2023年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案第1卷一.综合题(共25题)1.翻译题TWOnuclearbombsareamongmanycuriousmachineswhichtheScienceMuseumstoresatanoldairfieldinWiltshire.AnearlyhovercraftstandswithafleetofsubmersiblesandatruckthatonceroamedtheAntarctic.Nowanewacquisitionisontheway.Aroundtherunwayworkersarepreparingtolayout155,000solarpanels—atabout170acres,oneofthebiggestsolarfarmsinBritain.ThoughBritain’shillsidesarepepperedwithwindturbines,solarpanelsproducelessthanhalfofonepercentofitspower.RacingtohitaEuropeantargetthatrequiresittogenerate30%ofitselectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2020,thegovernmentwantsalotmore.GregoryBarker,anenergyminister,saysthesolarindustrycouldexpandsixfoldwithinadecade.Laidontheground,thatmanypanelswouldfillanareaofabout150squaremiles.Fieldsfullofsolarpanelsarelessobtrusivethanhillsideturbines,andsimplertoinstall.Whereasoppositiontowindpowerismounting,about85%ofBritonsbacknewsolarprojects.Bigarraysmayevenencouragesomekindsofwildlife,forexamplebyshelteringground-nestingbirds.Itisalsogettingcheaper.Thecostofinstallingsolarpanelshasfallenbyhalfsince2010duetoheavydeploymentinGermanyandelsewhere.WeakBritishsunlightmakesenergyfromsolarfarmsabout25%moreexpensivethanfromonshorewindturbines—andmorethantwicethewholesalepriceofpower—butthegovernmentexpectsa20%reductionby2020.Solarcompaniessayministersmustdomore.Planners,fearingeyesores,aregrowinglessco-operative(complaintsfromruralcampaignersareholdinguptheScienceMuseum’sarray).Gridconnectionsaregettingmoreexpensiveasdeveloperschoosesiteseverfartherfrombigtowns.Yetcautioniswise,fortworeasons.First,heftyinvestmentinsunniercountriesmeansthepriceofpanelswillkeepfallingwithoutmuchhelpfromBritishtaxpayers;governmentcashmightgomuchfurtherinayearortwo.Second,thepriceofsolarpanelsreflectsonlypartofthetechnology’scosts.Panelsproduceverylittlepowerduringwinter;insummertheycangeneratetoomuch.TheNationalGrid,whichmanagesBritain’spower-transmissionnetwork,saysthatabigsolarprogrammewouldmeanfindingextracashtomitigatetheseswingsinsupply.Apreponderanceofpanelsisalreadymakingitdifficulttobuildmorefarmsinthesunnysouth-west.IfBritainisseriousabouthittingitslegally-bindingtargetforrenewablegeneration,moresolarseemsinevitable.Buttheroofsofoffices,factoriesandwarehousesarethebestplacesforit.Puttingpanelstherelowersenergybillsforbusinesseswhileplacinglessstrainonlocalgrids.Thatseemsabrighteridea.2.翻译题Ithinkthat,fromabiologicalstandpoint,humanlifealmostreadslikeapoem.Ithasitsownrhythmandbeat,itsinternalcyclesofgrowthanddecay.Itbeginswithinnocentchildhood,followedbyawkwardadolescencetryingawkwardlytoadaptitselftomaturesociety,withitsyoungpassionsandfollies,itsidealsandambitions;thenitreachesamanhoodofintenseactivities,profitingfromexperienceandlearningmoreaboutsocietyandhumannature;atmiddleage,thereisaslighteasingoftension,amellowingofcharacterliketheripeningoffruitorthemellowingofgoodwine,andthegradualacquiringofamoretolerant,morecynicalandatthesametimeakindlierviewoflife;theninthesunsetofourlife,theendocrineglandsdecreasetheiractivity,andifwehaveatruephilosophyofoldageandhaveorderedourlifepatternaccordingtoit,itisforustheageofpeaceandsecurityandleisureandcontentment;finally,lifeflickersoutandonegoesintoeternalsleepnevertowakeupagain.Oneshouldbeabletosetthebeautyofthisrhythmoflife,toappreciate,aswedoingrandsymphonies,itsmaintheme,itsstrainsofconflictandthefinalresolution.Themovementsofthesecyclesareverymuchthesameinanormallife,buttherelicmustbeprovidedbytheindividualhimself.3.翻译题Whatisthebestexercisetocontrolhighbloodpressure?Takeyourpick,asthebestexercisetocontrolhighbloodpressureseemstobevirtuallyanyexercise,likewalkingorcyclingorlightweighttraining,especiallyifyourworkoutsarespreadthroughouttheday.“Evenstandingmightwork,”saysGlennGaesser,thedirectoroftheHealthyLifestylesResearchCenteratArizonaStateUniversityandanexpertonexerciseandhypertension.Exerciselowersbloodpressureinlargepartbyalteringbloodvesselstiffnesssobloodflowsmorefreely.Thiseffectoccursduringandimmediatelyafteraworkout,sotheblood-pressurebenefitsfromexercisearemostpronouncedrightafter,youworkout.Asaresult,thebestwaytofighthypertensionmaybetodivvyupyourworkoutintobite-sizepieces.Ina2012studybyDr.Gaesser,three10-minutewalksspreadthroughoutthedaywerebetteratpreventingsubsequentspikesinbloodpressure—whichcanindicateworseningbloodpressurecontrol—thanone30-minutewalk.Andifevena10-minutewalksoundsdaunting,trystandingmoreoften.InanotherstudyledbyDr.GaesserandpublishedinAugust,overweightvolunteerswithbloodpressureproblemswereaskedtositcontinuouslyduringaneight-hourworkdaywhiletheirbloodpressurewasmonitored.Thereadingswere,asexpected,unhealthy.Butwhen,duringanotherworkday,thosevolunteersstoodupeveryhourforatleast10minutes,theirbloodpressurereadingsimprovedsubstantially.Thereadingswereevenbetterwhen,onadditionalworkdays,thevolunteersstrolledatapokey1-mile-per-hourpaceattreadmilldesksforatleast10minuteseveryhourorpedaledunder-deskexercisebikesforthesamenumberofminuteseveryhour.“Exerciseintensitydoesnotappeartoplayanysignificantrole”inhelpingpeoplecontrolbloodpressure,Dr.Gaessersays.Movementiswhatmatters.Sogoforastrollafewtimesduringthedayorsimplystandupmoreoftentodevelophealthierbloodpressure.4.翻译题无比强大的科技很快就将完全改变我们的生活。这可能会产生危险的后果，尤其是因为我们可能不懂背后的基础科学。我们的科技能力和对科学的基本理解之间的差距愈发加大。我们借助于未来科技可以从事非常巧妙的事情，而不必理解基本的科学，这是很危险的。未来的一百年中特别危险的技术是纳米技术、人工智能和生物技术。它们带来的好处不容置疑，但它们潜在的危险很大。在人工智能领域，到2010年比人脑聪明500亿倍的东西原型设计已经出现。电影《终结者》（Terminator）中唯一不可能实现的事是人类获胜。假如你在和比自己聪明得多的技术对抗，你可能不会取胜。我们都听说过灰色粘质（greygoo）问题，能自我复制的纳米技术装置不停地复制，直到世界沦为黏糊糊的质体（stickygoo）。无疑在生物技术方面，我们真的有个大问题，因为它在与纳米技术合流。一旦把纳米技术和有机体相结合，就有了纳米技术制造的细菌，我们能够比《星际迷航》中的博格飞船（theBorginStarTrek）旅行得更远，但那些超人生物体可能对我们并不太友好。我们所处的世界科学与商业日益结盟。在全球自由贸易体制的环境中，技术正在发展，这种体制认为技术的传播与商业结合实质上是件好事。我们应该做好准备，迎接围绕新兴技术而展开的前所未有的争论。5.单选题Australianresearchershavediscoveredelectroreceptors(sensoryorgansdesignedtorespondtoelectricalfields)clusteredatthetipofthespinyanteater’ssnout.Theresearchersmadethisdiscoverybyexposingsmallareasofthesnouttoextremelyweakelectricalfieldsandrecordingthetransmissionofresultingnervousactivitytothebrain.Whileitistruethattactilereceptors,anotherkindofsensoryorganontheanteater’ssnout,canalsorespondtoelectricalstimuli,suchreceptorsdosoonlyinresponsetoelectricalfieldstrengthsabout1,000timesgreaterthanthoseknowntoexciteelectroreceptors.Havingdiscoveredtheelectroreceptor,researchersarenowinvestigatinghowanteatersutilizesuchasophisticatedsensorysystem.Inonebehavioralexperiment,researcherssuccessfullytrainedananteatertodistinguishbetweentwotroughsofwater,onewithaweakelectricalfieldandtheotherwithnone.Suchevidenceisconsistentwithresearcher’shypothesisthatanteatersuseelectroreceptortodetectelectricalsignalsgivenoffbyprey;however,researchersasyethavebeenunabletodetectelectricalsignalsemanatingfromtermitemounds,wherethefavoritefoodofanteaterslive.Still,researchershaveobservedanteatersbreakingintoanestofantsatanobliqueangleandquicklylocatingnestingchambers.Thisabilityquicklytolocateunseenpreysuggests,accordingtotheresearchers,thattheanteaterswereusingtheirelectroreceptortolocatethenestingchambers.1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicthatdistinguisheselectroreceptorsfromtactilereceptors?2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheexperimentdescribedinthefirstparagraph?3.Theauthorofthepassagemostprobablydiscussesthefunctionoftatilereceptors(lines6—9)inorderto（

）.4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutanteatersfromthebehavioralexperimentmentionedinthesecondparagraph?5.Thepassagesuggeststhattheresearchersmentionedinthesecondparagraphwhoobservedanteatersbreakintoanestofantswouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?6.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthenthehypothesismentionedinlines15—16?问题1选项A.Themannerinwhichelectroreceptorsrespondtoelectricalstimuli.B.Thetendencyofelectroreceptorstobefoundinclusters.C.Theunusuallocationsinwhichelectroreceptorsarefoundinmostspecies.D.Theamountofelectricalstimulationrequiredtoexciteelectroreceptors.问题2选项A.Researchershaddifficultyverifyingtheexistenceofelectroreceptorsintheanteaterbecauseelectroreceptorsrespondtosuchanarrowrangeofelectricalfieldstrengths.B.Researchersfoundthatthelevelofnervousactivityintheanteater9sbrainincreaseddramaticallyasthestrengthoftheelectricalstimuluswasincreased.C.Researchersfoundthatsomeareasoftheanteater’ssnoutwerenotsensitivetoaweakelectricalstimulus.D.Researchersfoundthattheanteater’stactilereceptorsweremoreeasilyexcitedbyastrongelectricalstimulusthanweretheelectroreceptors.问题3选项A.eliminateandalternativeexplanationofanteaters’responsetoelectricalstimuliB.highlightatypeofsensoryorganthathasafunctionidenticaltothatofelectroreceptorsC.pointoutaseriouscomplicationittheresearchonelectroreceptorsinanteatersD.suggestthattactilereceptorsassistelectroreceptorsinthedetectionofelectricalsignals问题4选项A.Theyareunabletodistinguishbetweenstimulidetectedbytheirelectroreceptorsandstimulidetectedbytheirtactilereceptors.B.Theyareunabletodistinguishbetweentheelectricalsignalsemanatingfromtermitemoundsandthoseemanatingfromantnests.C.Theycanbetrainedtorecognizeconsistentlythepresenceofaparticularstimulus.D.Theyreactmorereadilytostrongthantoweakstimuli.问题5选项A.Theeventtheyobservedwasatypicalandmaynotreflecttheusualhuntingpracticesofanteaters.B.Itislikelythattheanteaterslocatedtheants’nestingchamberswithouttheassistanceofelectroreceptors.C.Anteaterspossessaverysimplesensorysystemforusinlocatingprey.D.Thespeedwithwhichtheanteaterslocatedtheirpreyisgreaterthanwhatmightbeexpectedonthebasisofchancealone.问题6选项A.Researchersareabletotrainanteaterstobreakintoanundergroundchamberthatisemittingastrongelectricalsignal.B.Researchersareabletodetectaweakelectricalsignalemanatingfromthenestingchamberofanantcolony.C.Anteatersareobservedtakingincreasinglylongeramountsoftimetolocatethenestingchambersofants.D.Anteatersareobservedusingvariousanglestobreakintonestsofants.6.翻译题Inordertomeettheglobalchallengesintoday’shighlycompetitiveenvironment,afirm’sstrategiccostmanagementprogramsshouldnotrestricttheirattentiontothecoststructureofthefirmorthefirm’scostperformancerelativetothatofotherfirmsand,inparticular,competitors.Therearetwobenefitsthatcanbederivedfromsuchextra-organizationalcostanalysis.Thefirstbenefitisasteadystreamofideasthatcanbeusedtomakeafirmmoreefficientanditsproductsmorecompetitive.Thesebenefitsarederivedfromallaspectsofextra-organizationalcostanalysis,butespeciallyfromproductteardownandparticipationinroundtables.Thesecondbenefitisacomparisonofafirm’sownprogressatbecomingefficientwiththeprogressofotherfirms.7.单选题StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanismsthatallowthesealtocopewiththeextremeoxygendeprivationthatoccursduringitslongestdives,whichcanextend500metersbelowtheocean’ssurfaceandlastforover70minutes.Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygenanditsarteriesbecomeconstricted,ensuringthattheseal’sbloodremainsconcentratednearthoseorgansmostcrucialtoitsabilitytonavigateunderwater.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism.ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthePHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sbloodstream.Recentfieldstudies,however,revealthatondivesinthewild,thesealusuallyheadsdirectlyforitspreyandreturnstothesurfaceinlessthantwentyminutes.Theabsenceofhighlevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sbloodaftersuchdivessuggeststhatduringthen,theseal’sorgansdonotresorttotheanaerobicmetabolismobservedinthelaboratory,butaresuppliedwithoxygenfromtheblood.Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator,doevokethedivingresponseseeninthelaboratory.Butwhydotheseal’slaboratorydivesalwaysevokethisresponse,regardlessoftheirlengthordepth?Somebiologistsspeculatethatbecauseinlaboratorydivesthesealisforciblysubmerged,itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.1.Thepassageprovidesinformationtosupportwhichofthefollowinggeneralizations?2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbydescribingtheWeddellsealaspreparing“fortheworst”lines31—32,biologistsmeanthatit（

）.3.Thepassagesuggeststhatduringlaboratorydives.ThePHoftheWeddellseal’sbloodis（

）4.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?notadverselyaffectedbyproductionoflacticacidbecause.5.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingistrueofthelaboratorystudiesmentionedinline1?6.TheauthorciteswhichofthefollowingascharacteristicoftheWeddellseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorduringdivesobservedinthelaboratory?I.Adecreaseintherateatwhichtheseal’sheartbeats.II.Aconstrictionoftheseal’sarteries.III.Adecreaseinthelevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sblood.IV.Atemporaryhaltinthefunctioningofcertainorgans.7.ThepassagesuggeststhatbecauseWeddellsealsareforciblysubmergedduringlaboratorydives,theydowhichofthefollowing?问题1选项A.Observationsofanimals’physiologicalbehaviorinthewildarenotreliableunlessverifiedbylaboratorystudies.B.Itisgenerallylessdifficulttoobservethephysiologicalbehaviorofananimalinthewildthaninthelaboratory.C.Theleveloflacticacidinananimal’sbloodislikelytobehigherwhenitissearchingforpreythanwhenit’sevadingpredators.D.Thephysiologicalbehaviorofanimalsinalaboratorysettingisnotalwaysconsistentwiththeirphysiologicalbehaviorinthewild.问题2选项A.preparestoremainunderwaterfornolongerthantwentyminutesB.exhibitsphysiologicalbehaviorsimilartothatwhichcharacterizesdivesinwhichitheadsdirectlyforitspreyC.exhibitsphysiologicalbehaviorsimilartothatwhichcharacterizesitslongestdivesinthewildD.beginstoexhibitpredatorybehavior问题3选项A.onlythoseorgansthatareessentialtotheseal’sabilitytonavigateunder-waterreverttoananaerobicmechanism.B.thesealtypicallyrevertstoananaerobicmetabolismonlyattheveryendofthediveC.organsthatreverttoananaerobicmetabolismaretemporarilyisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodstreamD.thesealremainssubmergedforonlyshortperiodsoftime问题4选项A.RecentfieldstudieshaveindicatedthatdescriptionsofthephysiologicalbehavioroftheWeddellsealduringlaboratorydivesarenotapplicabletoitsmosttypicaldivesinthewild.B.TheWeddellsealhasdevelopedanumberofuniquemechanismsthatenableittoremainsubmergedatdepthsofupto500metersforupto70minutes.C.TheresultsofrecentfieldstudieshavemadeitnecessaryforbiologiststorevisepreviousperceptionsofhowtheWeddellsealbehavesphysiologicallyduringitslongestdivesinthewild.D.HowtheWeddellsealrespondstooxygendeprivationduringitslongestdivesappearstodependonwhetherthesealissearchingforpreyoravoidingpredatorsduringsuchdives.问题5选项A.TheypresentanoversimplifiedaccountofmechanismsthattheWeddellsealreliesonduringitslongestdivesinthewild.B.TheyprovideevidencethatunderminestheviewthattheWeddellsealreliesonananaerobicmetabolismduringit’sinthewild.C.TheyarebasedontheassumptionthatWeddellsealsrarelyspendmorethantwentyminutesunderwateronatypicaldiveinthewild.D.TheyprovideanaccurateaccountofthephysiologicalbehaviorofWeddellsealsduringthosedivesinthewildinwhichtheyareeitherevadingpredatorsorexploringdistantroutes.问题6选项A.IandIIIonlyB.IandIVonlyC.IIandIIIonlyD.I，II，andIVonly问题7选项A.Exhibitthephysiologicalresponsesthatarecharacteristicofthelongerdivestheyundertakeinthewild.B.Copewithoxygendeprivationlesseffectivelythandoontypicaldivesinthewild.C.Producesmalleramountsoflacticacidthantheydoontypicaldivesinthewild.D.Navigatelesseffectivelythantheydoontypicaldivesinthewild.8.翻译题Whydidhumansevolvetowalkupright?Perhapsbecauseit’sjustplaineasier.Makethat’’energeticallylesscostly,"inscience-speakBipedalism-walkingontwofeet-isoneofthedefiningcharacteristicsofbeinghuman,andscientistshavedebatedforyearshowitcameabout.Inthelatestattempttofindanexplanation,researcherstrainedfivechimpanzeestowalkonatreadmillwhilewearingmasksthatallowedmeasurementoftheiroxygenconsumption.Thechimpsweremeasuredbothwhilewalkinguprightandwhilemovingontheirlegsandknuckles.Thatmeasurementoftheenergyneededtomovearoundwascomparedwithsimilartestsonhumansandtheresultsarepublishedinthisweek’sonlineeditionofProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.Itturnsoutthathumanswalkingontwolegsusesonlyone-quarteroftheenergythatchimpanzeesusewhileknuckle-walkingonfourlimbs.Andthechimps,onaverage,useasmuchenergyusingtwolegsastheydidwhentheyusedallfourlimbs.However,therewasvariabilityamongchimpanzeesinhowmuchenergytheyused,andthisdifferencecorrespondedtotheirdifferencegaitsandanatomy.Wethinkabouttheevolutionofbipedalismasoneoffirsteventsthatledhominids（原始人）downthepathtobeinghuman.9.单选题Competitionforadmissiontothecountry’stopprivateschoolshasalwaysbeentough,butthisyearElisabethrealizedithadreachedanewlevel.Herwake-upcallcamewhenamancalledtheDaltonSchoolinManhattan,whereElisabethisadmissionsdirector,andinquiredabouttheagecutofffortheirkindergartenprogram.Afterprovidingtheinformation,sheaskedabouttheageofhischild.Themanpausedforanuncomfortablylongtimebeforeanswering.“Well,wedon’thaveachildyet.We’retryingtofigureoutwhentoconceiveachildsothebirthdayisnotaproblem.”WorriesarespreadingfromManhattantotherestofthecountry.Precisecurrentdataonprivateschoolsareunavailable,butinterviewswithrepresentativesofindependentschoolsalltoldthesamestory:anoversupplyofapplicants,higherrejectionrates.“Wehavepeoplecallingusforspotstwoyearsdowntheroad,”saidMarilynoftheSevenHillsSchoolinCincinnati.Wehavegrandparentscallingforpregnantdaughters.PublicopinionpollsindicatethatAmericans’No.1concerniseducation.Nowthatthelongeconomicboomhasgivenparentsmoredisposableincome,manyareturningtoprivateschools,evenatpricetagsofwellover$10000ayear.“We’regettingapplicantsfromabroaderareageographicallythanweeverhaveinthepast,”saidBetsyoftheLatinSchoolofChicago,whichexperienceda20percentincreaseinapplicationsthisyear.“Theproblemfortheapplicantsisthatwhiledemandhasincreased,supplyhasnot.”Everyyear,thereareafewchildrenwhodonotfindplaces,butthisyear,forthefirsttimethatIknowof,thereareasignificantnumberwithoutplaces,”saidElisabeth.Sowhatcanparentsdotogivetheir4-year-oldanedge?Schoolsknowthereisnoeasywaytopickaclasswhenchildrenaresoyoung.Manyschoolsgivepreferencetochildrenoftheirgraduates.Somemakethechoicebydrawinglots.Butmostrelyonamixofsubjectiveandobjectivemeasures:teststhatatbestidentifydevelopmentalmaturityandcognitivepotential,interviewswithparentsandobservationofapplicantsinclassroomsettings.Theyalsowantadiversemix.Childrenmayenduponawaitinglistsimplybecausetheirbirthdaysfallatthewrongtimeofyear,orbecausetoomanyapplicantswereboys.Theworstthingaparentcandoistopressurepreschoolerstoperform—forexample,bypushingthemtoreadordomathexercisesbeforethey’reready.Instead,theexpertssay,parentsshouldtakeabreathandlookforalternatives.Anotheryearinpreschoolmaybeallthat’sneeded.16.Fromthistextwelearnthatitis______.17.Thesentence“Wehavepeople....downtheroad”(Paragraph2)probablymeans______.18.Thetextindicatesthatprivateschoolsareveryselectivebecausethey______.19.Fromthetext,wecaninferthatauthor______.20.WhichofthefollowingcanserveasaTitleofthistext?问题1选项A.hardertomakeachoicebetweenpublicandprivateschoolsB.hardertogotoprivateschoolsthisyearthanbeforeC.moredifficulttogotopublicschoolsthantoprivateschoolsD.asdifficulttogotoprivateschoolsthisyearsbefore问题2选项A.wehavepeoplecallingusforparkingspacetwoyearsaheadoftimeB.peoplecalledusforpermissiontousetheplacestwoyearsagoC.wereceivedcallsfrompeopledowntheroadtwoyearsagoD.peoplecalledusforschoolvacanciestwoyearsinadvance问题3选项A.havenoreliablemethodstopickstudentsforaclassB.wantagoodmixtureofboysandgirlsforclassesC.encountermoredemandthantheycancopewithD.prefertoenrollchildrenoftheirrelatives问题4选项A.favorstheideaofputtingchildrenonawaitinglistB.agreestotextpreschooler’scognitivepotentialsC.thinkschildrenshouldbebetterpreparedacademicallyD.disapprovesoftheunduepressureonpreschoolers问题5选项A.HardTimeforthePreschoolersB.ProsperityofPrivate-schoolsC.TheProblemforPublicSchoolsD.AmericansNo.1Concern10.单选题NomanhasbeenmoreharshlyjudgedthanMachiavelli,especiallyinthetwocenturiesfollowinghisdeath.Buthehassincefoundmanyablechampionsandthetidehasturned.Theprincehasbeentermedamanualfortyrants,theeffectofwhichhasbeenmostharmful.ButwereMachiavelli’sdoctrinesreallynew?Didhediscoverthem?Hemerelyhadthefranknessandcouragetowritedownwhateverybodywasthinkingandwhateverybodyknew.Hemerelygivesustheimpressionshehadreceivedfromalongandintimateintercoursewithprincesandtheaffairsofstate.ItwasLordBaconwhosaidthatMachiavellitellsuswhatprincesdo,notwhattheyoughttodo.WhenMachiavellitakesCaesarBorgiaasamodel,hedoesnotpraisehimasaheroatall,butmerelyasaprincewhowascapableofattainingtheendinview.Thelifeofthestatewastheprimaryobject.Itmustbemaintained.AndMachiavellihaslaiddowntheprinciples,baseduponhisstudyandwideexperience,bywhichthismaybeaccomplished.Hewrotefromtheviewpointofthepolitician—notofthemoralist.Whatisgoodpoliticsmaybebadmorals,andinfact,byastrangefatality,wheremoralsandpoliticsclash,thelattergenerallygetstheupperhand.AndwillanyonecontendthattheprinciplessetforthbyMachiavelliinhisPrinceorhisDiscourseshaveentirelyperishedfromtheearth?Hasdiplomacybeenentirelystrippedoffraudandduplicity?LetanyonereadthefamouseighteenthchapterofThePrince:“InwhatMannerPrincesshouldKeeptheirFaith.”andhewillbeconvincedthatwhatwastruenearlyfourhundredyearsago,isquiteastruetoday.OftheremainingworksofMachiavellithemostimportantistheHistoryofFlorencewrittenbetween1521and1525,anddedicatedtoClementVII.ThisbookismerelyarapidreviewoftheMiddleAges,andaspartofitthehistoryofFlorence.Machiavelli’smethodhasbeencriticizedforadheringattimestoocloselytothechroniclersofhistime,andatothersrejectingtheirtestimonywithoutapparentreason,whileinitsdetailstheauthorityofhisHistoryisoftenquestionable.Itisthestraightforward,logicalnarrative,whichalwaysholdstheinterestofthereader,thatisthegreatestcharmoftheHistory.36.Itcanbeinferredfromthebeginningofthetextthat______.37.LordBacon’sremarksonMachiavelliisquotedas______.38.InthecaseofCaesarBorgiatheauthorholdsthat______.39.Accordingtotheauthor,apolitician’smorality______.40.Theauthor’sopiniononMachiavelli’sHistoryofFlorenceisthat______.问题1选项A.manypeopleusedtothinkhighlyofMachiavelliB.MachiavellihadbeenveryinfluentialamongtherulersC.MachiavelliwaswidelyreadamonghiscontemporariesD.Machiavellihasbeenatargetofcriticismthroughouthistory问题2选项A.asupportfortheauthor’sviewpointB.oneofthemainstreamviewonhimC.ajudgmentinsupportofmostcriticsD.amodificationoftheauthor’spreviousstarts问题3选项A.MachiavellihasbeenobjectiveB.MachiavellirevealedhispersonalityC.CaesarBorgiawasadeservedmodelD.MachiavelliovervaluedCaesarBorgia问题4选项A.isnomatchforhispoliticalambitionB.hasbeenundervaluedbyMachiavelliandhislikesC.isusuallyofsecondaryimportanceD.shouldbetakenasayardstickofhisinability问题5选项A.historyhasmuchtodowiththe