外，inthat，onthegroundsthat均可表示原因。例:Consideringsheissointerestedinchildren,Ithinkshecanmakeaverygoodkindergartenteacher.结果状语从句，关联词有that,sothat,suchthat,withtheresultthat.so…that,such…that等。ShesatbehindmesothatIcouldnotseetheexpressiononherface.HisangerwassuchthathelostcontrolofhimselfIwasinthebath,astheresultthatIdidn’thearthetelephone.Heissokindapersonthatwealllikehim.Heissuchakindpersonthatwealllikehim.条件状语从句分为真实条件和非真实条件两种．前者表示真实或可能变成现实条件，后者表示非真实或不可能变为现实条件．真实条件句要用通常时标未来。例：Oilfloatsifyoupouritonwater.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffifitrainstomorrow.IfIwereyou,Iwouldrefusethemoney.虚拟式基本形式（后面我们再详细讲虚拟语气）Ifweleftnow,weshouldarriveintime.Ifwehadlefttime,wewouldhavedroppedby.Ifyoudroppedtheglass,itwouldbreak.Thetennisfinalswillbeputoffifit______tomorrowafternoon.(/4)A.rains B.willrainC.weretorain D.wastorainA让步状语从句，关联词：though,although,if,evenif,eventhough,inspiteofthefactthat等．例：1.Thoughitwasonlynineo抍lock,therewerefewpeopleinthestreet..2.Hewentoutinspiteofthefactthathehadabadcold.Exercises1.Ifyousmokeinanon-smokingsectionpeople_____.A)haveobjectedB)objectedC)mustobjectedD)willobject2.Amanescapedfromtheprisonlastnight.Itwasalongtime_____theguardsdiscoveredwhathadhappened.A)beforeB)untilC)sinceD)when3.Governmentcannotoperateeffectively_____itisfreefromsuchinterference.A)solongasB)sothatC)unlessD)becauseDCC4.NotthatJohndoesn'twanttohelpyou,_____it'sbeyondhispower.A)butthatB)forthatC)andthatD)inthat5.Mandifferfromanimals____theycanthinkandspeak.A)inthatB)forthatC)withthatD)atthat6.Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue_____itcomestoclassroomtests.A)whenB)sinceC)beforeD)afterAAA7.Americanseat_____astheyactuallyneedeveryday.(98/06/56)A)twiceasmuchproteinB)twiceproteinasmuchC)proteinasmuchtwiceD)proteinastwicemuch8._____seeingthedamagehehaddone,thechildfeltashamed.(99/01/52)A)ByB)OnC)AtD)For9.Iwasadvisedtoarrangeforinsurance_____Ineededmedicaltreatment.(99/01/65)A)neverthelessB)althoughC)incaseD)sothatABC10.I'vealreadytoldyouthatI'mgoingtobuyit,_____.A)howevermuchitcostsB)howeverdoesitcostsmuchC)howmuchdoesitcostD)nomatterhowitcostsA名词从名包含主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词从句1.主语从句在句子充当主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数Whyherefusedtoworkwithyouisstillunclearnow.Whoevercomesiswelcome.主语从句前that不能省，仅起连接作用。通常由it作形式主语,that从句后置。Thathebecamealawyermayhavebeenduetohismother’sinfluence.ItisnottruethathehasmovedtoNewYork.2.宾语从句,要用陈说句语序。Idon’tknowwherethesoundcamefrom.Don’tbesatisfiedwithwhatyouhaveachieved.Pleasetellmewhatiswrong/thematterwithyou,andIcanhelpyou.由that引导从句只能用在介词but,besides,except,in,save,saving之后。比如：Iknownothingabouthimexcept/butthatheisJapanese.Hediffersfromhisbrotherinthatheisveryselfish.whether与if在名词从句中使用方法区分（if通常只用于宾语从句）1）.由whether引导主语从句，表语从句不能由if来替换Whetherhewillattendthemeetingisuncertain.Thequestioniswhetherhewillcome.2）.宾语从句中,whether能够和ornot直接连用.能够说whetherornot而不说ifornot。Idon’tcarewhetherornothewillattendthemeeting.Idon’tcareif/whetherhewillattendthemeetingornot.3）.whether可用在介词后，或用在带to不定式前，if则不能够。Judydoesn'tknowwhethertogetmarriednowortowait.Ihaven’tsettledthequestionofwhetherI’llgobackhome.主要考点：出现if引导从句时先判断是宾语从句还是条件状语从句。当if意为“是否”时，引导宾语从句，时态依照时间状语和主句谓语来定。当if意为“假如”时，引导条件状语从句，用通常时表未来。Iwon’tgothereifhe_____(come)heretomorrow.（条件状语从句）Idon’tknowifhe_______(come)heretomorrow.（宾语从句）comeswillcome3.表语从句

表语从句对主语内容起解释和阐述作用；若表语从句用that引发，that起连接作用，不能省略。表语从句也可用连接词how,when,where,why,what引发。由

because引发表语从句通常只用在“this/that/itisbecause…”结构中。与此形成对比是：Thereason(why)…isthat…4.同位语从句惯用引导词that在从句中不做成份，但不能省略。有时也可由whether,how,why,

where,when等来引导。比如：Wehavegotthenewsthatourteamwonthefootballmatch.Wordcamethathewasneededathome.ThequestionwhetherornotIshouldhelphiminsuchacasetroubledmegreatly.注意区分定语从句和同位语从句。Theideathatgirlsarenotascleverasboysisharmful.（同位语从句）Theideathatstruckhimstartledhisparents.（定语从句）在名词性从句中“疑问词ever”不能换成”nomatter+疑问词”,视情况能够换成“anyone/anybodywho”或”anythingthat”,在状语从句中能够换用．Exercises1.Wegiveahelpinghandto______needsourhelp.A.nomatterwhoB.whoeverC.whomeverD.nomatterwhom2._______wantstocometoourclassiswelcome.A.anybodywhoB.whoeverC.whomeverD.bothAandBBD3._______yougo,Iwillgowithyou.A.nomatterwhereB.whereverC.anyplacewhereD.bothAandB4.Ifyoulikeit,_______itis,Iwillbuyitforyou.A.whatB.whateverC.nomatterwhatD.bothBandCDD附加疑问句/反疑疑问句1.当主语部分是everybody,everyone,someone,noone,nobody,somebody等词，附加疑问句主语在非正式文体中用they,正式文体用heorshe或者用he.NobodyphonedwhileIwasout,didthey?2.陈说部分是there存在句，附加疑问句主语也用there.Thereisnohelpforit,isthere?3.假如陈说部分是Ｉam结构，附加疑问部分用aren’tI.Iamlate,aren’tI?4.假如陈说部分用不定代词作主语，附加疑问部分在正式场所用one，非正式场所用you.Onecan’tbetoocareful,canone/canyou?5.陈说部分带有seldom,hardly,never,rarely,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问句动词用必定形式．Bobrarelygotdrunk,didhe?假如陈说部分含带有否定前缀词，附加疑问句用否定形式．Hewasunsuccessful,wasn’the?6.当陈说部分主语是Isuppose,Ithink,Ibelieve时，附加疑问部分与that从句中主语和谓语动词保持一致，但要注意否定转移．主语为第二、三人称时依照主句来定。Ｉsupposeheisserious,isn’the?Idon’tthinkshecares,doesshe?Youthinksheiswrong,don’tyou?HethinksthatMarywon’tcome,doesn’the?7.带有情态动词oughtto，附加疑问句在英国英语中用oughtto表示，美国英语中用should表示．Thechildoughttobepunished,oughtn’t/shouldn’the?8.陈说部分带有情态动词needn’t时，附加疑问句惯用need,有时也可用must.Youneedn’tgoyet,needyou?陈说部分有must表示必须时，附加疑问句用mustn’t;mustn‘t表示”禁止”时，附加疑问句用must.表示推测时，依照详细时间而定。Youmustworkhard,mustn’tyou?Youmustn’twalkongrass,mustyou?Hemusthavewaitedhereforanhour,_______?(/4)A.didn’theB.mustn’theC.hasn’theD.mustheA9.陈说部分带有情态动词usedto时，附加疑问句可用usedto形式或did形式．TheAllensusedtoliveinthecountry,usedn’tthey/didn’tthey?10.Letusgohome,shallwe?Letusgothere,willyou?Don’tforgettoclosethedoor,willyou?Comein,willyou/won’tyou?考试重点：出现’s和‘d时关键是判断是什么缩写形式。比如：It’salongtimesincewemetlasttime,_______?It’sbeenalongtimesincewemetlasttime,________?He’dbettercometotheinterviewintime,________?I’dratheryouwentgotherenow,________?isn’tithasn’tithadn’thewouldn’tI主谓一致1.manya,morethanone+单数名词，谓语依然用单数．Manyasoldierhassacrificedhislifefortherevolution.2.eitherof+复数名词，谓语动词用单数．Haseitherofyourparentsvisitedyou?3.and;bothand连接两个单数形式名词词组，谓语动词用复数．当主语在意义上指同一人，同一物或同一概念时，谓语用单数．Aboyandagirlwanttogo.Acartandhorseiswhatheneedsnow.在英语中，有不少像acartandhorse这种表示单数概念短语，如：aneedleandthreadaknifeandforkawatchandchainacupandsaucer即使这种表示单数概念短语中有复数名词，谓语动词依然用单数形式，如：DanishbaconandeggsmakesagoodsolidEnglishbreakfast．Moreexamples:breadandbutter,trialanderror,lawandorder,toastandmarmalade,fishandchips4.eachandeach;everyandevery等结构后，谓语用单数．Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.5.主语后面有aswellas;togetherwith;alongwith;ratherthan等词组，谓语单复数有主语来决定．6.oneof＋复数名词＋关系分句结构，如先行词为复数名词，谓语则为复数．当前面有theonly/very等限定词修饰，谓语用单数．Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.7.靠近标准：由notonly...butalso,either...or,neither...nor或or连接并列主语，通常依照就近一致标准，谓语动词单复数形式由最靠近它名词词组单复数形式决定。比如：

Heoryouhavetakenmypen.

Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit.

Oneortwodaysareenoughtovisitthecity.8.由“anumberof,atotalof+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；由“thenumberof,thetotalof+复数名词”，谓语动词用单数形式。比如：

Anumberofstudentsarewaitingforthebus.

Thenumberofthestudentsinthisuniversityisincreasingyearly.Exercises1.____ofthetwobooksholdstheopinionthatthedangerofnuclearwarisincreasing.A)NoneB)EitherC)BothD)Neither2Iflawandorder____notpreserved,peoplewillnotbeabletoliveasecurelife.A)areB)wereC)isD)was3.Themoviesstaraswellasalotoffans____photographedalotbyTVstationsandnewspapers.A)wereB)wasC)hadD)hasDCB倒装句1.代词neither,nor,nomore用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必须是否定句，这时后面分句不但用倒装结构，而且时态（包含助动词）必须和前句一致。so被用作句首分句前面必须是必定句。例：1)Sheneverlaughed,nordidsheeverlosehertemper.２)Theorganizationhadbrokennorulesbutneitherhaditactedresponsibility.３)Johnhadbeenworkinghardandsohadhisbrother.2.虚拟结构中条件从句省去if时，were,had和should要移至主语之前。例:1)HadIknownit,Ishouldhavetoldhim.2)Werehetotelluseverything,wecouldtrytosolvehisproblem.3)Haditnotbeenforthereservoir,wehadneverhavebeenabletobeatthedrought.一些条件从句例：Allright,ifstayyoumust,goandsitdownproperlyoverthere.3.句首为否定词和带有否定意义词或短语作状语或宾语时，惯用部分倒装。惯用于这一结构词语有：little,nowhere,rarely,scarcely,seldom,few,hardly,never,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount,innoway,atnopoint,atnotime,innosense,atno/othertime,bynomeans,barely/hardly/scarcely…when,notuntilmuch/even/stillless,nolonger,notasingleword,notoften,等。4.only位于句子开头，假如修饰介词短语或状语从句，那么句子应倒装。例：Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoicewasheablemakehimselfheard.Only引导从句位于句首,主语应倒装.Onlywhenshecamehomedidhelearnthenews.5.so/such…that结构中so放在句首时，需要倒装。例：1)Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim..２)Suchagoodstudentwasshethatalltheteacherslikedher.6.在as引导让步状语从句中形容词、名词或副词常移至从句之首，起强调作用。例：１)Tiredashewas,wedecidednottodisturbhim.２)Childasthelittlegirlis,sheknowsseveralforeignlanguages.3)MuchasIdislikehim,Iwillhelphimwhenheisintrouble.4)Tryashedid,hefailedagain.7.句首为manyatime,tosuchanextent,tosuchadegree,tosuchapoint等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。例：Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tgotosleepthatnight.8.在一些表示祝福句子中使用倒装。例：1)Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!9.介词词组放在句首．例：Infrontofthehousestandsatree.练习1.Sheneverlaughed,_____losehertemper.A)orsheeverdid B)nordidsheeverC)ordidsheever D)norsheeverdid2.Nosoonerhadwereachedthetopofthehill_____weallsatdowntorest.A)whenB)thenC)thanD)until3._____foryourlaziness,youcouldhavefinishedtheassignmentbynow.A)HaditnotbeenB)ItwerenotC)Weren’titD)HadnotitbeenBCA4._____formyillnessIwouldhavelenthimahelpinghand.A)NotbeingB)HaditnotbeenC)WithoutbeingD)Nothavingbeen5.Onlyunderspecialcircumstances_____totakemake-uptests.A)arefreshmenpermittedB)freshmenarepermittedC)permittedarefreshmenD)arepermittedfreshmenBA6.Wehavebeentoldthatundernocircumstances_____thetelephoneintheofficeforpersonalaffairs.A)mayweuseB)wemayuseC)wecoulduseD)didweuse7.Soconfused_____thathedidn’tknowhowtostarthislecture.A)sincehebecameB)wouldhebecomeC)thathebecameD)didhebecomeAD8._____rightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.(96/06/42)A)WouldsheleaveB)IfsheleavesC)WereshetoleaveD)Ifshehadleft9.Notonly_____uslight,butitgivesusheat.A)didthesungiveB)thesungivesC)givesthesunD)do