referencing standard for your academic report2我需要在的作品当中采用参考引用体

ReferencingStandardforyourAcademic学术报告参考标ModuleInformationandCommunicationTechnologyinModuleF84WReferencingStandardforyourAcademicReferencingStandardforyourAcademicStatementbeforewecanstartWhydoIneedtoreferencemywork?我为什么需要在我的作品当中采用参考体Howdoesitwork?Referringtoanauthor'sviewpointinyourtextSingleandMultipleAuthorssummarisingandquotingSummarisingQuotationslongerthan4linesaretreateddifferently.超过4行的是需要特AuthorpublishedtwoitemsinthesameyearAuthorisanorganisation("corporateauthor")作者是（“企业Author'snamenotgivenSecondaryreferencing-Authorsquotingotherauthors次级参考-作者了WritingyourReferenceListThelocationtolistyourreferenceArrangingyourreference排列你的参考物NotesStatementbeforewecanstart事先Thisisnotastandard forHarvardStyleReferencingsystem.However,thepurposeofthismaterialistohelpmySQAHNDstudentsobtainingaveryfirstviewonthereferencingsystem.EspeciallyforwhomtakingmyICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnologyinBusiness)module,astheyareintheir3rdyearofstudy,itmightbethebestchanceofintroducingreferencingconcepttothemsystematically.ThismaterialcombinesvariousinformationfromUniversityofWolverhamptonandfromTheUniversityofNottingham,andmy alexperiencesonacademicwriting.Basically,theguidelineabouthowtobuildyourreferencingsystemwhichiscommonandsimilarfromalluniversitiesintheUK,asmostofthemhavebuildtheirregulationbaseduponStandardHarvardStyle(mightbedifferentstyles)andtheBritishStandardsBS1629andBS5605.这并不是一个关于哈佛体系的标准文档。然而，建立这份材料的主要目的是帮助我的 学生可以对这系有个初步的认识。特别是对于那些参讲授的ICT（商务信息通信术）课程的学生们，他们现在正处在第三年的学习当中，现在也许是给他们系统的介绍参考体系的最佳时机。这份材料结合了来自汉顿大学以及诺丁汉大学的材料，个用体系。这种体系在全英国的大学当中都是常用的，并且大同小异。这些学校中的绝大部的哈佛体系，（尽管有可能有一些风格细节上面的不同）国BS62以及S565。Again,thisisnota forHarvardStyleReferencingsystem.Itwillprovideaguidetoyourreportwritingregardingdetailrecordsofyoursourcescollection.Please,donotapplythismaterialonothermoduleorotherschoolwithoutconfirmationfromyourtutor.Ifyourtutororrelevantdepartmentshavespecificregulationregardingthissubject,pleasefollow.再次，这不是一个关于哈佛体系的标准文档。它只能在你进行报告写作的同时对你的信息来源进行详细的记录的时候起到一个指导的作用。所以，请你在没有跟其他导师确认之前，不要讲这份文档当中的规定者标准应用到他的课程或者其他的学校的课当中去WhydoIneedtoreferencemywork?我为什么需要在Goodreferencingenablesreaderstofindanypublicationreferredtoinyourquicklyandeasily-whichgivesyoucredibility.Ifyoudon'tdoit,yourworkisimmediaydowngradedinIfyoudoitbadly,youloserespect(andeasy如果你做的很糟糕，那么你会失去别人的尊重（并且在评分的时候不受到重视Ifyouintendngresearch,youeitheruseaproperreferencingsystemorchangeInshort,it'simportant-andyouneedtogetit简单来讲，优秀的体系是很重要的，所以你一定要正确对待MostoftheuniversitiesintheUKmainlysupportstheHarvardreferencingsystem,asleasttheirownsystemisbasedupontheHarvardsystem.But,othersystemsdoexist.Pleasecheckwithyourshcoolfortheonethey mend.Whateverstyleyouuse,itisimportanttobeclear,consistentandcorrect,makingsureyouincludealltherelevantdetails.英国的大部分大学主要支持哈佛体系统，至少他们自己采用的系统是基于哈佛体系的。但是，HowdoesitworkFirstofall,wedonotdiscusstheNumericalSystemhere,assomeofyoumightheardaboutitfromothertutors.ThestandardHarvardreferencingsystemwillnotbaseduponnumericalmarkers,assuchsystemmightleadtomassiveduplicationsinthereferencelist.首先，我们在这里不讨论数字编号体系。有些同学可能从其他的导师那里听这系。标准的哈佛体系并不是基于数字编号的，因为那样的编号原则可能导致列表当中的大量重复So,basically,itisa2-partssystem:Quotation&Source那么，基本上，可以说这是一个分成两部分的体系：以及参考来源Ifyousummarise,referto,orquotefromanauthor'sworkinyour,youmustacknowledgeyoursource,otherwiseyouarefuiltyofgiarsing(aformofcheating).InHarvard,youdothisbyputtingthesebriefdetailsbeforeorafteryourquote:如果你在你的文档当中总结，参考，或者一个作者的作品。你必须向你信来源敬，不然的话，你会被判定为（行为的一种）。在哈佛体当中，你可以在之前或者之Author'ssurname,followedbythepublicationyearofthe andpagequotedinroundbrackets作者的名字，紧接着是文章的年份以及相应页码，这些信息都放在圆括号当StolleryStollery(1997,Butyourreaderswillneedmoreinformationiftheywanttolookatthatsource Soyouputtheextradetailsinareferencelist-usuallyceattheendofachapter,orattheendoftheentirework.Itlookssomethinglikethis:但是，如果你的读者想要自己亲自去查看这些来源的话，他们就需要的信息了。需考列表当中去-Stollery,Stollery,R.(1997)Ophthalmicnursing.2nded.,Oxford:BalckwellTheredshre:theautorlwaysomsurnamers,nit,tn这里需要注意一些固定的规则：对于作者的名字，是姓氏，然后是简称，名Thetitleofthebook(orjournal)isalwaysinitalics,andeverythingelsehasasetorder.书籍（或者）的标题都是斜体，并且其他的任何元素都是有一个固定顺序的。Alwaysterminateauthorinitialsandallabbreviationswithfullstops(e.g.dept.,ed.,pp.,anon.,etc.).作者的简称，名头，以及所有的简写，缩写都是已完整的及结束符号（句号）（比如说，dept.,ed.,pp.,anon.,等等）Referringtoanauthor'sviewpointinyourtext在你的SingleandMultipleAuthors-summarisingandquoting单一或者多名作者-总结以及SummarisingWhenreferringto(orsummarising)anauthor'sviewpointinyourtext,当你需要在你的文本当中参考（或者总结）一名作者的观点的时候，那么Ifehoseistllyioex,herolwsinodke.Ifnot,insertthenameandyearinroundbracketsimmediayafterthe面的信息。Gaskell(1992)notesthatgirls'skillsarenotvisibletoGirlsareconsideredtocreatefewerproblemsthanboys(Furlong1985;McManusTheaboveissufficientforathemethatrunsthroughabook,butyouwilloftenbereferringtoaspecificpointinthetext.Inthatcaseyoumustaddthepage(s).Usep.forasingle须上.作为单页的开始。e.g.:e.g.:andpp.forseveral使用pp.作为多页的开始e.g.:e.g.:pp.104-Ifthereareone,twoorthreeauthors,allsurnmaesshouldbegivenbeforethe如果有一个，两个，或者三个作者，那么姓氏应该放置在日期的前面Iftherearemorethanthreeauthors,givethefirstsurnamefollowedbyetal.(in如果涉及到三个以上的作者，那么请提供第一个姓氏，然后紧跟着etal.（用斜体）DirectQuotation直接Directquotation(exactwords)followsthesamerulesasthoseforsummarising,but直接（原始文字）需要采用跟总结同样形式的规则，但是，需要注意的是Quotationsmustbeindoublequotationmarks("")exceptwhenindented-see必须*=被双引号（“”）包括，除非你采用段前缩进的方式，请看下方Thepagereferencemustbe参考的页码必须被添加进去Anyomissionfromtheoriginalmustbeindicated )soasnotto任何对于原始文本的遗漏必须标明（比如 ）这样才不会造成歪曲事实的情况Ifyouneedtoclarifysomething,putyourinsertinsquarenevernevertheproductitself."'(Clementetal.,1992,p.139).[TheClementexamplequotequotationinthe'srenditionoftheproduct,'"WealwaysseemedtobeabletolaunchBate(1995,p.82)ovserves:"Theonethingweknow...abouthis[Shakespeare's]earlycareeristhathewasnotoriousofrmakinguseofotherwriters'finephrases".Quotationslongerthan4linesaretreateddifferently.超过4行的是需要特殊对Theycanbeintroducedbyafewwordsandacolon,thentwoemptyThequotationitselfisindentedfivespacesfromtheleftmarginandtypedwithsinglelinespacingbutwithoutquotationmarksatbeginningandend.Theauthor'ssurname,dateandappropriatepagenumber(s)appearattheAuthorpublishedtwoitemsinthesameyear在同一年发布了两Iftwoormoresarebythesameauthor(s)inthesameyear,addlower-lettersaftertheyear(a,b,c,etc.)todistinguishbetweentheminyourtextandinyourreferencelist.如果两个或者的文档是在同一年由同一个作者撰写的，在年份信息后面需要加入小写的字母（a,b,c,等等）来区分你的文本以及参考列表当中不同的作品。Faulkner(1990a)concludesthatAfro-Caribbeanpupilshaveaveragetohighself-Iftheorganisation'snameisgiveninsteadofa alname,that'swhatyouuse.Younormallyomitanyleadingarticle(e.g.A,The),thengivetherestofthenameintheorderitTaylorWoodrowAuthor'snamenotgiven作者的名字 swithnonamedoriginatoratall,useAnon. ceofthe对于完全没有提供原始作者的文档，在作者信息部分采用Anon.(Anon.,1992)ThereisagrowingtendencynottouseAnon.ifnoauthorisgiven,buttousethetitleasfirstelementinstead.Ifyoudothisyoumustdoitforallanonymousworksinyourlist.Thedatethencomesafterthetitle,notbeforeit,andyourreferencelistentrymustmatch.现在的流行趋势是对于没有提供作者的情况不再使用no.，而是使用文档的标题作为第一个元素。如果你要这样做的话，那么你必须对你列表当中所有的文档统一格式。日期信息是排在标题之后[referrringintheJapan:abilingualatlas[referencelistJapan:abilingualatlas.(1991).Takyo:KodanshaSecondaryreferencing-Authorsquotingotherauthors-作者了另外一名作Youmaywanttociteanauthorwhoishimselfcitinganothersourcethatyouhaven'tseen.Youmustmakeitclearthatyouhavenotseentheoriginalsourceyourself,toavoidmisleadingthereader.Thisthenabsolvedyoufromanytranscriptionerrorsmadefromtheoriginalsource.你也许需要一名本身了其他的你么有见过的来源的作者。你必须澄清你没有亲自看过Withinyourtext,youcitetheoriginalauthor,followedbytheauthoerofthesecondarysource.在你的文本当中，你需要原始的作者，紧跟着的是次级来源的作者。AccordingAccordingtoReich,1971(inSinger,1997,p.90)"Thereisarevolutioncoming"."Itwillnot tosucceed,anditcannotbesuccessfullyresistend"(Reich,1971,inSinger,1997,Inyourreferencelistattheend,youjustlistthebookyouactuallysaw(Singerinthis在结尾处，你的参考列表当中，你只需要列出你实际看到的书籍就可以了（在例子当中就Singer,P.(1997)Howarewetolive?Oxford:OxfordUniversityWritingyourReferenceList撰写你的参考ThelocationtolistyourreferenceYouhaveseveralchoices,butthemainoneslisteverythinginonesequenceattheendoftheentire(theattheendofeachsectionofyourwork(e.g.achapter),listtheitemsrefereedtointhatsection(thisresultsinseveralshortlistes,onepersection).（）。atthebottomofeachWhateveryouchoose,youmustlistallpublicationsusedtowriteyourArrangingyourreference考Listalphabeticallybyauthor(includingAnon.),thenbydateforeachauthorifheorshehaswrittenmorethanonework.Iftheyhavewrittenmorethanoneworkinthesameyearinyourlist,adda,b,c(etc.)aftertheyearwherethishasoccurred.将你的作者按照字母顺序来进行排列（包括Anon.），然后如果同一个作者存在多个表里面，在年份后面加入a,b,c（等等）这样的字样。Thedetailsforeachentrydependonwhatyouaredealingwith-abook,amap,atape,awebpage,orevenaconversation.Therestofthisguideshowsyouthepatternstouseforthekindofitemyouaretryingtolist.Ifyoufollowthelistedrulesandexamplesasaccurayasyouritempermits-whichmeanscorrectorderofdatatobedandcorrectuseofitalics-youshouldproduceacceptableHarvardreferenceswithlittle每一条记录的细节取决于你到底在针对什么样的来源-一本书，一张地图，一盘磁带，一个网页，或者甚至是一次。这份指导剩下的部分将会给你展示每一种你可能用到的来源的使模式。如果你按照排列规则以及样例去构建你自己的列表的话-也就是说正确的数据排序以及正确的使用斜体字-你就可以相对比较简单的输出一份可以被认可的哈佛体系参考书目列表。Notes:Mostlettersareinlowercase,butthefirstwordofatitleshouldstillstartwithacapitalletter,andpropernameselsewhereshouldbecapitalisedasusual.Ifyouhavetroubleworkingoutwhichbitsgoinitalics,followtheseWhenanitemcontainsonlyonetitle,thetitlegoesinitalics.Whentheitemisoneofseveralinsidea