2023年考研考博-考博英语-北京师范大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-北京师范大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案第1卷一.综合题(共25题)1.写作题InthecourseoftheScientificRevolution,attentionwaspaidtotheproblemofestablishingthepropermeanstoexamineandunderstandthephysicalrealm.Thiscreationofascientificmethodwascrucialtotheevolutionofscienceinthemodernworld.Curiouslyenough,itwasanEnglishmanwithfewscientificcredentialswhoattemptedtoputforthanewmethodofacquiringknowledgethatmadeanimpactonEnglishscientistsintheseventeenthcenturyandotherEuropeanscientistsintheeighteenthcentury.FrancisBacon(1561-1626),alawyerandlordchancellor,rejectedCopemicusandKepletandmisunderstoodGalileo.AndyetinhisunfinishedworkTheGreatInstonararion(TheGreatRestoration),hecalledforhiscontemporaries"tocommenceatotalreconstructionofsciences,arts,andallhumanknowledge,raisedupontheproperfoundations."Bacondidnotdoubthumans’abilitytoknowthenaturalworld,buthebelievedthattheyhadproceededincorrectly"Theentirefabricofhumanreasonwhichweemployintheinquisitionofnatureisbadlyputtogetherandbuiltup,andlikesomemagnificentstructurewithoutfoundation."Bacon’snewfoundation—acorrectscientificmethod—wastobebuiltoninductiveprinciples.Ratherthanbeginningwithassumedfirstprinciplesfromwhichlogicalconclusionscouldbededuced,heurgedscientiststoproceedfromtheparticulartothegeneral.Fromcarefullyorganizedexperimentsandsystematic,thoroughobservations,correctgeneralizationscouldbedeveloped.Baconwasclearaboutwhathebelievedhismethodcouldaccomplish.Hisconcernwasmoreforpracticalthanforpurescience.Hestatedthat"thetrueandlawfulgoalofthesciencesisnoneotherthanthis:thathumanlifebeendowedwithnewdiscoveriesandpower."Hewantedsciencetocontributetothe"mechanicalarts"bycreatingdevicesthatwouldbenefitindustry,agriculture,andtrade.Baconwaspropheticwhenhesaidthat"Iamlaboringtolaythefoundation,notofanysectordoctrine,butofhumanutilityandpower."Andhowwouldthis"humanpower"beused?To"conquernatureinaction"Thecontrolanddominationofnaturebecameacentralpropositionofmodernscienceandthetechnologythataccompaniedit.Onlyinthetwentiethcenturydidsomescientistsaskwhetherthisassumptionmightnotheattheheartofthemodernecologicalcrisis.2.单选题WiththereleaseofthePiano,apowerfullyemotionalstorysetinnineteenth-centuryNewZealandaboutawoman’ssexualawakening,theNewZealand—bornJaneCampionhasestablishedherselfasoneofthemosttalentedfemalefilmmakerstocomeuponthesceneinrecentyears.ThefilmnotonlyreceivedpraisefulreviewsfromcriticsandmoviegoersbutwontheCannesFilmFestivalstopprizethePalmeD’Or,makingCampionthefirstwomanovertobesohonored.Campion'ssuccessisnotablealsobecausesheisarelativenewcomertothefilmworld:theforty-year-olddirectorhasmadejustthreefeatures(includingThePiano),atelevisionmovie,andahandfulofshortsdatingfromherstudentdays.AlthoughCampion’sfilmsappearatfirstglancetohavelittleincommon—herfirstfeature,Sweetie,isaveryhonest(somewouldsaycruellyunfeeling)portraitofadysfunctionalfamilyandhersecond,AnAngelatMyTable,isasympatheticbiographyofthenewZealandnovelistJanetFrame-eachreflectsherfeelingforstrong-willed,oftenmisunderstoodwomenwhorefuse,orareunabletogivethemselvesuptotheirrespectivesocieties'definitionsofwomanhood.AccordingtoDavidSterrittwritingintheChristianScienceMonitor,ThePiano"gainmuchofitseffectivenessfromCampionsdirectingstyle,whichcombinesthedreamlikeatmosphereofherearlyfilmSweetiewiththesensitivitytofeelingsthatmadeherlastmovieAnAngelatMyTable,soextraordinary."Alsocontributingtothefilm’ssuccesswasCampion'sabilitytoinducefineperformancesfromhercharacter."ShedirectsactorsdifferentlyfromanyoneI’veeverknown,"SamNeiltoldPaulFreemaninaninterviewfortheChicagoTribute"IalwaysfeltthattherewasabigsafetynetundertheandthatIwaspermittedtotakeasmanyrisksasIwantedto."GenevieveLemon,whohadplayedthetitleroleinSweetieandtookthesupportingroleofNessieinThePiano,agreedCampionisalreadyatworkonhernextprojectanadaptationofHenryJaures'snovelThePortraitofaLady.1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.2.Accordingtothepassage,Campion'sthreemoviessharewhichofthefollowingcharacteristics?3.ItcanbeconcludedthatCampionisregardedasoneofthemosttalentedfilmmakersinrecentyearsbecause（）

.4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatCampion'sdirectingstyleofthethirdmovie（）

.5.TheauthorimpliesthatCampionisdifferentfromotherfilmmakersinthat（）

问题1选项A.presentingtheinterrelationshipsbetweenCampionsthreemoviesB.commentingonJaneCampionasafilmmakerandherrecentmovie,ThePianoC.explainingwhyThePianowasasuccessD.criticizingJaneCampionandherthreemovies问题2选项A.Allofthemseemtobequitecommonplaceatfirstglance.B.AllofthemdealwithstoriesthattookplaceinNewZealand.C.Allofthemdescribeawomanwhoisrebelliousagainstthetraditionalviewoffemale.D.Eachmovieminorsthetimewhenthemoviewasproduced.问题3选项A.themoviethathasbroughtsuchgreathonortoherisjustthethirdfeatureshehasproducedB.sheisonly40yearsoldC.sheisthefirstwomanwhohasreceivedsuchhonorsD.shebeganhermovieproductionfromherstudentdays问题4选项A.isasimplecombinationofthoseinhertwoearlymoviesB.contributedgreatlytothesuccessofthemovieC.ismuchofanimitationofpreviousonesD.isquitecreative问题5选项A.sheisespeciallygoodatmakingtheactorsperformtothebestoftheirabilityB.sheisquiteabletoassuretheactorsoftheirsuccessC.shetendstoencouragetheactorstotakeasmanyrisksaspossibleD.shealwaysplacesabigsafetynetundertheactorswhendirectingthemovies3.翻译题1.WashingtonIrvinggraspedthisfactnearlyahundredyearsagowhenhewrote:"ThestrangerwhowouldformacorrectopinionofEnglishcharactermustgoforthintothecountry.Hemustsojourninvillagesandhamlets;hemustvisitcastles,villas,farmhouses,cottages;hemustwanderthroughparksandgardens,alonghedgesandgreenlanes;hemustloiteraboutcountrychurches,attendwakesandfairsandotherruralfestivals,andcopewiththepeopleinalltheirconditionsandalltheirhabitsandhumors.''2.Theimpactofdecentralizationtrends,ofcourse,extendswellbeyondcities.SprawlingdevelopmentpatternsaredestabilizingmanyofthesuburbsthatsurroundAmerica'scities.Oldersuburbsareexperiencingthesamechallengesascities:failingschools,persistentcrime,andthelossofjobsandbusinessestoother,furtheroutsuburbs.Evensuburbanareasthataredevelopingrapidlyarefindingthatexplosivegrowthhasitsdrawbacks,especiallyintheformofovercrowdedschools,butalsoinlongcommutesandtheinabilityoflocalgovernmentstopayfornewroads,sewers,andotherinfrastructure.4.单选题Whydosomenewproductssucceed,bringingmillionsofdollarstoinnovatingcompanies,whileothersfail,oftenwithgreatlosses?Theanswerisnotsimple,andcertainlywecannotsaythat"good"productssucceedwhile"bad"productsfail.Manyproductsthatfunctionwellandseentomeetconsumerneedshavefallenbythewayside.Sometimes,virtuallyidenticalproductsexistinthemarketatthesametimewithoneemergingasprofitablewhiletheotherfails.McNealLaboratoriesTylenolhasbecomesuccessfulasanaspirinsubstitute,yetBristol-MeyersenteredthelestmarketataboutthesametimewithNeotrend,alsoasubstituteforaspirin,whichquicklyfailed.Thenatureoftheproductisafactorinitssuccessoffailure,buttheimportantpointistheconsumer'sperceptionoftheproductsneed-satisfyingcapability.Anynewproductconceptionshouldbeaimedatmeetingacustomerneed,andtheintroductorypromotionshouldseektocommunicatethatneed-satisfyingqualityandmotivatethecustomertotrytheproduct.Often,attitudechangeisinvolved,and,intheextreme,changesinlife-stylemaybesought.Herethecompanywalksatightrope,anewproductismorelikelytobesuccessfulifitrepresentsatrulynovelwayofsolvingacustomerproblembutthisverynewness,ifcarriedtoofar,mayaskthecustomertoteamnewbehaviorpatterns.Thecustomerwillmakethechangeiftheperceivedbenefitissufficientbutinertiaisstrongandcustomerswilloftennotgototheeffortthatisrequired.DuringthelatesixtiesandearlyseventiesBristol-Meyersmetwithnewproductfailuresthatexemplifybothoftheseproblems.In1967and1968thecompanyenteredthemarketwitha$5millionadvertisingcampaignforFacttoothpaste,andan$11millioncampaigntoprorateResolve,Bothproductsfailedquickly,notbecausetheydidn’tworkorbecausetherewasnoconsumerneedbutapparentlybecauseconsumersjustcouldseenoreasontoshiftfromanalreadysatisfactoryproducttoadifferentonethatpromisednonewbenefit.1.Thefirstsentenceofthefirstparagraphisaquestiontowhichtheansweris（）

.2.WhatareTylenolandNeotrend?3.Thesuccessorfailureofaproductseemstobedeterminedbyanumberoffactors,oneofwhichtheauthoremphasizesisthecustomer'sperceptionoftheproduct's（）.4.Whatdoestheauthormeanwhenhesays"thecompanywalksatightrope"(Sentence1,paragraph3)?5.Bristol-MeyersfailedinpromotingFacttoothpasteandResolvebecause（）

.问题1选项A.thatthegoodproductssucceedwhilethebadfailB.thatthe“good”arenotreallygoodbutthe“bad”areactuallybadC.thatnewproductswillsucceediftheyfunctionwellandfailiftheydon’tD.notgivenintheparagraph问题2选项A.Theyarenamesoftwodrugmanufacturers.B.Theyareprobablytwonewbrandsofmedicinewhichserveasasubstituteforaspirin.C.TylenolisadrugmanufacturerwhereasNeotrendisanewsubstitutemedicineforaspirin.D.Theyareprobablythenamesofchemistswhoinventedthenewmedicine.问题3选项A.qualityandpriceB.usefulnessanddurabilityC.need-satisfyingcapabilityD.appearanceandinnerpacking问题4选项A.Thecompanyhasboththechancetosucceedandtofailindealinginanewproduct.B.Thecompanyhastostudycustomer'sbehaviorbeforeanewproductisintroduced.C.Thecompanyhastofindanewwaytosolvecustomer'sproblemsbeforeanewproductisputonthemarket.D.Thecompanyhastomakeagreatefforttoovercomethecustomer'sinertia.问题5选项A.theseproductsweretooexpensiveascomparedwiththeirdirectcompetitorsB.bothproductsfailedtomeetthecustomer'sneedsC.thecustomerscouldseenosenseofaradicalchangeoftheirhabitsD.thecompanyforgotanEnglishsaying:"Youcannotteachanolddognewtricks"5.翻译题Blackshavetraditionallybeenpoorlyeducated--lookatthecrisisinurbanpublicschools--anddeprivedofthesortsofopportunitiesthatcreatethevisionnecessaryfortechnologicalambition.BlackfolkwaysinAmerica,thoseunspoken,largelyunconsciouspatternsofthoughtandbeliefaboutwhatispossiblethatguideaspirationandbehavior,thusdonotencompassphysicsandcalculus.Becominganengineer--unlikebecomingadoctororalawyeroraninsurancesalesman--hasnotbeenseenasawayupinthesegregatedblackcommunity.Thesefolkwaysdevelopedinresponsetoveryrealhistoricalconditions,tothelimitedandatbestambivalentinteractionsbetweenblacksandtechnologyinthiscountry.Folkways,the"consciousnessoftherace,"changeataslowerpacethansocietalconditionsdo--andsoaworkingstrategycanturnintoacripplingblindnessandself-limitation.6.单选题Many,zoosintheUnitedStateshaveundergoneradicalchangesinthephilosophyanddesign.Allpossiblecareistakentoreducethestressoflivingincaptivity.Cagesandgroundsarelandscapedtomakegorillasfeelimmersedinvegetation,astheywouldbeinaCongojungle.Zebrasgazeacrossvistasarrangedtoappear(tozoosvisitors,atleast)nearlyasbroadasanAfricanplain.Yet,strollingpastanimalsinzooafterzoo.Ihavenoticedthesignsofhobbledenergythathasfoundnorelease—largecatspacinginarepetitivepattern,primatesrockingforhoursinonecornerofacage.Thesetruncatedmovementsareknownascagestereotypes,andusuallythesemovementsbringaboutnoobviousphysicaloremotionaleffectsinthecaptiveanimal.Manyanimalspecialistsbelievethey,aremoretroublingtothepeoplewhowatchthantotheanimalsthemselves.Suchrestlessnessisanunpleasantreminderthat—despitethecarefulinteriordecorationandcleveropticalillusions—zooanimalsareprisoners,beingkeptinelaboratecells.Therationaleforbreedingendangeredanimalsinzoosisneverthelesscompelling.Onceaspeciesfallsbelowacertainnumber,itisbesetbyinbreedingandotherprocessesthatnudgeitcloserandclosertoextinction.Iftheanimalalsofacesthewhole-scaledestructionofitshabitat,itsonehopeforsurvivalliesinbeingtransplantedtosomehavenofsafely,usuallyacage.Inservingastrustsforrarefauna,zooshavecommittedmillionsofdollarstocaringforanimals.Manyzoomanagershavegivengreatconsiderationtothepsychologicalhealthoftheanimalsintheircare.YetthemoreIlearnedaboutanimalsbredinenclosures,themoreIwonderedhowtheirsensibilitiesdifferedfromthoseofanimalsraisedtoroamfree.Inthewild,animalsexistinaworldofwhichwehavelittleunderstanding.Theymaycommunicatewiththeirkindthrough"language"thatareindecipherablebyhumans.Afewstudiessuggestthatsomespeciesperceivelandscapesmuchdifferentlythanpeopledo;forexample,theymay:bekeenlyattunedtomovementonthefacesofmountainsoracrossthebroadspanofgrassyplains.Also,theirsocialstructuresmaybecomplexandintegraltotheirwell-being.Somescientistsbelievetheymayevendevelopculturaltraditionsthatarekeytothesurvivalofpopulations.Butwhenananimalisconfined,itliveswithinavacuum.Ifitisaccustomedtocoveringlongdistancesinitssearchesforfood,itgrowslazyorbored.Itcanmakenodecisionsforitself;itsintelligenceandwildskillsatrophyfromlackofuse,becomes,inasense,oneofsociety’scharges,completelydependentonhumansfor'nourishmentandcare.Howmightananimalspeciesbechanged—subtly,imperceptibly—byspendingseveralgenerationsinaper:?IposedthatquestiontothecuratorofbirdsattheSanDiegoWildAnimalPark,whichisabreedingcenterfortheendangeredCaliforniacondor."Ialwayshavetochucklewhensomeoneasksmethat,"thecuratorreplied."Evolutionhasshapedthebehaviorofthecondorforhundredsofyears.IfyouthinkIcanchangeitinacoupleofgenerations,you’regivingmealotofcredit."RecentlythecondorwasreintroducedintotheCaliforniadesert—onlyamomentafteritscapture,inevolutionaryterms.Perhapsthecuratorwasright;perhapsthewildnatureofthebirdswouldemergeunscathed,althoughIwasnotconvinced.Butwhatofspeciesthatwillspenddecadesorcenturiesinconfinementbeforetheyarereleased?1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）2.Theprimaryfunctionofthesecondparagraphistoshowthat（）3.Inthefourthparagraph,theauthor'smostimportantpointisthatanimalsinthewild（）4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenthefourthparagraphandthefifthparagraph?5.Inparagraph5“charges”mostnearlymeans（）问题1选项A.highlighttheimprovementsintheconditionsofAmericanzoosB.examinebehavioraltraitsofanimalslivinginzoosC.raiseconcernsabouttheconfinementofwildanimalsinzoosD.suggestalternativewaysofprotectingendangeredspecies问题2选项A.wildanimalsadapttotheircagesbymodifyingtheirmovementsB.confinedanimalsarenotbeingseriouslyharmedC.zoosaredesignedwiththereactionsofspectatorsinmindD.peopleareoverlysensitivetoseeinganimalsincaptivity问题3选项A.perceivelandscapesdifferentlythandoanimalsincaptivityB.havemodesofcommunicatingthatareverysimilartothoseofhumansC.arelikelytolivelongerthananimalskeptinzoosD.dependonthecareandsupportofothersoftheirspecies问题4选项A.Thefourthparagraphpresentsaquestionthatisansweredinthefir'¶graph.B.Thefourthparagraphcontainsanassertionthatisevaluatedinthefifthparagraph.C.Thefifthparagraphdescribesacontrasttothesituationpresentedinthefourthparagraph.D.Thefifthparagraphdiscussesthesecondpartoftheprocessdescribedinthefourthparagraph.问题5选项A.costsB.responsibilitiesC.demandsD.attacks7.翻译题Informationprocessingistheacquisition,recording,organization,retrieval（检索）,display,anddisseminationofinformation.Inrecentyears,thetermhasoftenbeenappliedtocomputer-basedoperationsspecifically.Duringthepastfewcenturiesgreatadvanceshavebeenmadeinthehumancapabilitytorecord,store,andreproduceinformation,beginningwiththeinventionofprintingfrommovabletypein1450,followedbythedevelopmentofphotographyandtelephony,andculminatinginthemassproductionofelectronicdigitalcomputersinthelatterhalfofthe20thcentury.Newtechnologiesforpreservingandtransmittingauralandvisualinformationhavefurtherenhancedinformationprocessing.8.单选题Thehumanearcontainstheorganforhearingandtheorganforbalance.Bothorgansinvolvefluid-filledchannelscontaininghaircellsthatproduceelectrochemicalimpulseswhenthehairsarestimulatedbymovingfluid.Theearcanbedividedintothreeregions:outer,middle,andinner.Theouterearcollectssoundwavesanddirectsthemtotheeardrumseparatingtheouterearfromthemiddleear.Themiddleearconductssoundvibrationsthroughthreesmallbonestotheinnerear.Theinnerearisanetworkofchannelscontainingfluidthatmovesinresponsetosoundormovement.Toperformthefunctionofhearing,theearconvertstheenergyofpressurewavesmovingthroughtheairintonerveimpulsesthatthebrainperceivesassound.Vibratingobjects,suchasthevocalcordsofaspeakingperson,createwavesinthesurroundingair.Thesewavescausetheeardrumtovibratewiththesamefrequency.Thethreebonesofthemiddleearamplifyandtransmitthevibrationstotheovalwindow,amembraneonthesurfaceofthecochlea,theorganofhearing.Vibrationsoftheovalwindowproducepressurewavesinthefluidinsidethecochlea.Haircellsinthecochleaconverttheenergyofthevibratingfluidintoimpulsesthattravelalongtheauditorynervetothebrain.Theorganforbalanceisalsolocatedintheinnerear.Sensationsrelatedtobodypositionaregeneratedmuchlikesensationsofsound.Haircellsintheinnerearrespondtochangesinheadpositionwithrespecttogravityandmovement.Gravityisalwayspullingdownonthehairs,sendingaconstantseriesofimpulsestothebrain.Whenthepositionoftheheadchanges—aswhentheheadbendsforward—theforceonthehaircellschangesitsoutputofnerveimpulses.Thebraintheninterpretsthesechangestodeterminethehead'snewposition.1.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheorgansforhearingandbalance?2.HearinginvolvesallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）3.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraphs2and3thatthecochleaisapartof（）4.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph4aboutgravity?5.Inthispassage,theauthormainlyexplains（）问题1选项A.Bothorgansevolvedinhumansatthesametime.B.Bothorganssendnerveimpulsestothebrain.C.Bothorganscontainthesameamountoffluid.D.Bothorgansarelocatedintheear'smiddleregion.问题2选项A.motionofthevocalcordssothattheyvibrateB.stimulationofhaircellsinfluid-filledchannelsC.amplificationofsoundvibrationsD.conversionofwaveenergyintonerveimpulses问题3选项A.theouterearB.theeardrumC.themiddleearD.theinnerear问题4选项A.Gravityhasanessentialroleinthesenseofbalance.B.Theearconvertsgravityintosoundwavesintheair.C.Gravityisaforcethatoriginatesinthehumanear.D.Theorganforhearingisnotsubjecttogravity.问题5选项A.theorgansofthehumanearB.thefunctionofthehearingC.thethreeregionsoftheearD.howtheearorganperformsthehearingandbalance9.翻译题Incomparisonwiththehumanworldofpasttimes,ourworldishighlycomplex.Becauseofitshighlydevelopedcommunications,eventsineverypartoftheglobeandofhumansocietyarecloselyinterconnected.Therearenoisolateddisastersandthereisnoprogressthatdoesnothelptheprogressofall.Thissituationisreflectedinthemindsofmen.Thecontentsofmen'smindshavealsobecomeworldwideinscopeandcomplexity.Itisnotenoughforaman,seekingthewelfareofhisownpeopleandcountry,toconsiderhisdomesticsituationinrelationtohisimmediateneighbors.Worldtrendsencompasseveryoneofus,anditisbyparticipatinginthemandcontributinginthemthatweinfluenceourownfuture.Thehighesttaskbeforemen'smindstodayistounderstand,tofightagainsttheforcesofregressionanddeath,tostrengthenandconvertintorealitythepossibilitywhichourworldoffers,asnopreviousworldhasoffered,forafullerlifeforallmen.10.案例题Ifmovietrailers（预告片）aresupposedtocauseareaction,thepreviewfor"United93"morethansucceeds.Featuringnofamousactors,itbeginswithimagesofabeautifulmorningandpassengersboardinganairplane.Ittakesyouaminutetorealizewhatthemovie'sevenabout.That'swhenaplanehitstheWorldTradeCenter.theeffectisvisceral（震撼心灵的）.Whenthetrailerplayedbefore"InsideMan"lastweekataHollywoodtheater,audiencemembersbegancallingout,"Toosoon!"InNewYorkCity,theresponsewasevenmoredramatic.TheLoewstheaterinManhattantooktherarestepofpullingthetrailerfromitsscreensafterseveralcomplaints."United93"isthefirstfeaturefilmtodealexplicitlywiththeeventsofSeptember11,2001,andiscertaintoigniteanemotionaldebate.Isittoosoon?Shouldthefilmhavebeenmadeatall?Moretothepoint,willanyonewanttoseeit?Other9/11projectsareonthewayasthefifthanniversaryoftheattacksapproaches,mostnotablyOliverStone's"WorldTradeCenter."butastheforerunner,"United93"willtakemostoftheheat,whetheritdeservesitornot.TherealUnited93crashedinaPennsylvaniafieldafter40passengersandcrewfoughtbackagainsttheterrorists.Writer-directorPaulGreengrasshasgonetogreatlengthstoberespectfulinhisdepictionofwhatoccurred,proceedingwiththefilmonlyaftersecuringtheapprovalofeveryvictim'sfamily."WasIsurprisedattheagreement?Yes.Very.Usuallythere'reoneortwofamilieswho'remorereluctant,"Greengrasswritesinane-mail."IwassurprisedattheextraordinarywaytheUnited93familieshavewelcomedusintotheirlivesandsharedtheirexperienceswithus."CaroleO'Hare,afamilymember,says,"Theywereveryopenandhonestwithus,andtheymadeusapartofthiswholeproject."Universal,whichisreleasingthefilm,planstodonate10%ofitsopeningweekendgrosstotheFlight93NationalMemorialFund.Thathasn'tstoppedcriticismthatthestudioisexploitinganationaltragedy.O'Harethinksthat'sunfair."Thisstoryhastobetoldtohonorthepassengersandcrewforwhattheydid,"shesays."Butmorethanthat,itraisesawareness.Ourportsaren'tsecure.Ourbordersaren'tsecure.Ourairlinesstillaren'tsecure,andthisiswhathappenswhenyou'renotsecure.That'sthemessageIwantpeopletohear."1.Thetrailerfor"United93"succeededin（）whenitplayedinthetheatersinHollywoodandNewYorkCity.2.Themovie"United93"issuretogiveriseto（）.3.Whatdidwriter-directorPaulGreengrassobtainbeforeheproceededwiththemovie?.4.Universal,whichisreleasing"United93",hasbeencriticizedfor（）.5.CaroleO'Harethinksthatbesideshonoringthepassengersandcrewforwhattheydid,thepurposeoftellingthestoryisto（）boutsecurity.11.单选题Toconductsomeformsofsleepresearch,wehavetofindawaytotracksleepinessovertheday.Somepeoplemightbelievethatmeasuringsleepinessisafairlytrivialtask.Couldn'tyou,forinstance,simplycountthenumberoftimesapersonyawnsduringanygivenhourorso?Inmostpeople'sminds,yawning—thatslow,exaggeratedmouthopeningwiththelong,deepinhalationofair,followedbyabrieferexhalation—isthemostobvioussignofsleepiness.Itisacommonbehaviorsharedbymanyanimals,includingourpetdogsandcatsbutalsocrocodiles,snakes,birds,andevensomefishes.Itiscertainlytruethatsleepypeopletendtoyawnmorethanwide-awakepeople.Itisalsotruethatpeoplewhosaytheyareboredbywhatishappeningatthemomentwilltendtoyawnmorefrequently.However,whetheryawningisasignthatyouaregettingreadyforsleeporthatyouaresuccessfullyfightingoffsleepisnotknown.Simplystretchingyourbody,asyoumightdoifyouhavebeensittinginthesamepositionforalongperiodoftime,willoftentriggerayawn.Unfortunately,yawnsdon'tjustindicatesleepiness.Insomeanimals,yawningisasignofstress.Whenadogtrainerseesadogyawninginadogobedienceclass,itisusuallyasignthattheanimalisunderagooddealofpressure.Perhapsthehandlerispushingtoohardormovingtoofastforthedogtofeelincontrolofthesituation.Amomentortwoofplayandthenturningtoanotheractivityisusuallyenoughtobanishyawningforquiteawhile.Yawningcanalsobeasignofstressinhumans.Once,whenobservingairbornetroopsabouttotaketheirfirstparachutejump,Inoticedthatseveralofthesoldiersweresittingintheplaneandyawning.Itwas10a.m.,justafteracoffeebreak,andIdoubtedthattheyweretired;Iknewforafactthattheywerefartoonervoustobebored.WhenIaskedaboutthis,theofficerinchargelaughedandsaiditwasreallyquiteacommonbehavior,especiallyonthefirstjump.Thereisalsoasocialaspecttoyawning.Psychologistshaveplacedactorsincrowdedroomsandauditoriumsandhadthemdeliberatelyyawn.Withinmoments,thereisusuallyanincreaseinyawningbyeveryoneelseintheroom.Similarly,peoplewhowatchfilmsorvideosofothersyawningaremorelikelytoyawn.Evenjustreadingaboutyawningtendstostimulatepeopletoyawn.Thetruthofthemat