2022年广东省湛江市大学英语6级大学英语六级测试卷(含答案)

2022年广东省湛江市大学英语6级大学英语六级测试卷(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

In1940Hughespublished______.

2.Theestablishmentofthemoderncorporatestructurestarted______.

A.fromearlyseventeenthcentury

B.fromtheMiddleAges

C.underancientRomanlaw

D.fromtheendingoftheindustrialrevolution

3.GreenhouseEffect

Ⅰ.Introduction

GreenhouseEffect,thecapacityofcertaingasesintheatmospheretotrapheatemittedfromtheEarth'ssurface,therebyinsulatingandwarmingtheEarth.Withoutthethermalblanketingofthenaturalgreenhouseeffect,theEarth'sclimatewouldbeabout33Celsiusdegreescooler—toocoldformostlivingorganismstosurvive.

ThegreenhouseeffecthaswarmedtheEarthforover4billionyears.Nowscientistsaregrowingincreasinglyconcernedthathumanactivitiesmaybemodifyingthisnaturalprocess,withpotentiallydangerousconsequences.SincetheadventoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthe1700s,humanshavedevisedmanyinventionsthatburnfossilfuelssuchascoal,oil,andnaturalgas.Burningthesefossilfuels,aswellasotheractivitiessuchasclearinglandforagricultureorurbansettlements,releasessomeofthesamegasesthattrapheatintheatmosphere,includingcarbondioxide,methane,andnitrousoxide.Theseatmosphericgaseshaverisentolevelshigherthanatanytimeinthelast420,000years.Asthesegasesbuildupintheatmosphere,theytrapmoreheatneartheEarth'ssurface,causingEarth'sclimatetobecomewarmerthanitwouldnaturally.

ScientistscallthisunnaturalheatingeffectglobalwarmingandblameitforanincreaseintheEarth'ssurfacetemperatureofabout0.6Celsiusdegreesoverthelastnearly100years.Withoutremedialmeasures,manyscientistsfearthatglobaltemperatureswillrise1.4to5.8Celsiusdegreesby2100.Thesewarmertemperaturescouldmeltpartsofpolaricecapsandmostmountainglaciers,causingariseinsealevelofuptolmwithinacenturyortwo,whichwouldfloodcoastalregions.Globalwarmingcouldalsoaffectweatherpatternscausing,amongotherproblems,prolongeddroughtorincreasedfloodinginsomeoftheworld'sleadingagriculturalregions.

Ⅱ.HowtheGreenhouseEffectWorks

ThegreenhouseeffectresultsfromtheinteractionbetweensunlightandthelayerofgreenhousegasesintheEarth'satmospherethatextendsupto100kmaboveEarth'ssurface.Sunlightiscomposedofarangeofradiantenergiesknownasthesolarspectrum,whichincludesvisiblelight,infraredlight(红外线),X-rays,andultravioletlight.WhentheSun'sradiationreachestheEarth'satmosphere,some25percentoftheenergyisreflectedbackintospacebycloudsandotheratmosphericparticles.About20percentisabsorbedintheatmosphere.Forinstance,gasmoleculesintheuppermostlayersoftheatmosphereabsorbtheSun'sX-rays.TheSun'sultraviolet(紫外线的)radiationisabsorbedbytheozonelayer,located19to48kmabovetheEarth'ssurface.

About50percentoftheSun'senergy,largelyintheform.ofvisiblelight,passesthroughtheatmospheretoreachtheEarth'ssurface.Soils,plants,andoceansontheEarth'ssurfaceabsorbabout85percentofthisheatenergy,whiletherestisreflectedbackintotheatmosphere—mosteffectivelybyreflectivesurfacessuchassnow,ice,andsandydeserts.Inaddition,someoftheSun'sradiationthatisabsorbedbytheEarth'ssurfacebecomesheatenergyintheform.oflong-waveinfraredradiation,andthisenergyisreleasedbackintotheatmosphere.

Certaingasesintheatmosphere,includingwatervapor,carbondioxide,methane,andnitrousoxide,absorbthisinfraredradiantheat,temporarilypreventingitfromdispersingintospace.Astheseatmosphericgaseswarm,theyinmmemitinfraredradiationinalldirections.SomeofthisheatreturnsbacktoEarthtofurtherwarmthesurfaceinwhatisknownasthegreenhouseeffect,andsomeofthisheatiseventuallyreleasedtospace.ThisheattransfercreatesequilibriumbetweenthetotalmountofheatthatreachestheEarthfromtheSunandtheamountofheatthattheEarthradiatesoutintospace.Thisequilibriumorenergybalance—the

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4.

Inordertomakethecasesmostproperlypresented,theshow'screatorsaregoingtouseallkindsof______.

5.Whyisitimportanttorealizeandhandlestressinapositivewaywhenitoccurs?

A.Itwillinevitablyincreaseyourbloodpressure.

B.Itmaycausephysicalproblemsifitisprolonged.

C.Itissoharmfulastocausedistress.

D.Itisparticularlyfrustrating.

6.

People'semotionsinthephysicalworldwillnotbesubstitutedby______.

7.Intuningsystem,theFederalCommunicationsCommissionhaddistributedpartsof______spectrumto12televisionchannelswhichwerebrokenintotwogroupstoavoidinterferencewithexistingservicesatthebeginning.

8.

Accordingtothepassage,thebestwaytomakeupforsleepdeficitis______.

A.totakenapseveryday

B.tohavemoresleepovertime

C.togotobedearly

D.todrinkacupofmilkbeforebedtime

9.

Withthedevelopmentofspread-spectrumtechnique,wemayuseBluetoothconnectionasasubstituteforcellphone.

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10.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

PizzaHut

PizzaHutwasstartedin1958,bytwobrothersinWichita,Kansas.FrankandDanCarneyhadtheideatoopenapizzaparlor.Theyborrowed$600fromtheirmother,andopenedtheveryfirstPizzaHut.In1959,thefirstfranchiseunitopenedinTopeka,Kansas.Almostadecadelater,PizzaHutwouldbeservingonemillioncustomersaweekinits310locations.In1970,PizzaHutwasputontheNewYorkStockExchangeunderthetickersymbolPIZ.

In1986,PizzaHutintroduceddeliveryservice,somethingnootherrestaurantwasdoing.Bythe1990s'PizzaHutsaleshadreached$4billionworldwide.In1998,PizzaHutcelebratedits40thanniversary,andlauncheditsfamouscampaign"TheBestPizzasUnderOneRoof."In1996,PizzaHutsalesintheUnitedStateswereover$5million.Outofalltheexistingpizzachains,PizzaHuthadthelargestmarketshare,46.4%.However,PizzaHut'smarketsharehasslowlyerodedbecauseofintensecompetitionfromtheirrivalsDomino's,LittleCaesar'sandnewcomerPapaJohn's.Homedeliverywasadrivingforceforsuccess,especiallyforPizzaHutandDomino's.

However,thisforcedcompetitorstolookfornewmethodsofincreasingtheircustomerbases.Manypizzachainsdecidedtodiversifyandoffernewnon-pizzaitemssuchasbuffalowings,andItaliancheesebread.Thecurrenttrendinpizzachainstodayisthesame.Theyalltrytocomeupwithsomenewer,bigger,betterpizzaforalowprice.Offeringspecialpromotionsandnewpizzavariationsarepopulartodayaswell.Forexample,chickenisnowacommontoppingfoundonpizzas.

Inthepast,PizzaHuthasalwayshadthefirstmoveradvantage.Theirmarketingstrategyinthepasthasalwaysbeentobethefirst.Oneoftheirmainstrategiesthattheystillfollowtodayisthediversificationoftheproductstheyoffer.PizzaHutisalwaysaddingsomethingnewtotheirmenu,tryingtoreachnewmarkets.Forexample,in1992thefamousbuffetwaslaunchedinPizzaHutrestaurantsworldwide.Theyweretryingtooffermanydifferentfooditemsforcustomerswhodidn'tnecessarilywantpizza.

Anotherstrategytheyusedinthepastandarestillusingisthediversificationoftheirpizzas.PizzaHutisalwaystryingtocomeupwithsomeinnovativewaytomakeapizzaintosomethingslightlydifferent—differentenoughthatcustomerswillthinkit'sawholenewproduct.LookatsomeofthepizzasPizzaHuthasmarketedinthepast.In1983,PizzaHutintroducedtheirPanPizza,whichhadaguaranteeofbeingreadytoeatin5minuteswhendiningatPizzaHutrestaurants.In1993,theyintroducedthe"BigFoot",whichwastwosquarefeetofpizzacutinto21slices.In1995,theyintroduced"StuffedCrustPizza",wherethecrustwouldbefilledwithcheese.In1997,theymarketed"TheEdge",whichhadcheeseandtoppingsallthewaytotheedgeofthepizza.Currently,theyaremarketing"TheBigNewYorker,"tryingtobringthefamousNewYorkstyle.pizzatothewholecountry.

AnotheropportunitythatPizzaHuthasistheirneworderingonlinesystem.AnyonewithInternetaccesscanorderwhatevertheywishandgetitdeliveredtotheirhousewithoutevenspeakingtosomeone.Thisprogramhasjustbeenstarted,sowedonothaveanynumberstosupportwhetherornotitwillbeasuccess.

Lastly,PizzaHuthasalwaysvaluedcustomerserviceandsati

A.1958B.1959C.1969D.1970

11.eBay

eBayisaglobalphenomenon-theworld'slargestgaragesale,onlineshoppingcenter,eardealerandauctionsitewith147millionregisteredusersin30countriesasofMarch2005.Youcanfindeverythingfromencyclopediastoolivestosnowbootstostereostoairplanesforsale.AndifyoustumbleonitbeforetheeBayoverseersdo,youmightevenfindahumankidneyoravirtualdate.

eBayBasics

eBayis,firstandforemost,anonlineauctionsite.YoucanbrowsethroughcategorieslikeAntiques,Boats,Clothing&Accessories,Computers&Networking,Jewelry&WatchesandVideoGames.Whenyouseesomethingyoulike,youclickontheauctiontitleandviewthedetails,includingpictures,descriptions,paymentoptionsandshippinginformation.

Ifyouplaceabidonanitem,youenteracontractualagreementtobuyitifyouwintheauction.Allauctionshaveminimumstartingbids,andsomehaveareserveprice-asecretminimumamounttheselleriswillingtoacceptfortheitem.Ifthebiddingdoesn'treachthereserveprice,thesellerdoesn'thavetopartwiththeitem.Inadditiontoauctions,youcanfindtonsoffixed-priceitemsoneBaythatmakeshoppingtherejustlikeshoppingatanyotheronlinemarketplace.Youseewhatyoulike,youbuyit,youpayforitandyouwaitforittoarriveatyourdoor.

YoucanpayforanitemoneBayusingavarietyofmethods,includingmoneyorder,cashier'scheck,cash,personalcheckandelectronicpaymentserviceslikePayPalandBidPay.It'suptoeachsellertodecidewhichpaymentmethodshe'llaccept.

JustasyoucanbuyalmostanythingoneBay,youcansellalmostanything,too.Usingasimplelistingprocess,youcanputallofthejunkinyourbasementupforsaletothehighestbidder.WhenyousellanitemoneBay,youpaylistingfeesandturnoverapercentageofthefinalsalepricetoeBay.

Onceyouregister(forfree)witheBay,youcanaccessallofyoureBaybuyingandsellingactivitiesinasinglelocationcalled"MyeBay."

eBayInfrastructure

Aseriesofservicedisruptionsin1999causedrealproblemsforeBay'sbusiness.Overthecourseofthreedays,overloadedserversintermittentlyshutdown,meaninguserscouldn'tcheckauctions,placebidsorcompletetransactionsduringthatperiod.Buyers,sellersandeBaywere,veryunhappy,andacompleterestructuringofeBay'stechnologicalarchitecturefollowed.

In1999,eBaywasonemassivedatabaseserverandafewseparatesystemsrunningthesearchfunction.In2005,eBayisabout200databaseserversand20searchservers.

Thearchitectureisatypeofgridcomputingthatallowsforbotherrorcorrectionandgrowth.Withtheexceptionofthesearchfunction,everythingabouteBaycanactuallyrunonapproximately50servers-Webservers,applicationserversanddata-storagesystems.Eachserverhasbetween6and12microprocessors.These50orsoserversrunseparately,buttheytalktoeachother,soeverybodyknowsifthereisaproblemsomewhere,eBaycansimplyaddserverstothegridastheneedarises.

Whilethemajorityofthesitecanrunon50servers,eBayhasfourtimesthat.The200serversarehousedinsetsof50infourlocations,allintheUnitedStates.Whenyou'reusingeBay,youmaybetalkingtoanyoneofthoselocationsatanytime--theyallstorethesamedata.Ifoneofthesystemscrashes,therearethreeotherstopickuptheslack.

Whenyou'reontheeBayWebsiteandyouclickonalistingforaPersianrug,yourcom-putertalkstoWebservers,whichtalktoapplicationservers,whichpulldatafromstorageserverssoyoucanfindoutwhatthelatestbidpriceisandhowmuchtimeisleftintheauction,eBayhaslocalpartnersinmanycountrieswhodeli

A.Virtualdates.

B.Anyover-pricedproducts.

C.Pricelessantiques.

D.Rareanimalsforpets.

12.

Ifyoucanmakereadjustmentsinyourfitnessplanasyouage,youcanstaystrongandflexibleand______.

13.

______makesknowledgespreadrapidlyandavailabletoeveryone.

14.

SalvadorDaliisafamoussurrealistpainter,whoseworksarehighlycontroversialfromthemodernismorevenpost-modernismperspective.

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15.

Accordingtotheprinciplethatthepoweroutputfromawindturbinerisesasacubelfwindspeed,higher-speedwindsaremoreeasilyandinexpensivelycaptured.

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16.

Onethingtorememberisthatavarieddietthatincludesplentyof______isrecommendedforeveryone,regardlessofage.

17.

Todayleisuremeansthetimeinwhichwehavenothingtodo.

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18.Rainforests

Tropicalrainforestsarethemostdiverseecosystem(生态系统)onEarth,andalsotheoldest.Today,tropicalrainforestscoveronly6percentoftheEarth'sgroundsurface,buttheyarehometooverhalfoftheplanet’splantandanimalspecies.

WhatIsaRainforest?

Generallyspeaking,arainforestisanenvironmentthatreceiveshighrainfallandisdominatedbytalltrees.Awiderangeofecosystemsfallintothiscategory,ofcourse.Butmostofthetimewhenpeopletalkaboutrainforests,theymeanthetropicalrainforestslocatedneartheequator.

Theseforestsreceivebetween160and400inchesofrainperyear.Thetotalannualrainfallisspreadprettyevenlythroughouttheyear,andthetemperaturerarelydipsbelow60degreesFahrenheit.

Thissteadyclimateisduetothepositionofrainforestsontheglobe.BecauseoftheorientationoftheEarth'saxis,theNorthernandSouthernhemisphereseachspendpartoftheyeartiltedawayfromthesun.Sincerainforestsareatthemiddleoftheglobe,locatedneartheequator,theyarcnotespeciallyaffectedbythischange.Theyreceivenearlythesameamountofsunlight,andthereforeheat,allyear.Consequently,theweatherintheseregionsremainsfairlyconstant.

Theconsistentlywet,warmweatherandamplesunlightgiveplantlifeeverythingitneedstothrive.Treeshavetheresourcestogrowtotremendousheights,andtheyliveforhundreds,eventhousands,ofyears.Thesegiants,whichreach60to150ftintheair,form.thebasicstructureoftherainforest.Theirtopbranchesspreadwideinordertocapturemaximumsunlight.Thiscreatesathickcanopy(树冠)levelatthetopoftheforest,withthinnergreenerylevelsunderneath.Somelargetreesgrowsotallthattheyeventoweroverthecanopylayer.

Asyougolower,downintotherainforest,youfindlessandlessgreenery.Theforestfloorismadeupofmoss,fungi,anddecayingplantmatterthathasfallenfromtheupperlayers.Thereasonforthisdecreaseingreeneryisverysimpletheoverabundanceofplantsgatheringsunlightatthetopoftheforestblocksmostsunlightfromreachingthebottomoftheforest,makingitdifficultforrobustplantstothrive.

TheForestfortheTrees

Theamplesunlightandextremelywetclimateofmanytropicalareasencouragethegrowthoftoweringtreeswithwidecanopies.Thisthicktoplayeroftherainforestdictatesthelivesofallotherplantsintheforest.Newtreeseedlingsrarelysurvivetomakeittothetopunlesssomeoldertreesdie,creatinga"hole"inthecanopy.Whenthishappens,alloftheseedlingsonthegroundlevelcompeteintenselytoreachthesunlight.

Manyplantspeciesreachthetopoftheforestbyclimbingthetalltrees.Itismucheasiertoascendthisway,becausetheplantdoesn'thavetoform.itsownsupportingstructure.

Someplantspecies,calledepiphytes,growdirectlyonthesurfaceofthegianttrees.Theseplants,whichincludeavarietyoforchidsandferns,makeupmuchoftheunderstory,thelayeroftherainforestrightbelowthecanopy.Epiphytesarecloseenoughtothetoptoreceiveadequatelight,andtherunofffromthecanopylayerprovidesallthewaterandnutrients(养分)theyneed,whichisimportantsincetheydon'thaveaccesstothenutrientsintheground.

StranglersandButtresses

Someepiphyteseventuallydevelopintostranglers.Theygrowlong,thickrootsthatextenddownthetreetrunkintotheground.Astheycontinuetogrow,therootsform.asortofwebstructureallaroundthetree.Atthesametime,thestranglerplant'sbranchesextendupward,spreadingoutintothecanopy.Eventually,thestranglermayblocksomuchlightfromabove,andabsorbsuchahighpercentageofnutrientsfromthegroundbelow,thatthehosttreedies.

&

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19.

Wheretwocolorsmeet,youdon'thavetowaituntilthefirstcolordriesbeforereturningtoapplythesecondcolor.

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20.

Globalhydroelectricpowerintheoryisapproximately______thantheamountthathasbeentakenadvantageoftoday.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.(16)

A.Chemicals.

B.Rottencheese.

C.Adampbasement.

D.Rotteneggs.

22.【B2】

23.(45)

24.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：WhenThomasKhunwasaskedbytheNewYorkTimesafewyearsagowhetherheagreedthatscienceisdefinedbyitsscientificmethod,Khunreplied"Idon'tbelievethereissomethingspecifiableasascientificmethodthatisnotprettymuchwhatcommonsensecallsforinmostcases."Dr.JoshuaLederberg,theNobelLaureatewhoispresidentofRockefellerUniversity,continuedthistrainofthought:"Scientistsusemethodsweshouldrecognizeindailylife,butthatwemaynotpushtotheultimate."Khunconcluded:"You'reright.Scienceismoresystematic.Butitslogicalstructureisverymuchthelogicalstructureofcommonsense."

Butwhatisconsideredtobecommonsensemayvary.Itisnowcommonsensetothinkofacoldastheresultofavirus;itusedtobecommonsensetothinkacoldwastheresultofbadvapors.Whenpeopledisagreeoverwhatiscommonsense,theyusuallyargueoverthemeaningofwords.Forexample,somethinkitiscommonsenseforchildrentobepunishediftheydisobey.Butitisalsoconsideredcommonsensenottophysicallyabusechildren.Whatiscommonsenseinthiscontextdependsuponhowyoudefinepunishmentandhowyoudefineabuse.Thusthinkingaboutthingsinacommonsensefashionrequiresmakingmoreprecisetermstodescribethethingsyouarethinkingabout.

(27)

A.Theyarebeyondordinarypeople.

B.Theyaresimilartowhatcanbeseeninordinarylife.

C.Theyareillogical.

D.Theyareverysystematicandverydifferentfromcommonsense.

25.(25)

A.Trainers.B.Clowns.C.Acrobats.D.Magicians.

26.

【B2】

27.

【B11】

28.

【B7】

29.听力原文：M:Howdidyouliketheperformance?

W:Generallyspeaking,itwasverygood.Thepartofthemaidwasplayedbeautifully,butIthoughtthemanwhoplayedthesalesmanwastoodramatictoberealistic.

Q:Howdoesthewomanfeelaboutthesalesman?

(16)

A.Thewomanthinksthesalesmanwasrealistic.

B.Thewomanthinksthesalesmanexaggeratedhispart.

C.Thewomanthinksthesalesmanwasnotdramaticenough.

D.Thewomanthinksthesalesmanplayedhispartwell.

30.

【B9】

31.听力原文：W:IheardintheUnitedStatesadvertisersarenotallowedtoshowyoungpeoplesmokingcigarettes,neitherareadstargetedatyouthallowed.

M:Butadvertiserskeepfindingwaysaroundthelaw.Someyearsagoonecigaretteadshowedadeersnaking.Butitwasdressedinauniversitysweater.Obviouslytheadistryingtoattractyoungpeople.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(19)

A.Advertiserstrytofindthelawtosupportthem.

B.Advertisersuseddeerinadstoshowthecigaretteisevenlikedbydeer.

C.Theuniversitysweaterisanotherwayofadvertising.

D.Advertisersthinkofwaystoavoidbreakingthelaweventhoughtheiractsareillegaltosomeextent.

32.

【B3】

33.

【B5】

34.(24)

A.Becausesheisontheexecutivestaff.

B.Becausesheisfamiliarwiththecompany.

C.Becauseshehasknowledgeofmanagement.

D.Becauseshehasanoutstandingachievement.

35.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

NowwetraveltothenorthcentralpartoftheUnitedStates.WeareinthestateofSouthDakota.Thelandisbigandmostlyfiatwithmany【B1】______ofcorn,wheatandsoybeans.Butaswetravelwest,thecroplandgiveswaytowildgrasses.Astrongdrywindblows【B2】______fromthewest.

Suddenly,thelandbecomes【B3】______androcky,dryanddusty--nolongergreenandgold.Itisnowalightred-browncolor.Allaroundarebroken【B4】______forms.Therearehillsandvalleysofallsizesandstrangeshapes.

ThesearetheBadlands.Hundredsofthousandsofyearsagotheareawas【B5】______,but,then,forcesofnature【B6】______thegrass.Waterandicecutintothesurfaceoftheearth.Theyheatattherocks,【B7】______themaway.Theresultisoneoftheworld's【B8】______sights.

【B9】______

Theareaisastudyinextremes.Temperaturesinthesummerhavebeenashighasforty-sixdegreesCelsius.【B10】______

LifeintheBadlandsisdifficult,butanimalsdosurvive.Themostwellknownistheprairiedog.【B11】______.

【B1】

36.

【B8】

37.听力原文：W:It'sapityyoumissedtheconcertyesterdayevening.Itwaswonderful!

M:Ididn'twanttomissthefootballgame.Well,I'mnotaclassicalmusicfananyway.

Q:Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?

(13)

A.Themanwassorrytomissthefootballgame.

B.Themanattendedtheconcert,butdidn'tlikeit.

C.Themanwassorrythathedidn'tattendtheconcert.

D.Themanismoreinterestedinfootballthaninclassicalmusic.

38.(28)

A.In1873.B.In1875.C.In1893.D.Between1900and1934.

39.听力原文：W:Doesthebookhaveahappyending?

M:Itwashardtotellwhethertheherowasgoingtodieinthewarorcomehomeandmarryhischildhoodsweetheart.

Q:Whatdidthemansayabouttheendingofthebook?

(14)

A.Hesaysnothing.

B.Hewasconfusedattheend.

C.Theherodiedinthecar.

D.Theheromarriedhissweetheart.

40.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

(12)

A.Themotherandtheson.

B.Thecustomerandthewaiter.

C.Theteacherandthestudent.

D.Thedoctorandthepatient.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachyear,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70%ofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90%ofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.

Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroads

Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch"captive"shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeelthattheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment'sSurfaceTransportationBoardforratebelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.

Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone'scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It'satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail."Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?"asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers.

Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionsmacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail'snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalf