2013职称英语理工类abc级历年真题

2013年英语等级考（注：BC理工类(A级)试第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。diedTherulesare toallowfordiedD.D.C.B.A.Thisspecieshas becauseitshabitatisbeingeeC.carriedB.passedA.turnedThecontractbetweenthetwocompanies 4.4.Threeworld-classtennis yerscametocontendforthisD.C.B.A.D.C.B.A.ThemethodsofcommunicationusedduringthewarwereA. B. C. D.Respectforlifeis principleoftheD.D.C.B.A.Thedrinkingwater B.

withC. D.Comeout,or thedoorD.D.C.B.A. afewtearsatherdaughter’sA.A.B.C.D.Theydidn’tseemtoappreciate oftheD.D.C.B.A.Thetower evenaftertwohundredD.D.C.B.A.Manyexperts abouthisD.D.C.B.A.TheproposalRumorsbegan

bythemajorityofB.submitted C.considered D.approvedabouthisfinancialproblems.D.D.C.B.A.15.tokeepeyeonthisA.B.C.D.2部分：阅读判断（16-2217分NewUnderstandingofNaturalSilk’sNaturalsilk,asweallknow,hasastrengththatman-madematerialshavelongstruggledtomatch.Inadiscoverythatsoundsmorelikeanancient proverbthanamaterialssciencebreakthrough,MITresearchershavediscoveredthatsilkgetsitsstrengthfromitsweaknessOrmorespecificallyitsmanyweaknessesSilkgetsitsextraordinarydurabilityandductility(柔韧性)fromanunusualarrangementofhydrogenbondsthatareintrinsicallyveryweakbutthatworktogethertocreateastrong,flexibleMostmaterials—especiallytheonesweengineerforstrength—gettheirtoughnessfrombrittlenessAssuch,naturalsilkslikethoseproducedbyspidershavelongfascinatedbothbiologistsandengineersbecauseoftheirlightweightductilityandhighstrength(poundforpoundsilkisstrongerthansteelandfarlessbrittleButonitsface,itdoesn'tseemthatsilksshouldbeasstrongastheyare;molecularly,theyareheldtogetherbyhydrogenbonds,whicharefarweakerthanthecovalent(共价的)bondsfoundinothermolecules.Togetabetterunderstandingofhowsilkmanagestoproducesuchstrengththroughsuchweakbonds,theMITteamcreatedasetofcomputermodelsthatallowedthemtoobservethewaysilkbehavesattheatomiclevel.Theyfoundthatthearrangementofthetinysilknanocrystals(纳米晶体)issuchthatthehydrogenbondsareabletoworkcooperatively,reinforcingoneanotheragainstexternal sandfailingslowlywhentheydofail,soasnotsoallowasuddenfracturetospreadacrossasilkstructure.Theresultisnaturalsilksthatcanstretchandbendwhileretainingahighdegreeofstrength.Butwhilethat'sallwellandgoodforspiders,beesandthelike,thisunderstandingofsilkgeometrycouldleadtonewmaterialsthatarestrongerandmoreductilethanthosewecancurrentlymanufacture.Ourbestandstrongestmaterialsaregenerallyexpensiveanddifficulttoproduce(requiringhightemperaturetreatmentsorenergy-intensiveprocesses).BylookingtosilkasamodelresearcherscouldpotentiallydevisenewmanufacturingmethodsthatrelyoninexpensivematerialsandweakbondstocreatelessrigidmoreforgivingmaterialsthatarenonethelessstrongerthananythingcurrentlyonofferAndifyouthoughtyouweregoingtogetoutofthismaterialssciencestorywithouthearingaboutcarbonnanotubes(纳米碳管),thinkagain.TheMITteamisalreadyinthelablookingintowaysofsynthesizingsilk-likestructuresoutofmaterialsthatarestrongerthannaturalsilk—likecarbonnanotubes.Super-silksareonthehorizon.MITresearcherscarryoutthestudytoillustrateanancient proverb.A.A. B. C.NotSilk’sstrengthcomesfromitsweakhydrogenbondsworkingA.A. B. C.NotBiologistsandengineersareinterestedinunderstandingnaturalsilksbecausetheyareverylightand19.19.Ifthehydrogenbondsbreakduetos,theybreakA. B. C.NotA. B. C.NotTheMITteamhadtrieddifferentmaterialsbeforetheystudiesnaturalsilkintheA.A. B. C.NotCarbonnanotubesarecurrentlythemostpopulartopicinmaterialsA.A. B. C.NotItisindicatedthatmaterialsstrongerthannaturalsilkcanbeexpectedintheA.A. B. C.Not第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分） 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题；BlackBlackholescanbebestdescribedasasortofvacuum,suckingupeverythinginspace.Scientistshavediscoveredthatblackholescomefromanexplosionofhugestars.Starsthatareneardeathcannolongerburnduetolossoffuel,andbecauseitstemperaturecannolongercontrolthegravitational(重力的) ,hydrogenendsupputtingpressureontothestar’ssurfaceuntilitsuddenlyexplodesthenBlackholescomefromstarsthataremadeofhydrogen,othergasesandafewmetals.Whentheseexplodeitcanturnintoas lar-mass(恒星质量)blackhole,whichcanonlyoccurifthestarislargeenough(shouldbebiggerthanthesun)fortheexplosiontobreakitintopieces,andthegravitystartstocompacteverypieceintothetiniestparticle.Trytoseeandcompare:ifastarthat’stentimesthesizeofthesunendsupbeingablackholethat’snolongerthan70kilometers,thentheEarthwould eablackholethat’sonlyafractionofaninch!3.3.Objectsthatgetsuckedinablackholewillalwaysremainthere,nevertobreak .Butrememberthatholescanonlygobbleup吞噬objectswithinaspecificdistancetoitIt’spossibleforalargestarnearthesun eablackhole,butthesunwillcontinuetostayin ce.Orbitsdonotchangebecausethenewlyformedblackholecontainsexactlythesameamountofmassaswhenitwasastar,onlythistimeitsmassistotallycontractedthatitcanendupasnobiggerthanastate.IsthereproofthatblackholesreallyWhataredifferenttypesofblackHowareblackholesHowwereblackholesWhathappenstotheobjectsaroundablackWhatareblackholesmade4.Sofar,astronomershavefiguredoutthatblackholesexistbecauseofAlbertEinstein’stheoryofrelativity.Intheend,throughnumerousstudies,theyhavediscoveredthatblackholestrulyexist.Sinceblackholestraplightanddonotgiveofflight,itisnearlyimpossibletodetectblackholesviaa escope.ButastronomerscontinuetostudyIsthereproofthatblackholesreallyWhataredifferenttypesofblackHowareblackholesHowwereblackholesWhathappenstotheobjectsaroundablackWhatareblackholesmadeParagraph Paragraph Paragraph Paragraph Blackholesareformed Whenalargestarexplodes,thegravitycompactseverypieceinto Anewlyformedblackholeandthestaritcomesfromare thecreationofnewanexplosionofhugethethecreationofnewanexplosionofhugethetiniestthesameamountoftheexistenceofblackafractionofan第4部分：阅读理解（第31-45题，每题3分，共45分） 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。ForecastingThereareseveraldifferentmethodsthatcanbeusedtocreateaforecast.Themethodaforecasterchoosesdependsupontheexperienceoftheforecaster,theamountofinformationavailabletotheforecaster,thelevelofdifficultythattheforecastsituationpresents,andthedegreeofaccuracyorconfidenceneededintheforecast.Thefirstofthesemethodsisthepersistencemethod;thesimplestwayofproducingaforecast.Thepersistencemethodassumesthattheconditionsatthetimeoftheforecastwillnotchange.Forexample,ifitissunnyand87degreestoday,thepersistencemethodpredictsthatitwillbesunnyand87degreestomorrow.Iftwoinchesofrainfelltoday,thepersistencemethodwouldpredicttwoinchesofrainfortomorrow.However,ifweatherconditionschangesignificantlyfromdaytoday,thepersistencemethodusuallybreaksdownandisnotthebestforecastingmethodtouse.Thetrendsmethodinvolvesdeterminingthespeedanddirectionofmovementforfronts,highandlowpressurecenters,andareasofcloudsandprecipitation.Usingthisinformation,theforecastercanpredictwhereheorsheexpectsthosefeaturestobeatsomefuturetime.Forexample,ifastormsystemis1,000 westofyourlocationandmovingtotheeastat250 perday,usingthetrendsmethodyouwouldpredictittoarriveinyourareain4days.Thetrendsmethodworkswellwhensystemscontinuetomoveatthesamespeedinthesamedirectionforalongperiodoftime.Iftheyslowdown,speedup,changeintensity,orchangedirection,thetrendsforecastwillprobablynotworkaswell.Theclimatologymethodisanothersimplewayofproducingaforecast.Thismethodinvolvesaveragingweatherstatisticsaccumulatedovermanyyearstomaketheforecast.Forexample,ifyouwereusingtheclimatologymethodtopredicttheweatherforNewYorkCityonJuly4th,youwouldgothroughalltheweatherdatathathasbeenrecordedforeveryJuly4thandtakeanaverage.Theclimatologymethodonlyworkswellwhentheweatherpatternissimilartothatexpectedforthechosentimeofyear.Ifthepatternisquiteunusualforthegiventimeofyear,theclimatologymethodwilloftenfail.The ogmethodisaslightlymorecomplicatedmethodofproducingaforecast.Itinvolvesexaminingtoday'sforecastscenarioandrememberingadayinthepastwhentheweatherscenariolookedverysimilar(an og).Theforecasterwouldpredictthattheweatherinthisforecastwillbehavethesameasitdidinthepast.The ogmethodisdifficulttousebecauseitisvirtuallyimpossibletofindapredict og.Variousweatherfeaturesrarelyalignthemselvesinthesamelocationsastheywereintheprevioustime.Evensmalldifferencesbetweenthecurrenttimeandthe ogcanleadtoverydifferentresults.WhatofthefollowingfactorsisNOTmentionedinchoosingaforecastingNecessaryamountofDegreeofdifficultyinvolvedinPracticalknowledgeoftheCreativityoftheThepersistencemethodfailstoworkwellitisitisweatherconditionsstayweatherconditionschangeThetrendsmethodworkswellweatherfeaturesareconstantforalongperiodofweatherfeaturesaredefinedpredictionsonprecipitationarethespeedanddirectionofmovementareThe ogmethodshouldnotbeusedinmakingaweatherforecastthe oglooksthecurrentweatherscenarioisdifferentfromthe the ogismorethan10yearsthecurrentweatherscenarioisexactlythesameasthe HistoricalweatherdataarenecessarythepersistencemethodandthetrendsthetrendsmethodandtheclimatologyC.C.theclimatologymethodandthe ogD.Thepersistencemethodandthe og第二篇StudentsLearnBetterWithTouchscreenDesks Observethecriticismsofnearlyanymajorpubliceducationsystemintheworld,andafewofthemanycom intsaremoreorlessuniversal.Technologymovesfasterthantheeducationsystem.Teachersmustteachatthepaceofthesloweststudentratherthanthefastest.And—particularlyintheUnitedStates—schoolchildrenasagroupdon’tcaremuchfor,orexcelat,mathematics.Soit’shearteningtolearnthatanewkindof“classroomofthefuture”showspromiseatmitigatingsomeoftheseproblems,startingwiththatfundamentalpieceofclassroomfurniture:thedesk.AUKstudyinvolvingroughly400students,mostlyaged8-10years,andanewgenerationofmulti-touch,multi-user,computerizeddesktopsurfacesisshowingthatoverthelastthreeyearsthetechnologyhasappreciablyboostedstudents’mathskillscomparedtopeerslearningthesamematerialviatheconventionalpaper-and-pencilmethod.How?Throughcollaboration,mostly,aswellasbygivingteachersbettertoolsbywhichtomicromanageindividualstudentswhoneedsomeextrainstructionwhileallowingtherestoftheclasstocontinuemovingforward.Traditionalinstructionstillshowsrespectableefficacy(效力)atincreasingstudentsfluencyinmathematics,essentiallythroughmemorizationandpractice—dull,repetitivepractice.Buttheresearchershaveconcludedthatthesenewtouchscreendesksboostbothfluencyandflexibility—thecriticalthinkingskillsthatallowstudentstosolvecomplexproblemsnotsimplythroughknowingformulasanddevices,butbybeingabletofigureoutwhattherealproblemisandthemosteffectivemeansofstrip itdownandsolvingit.Onereasonforthis,theresearcherssay,isthemulti-touchaspectofthetechnology.Studentsworkinginthenext-genclassroomcanworktogetheratthesametabletop,eachofthemcontributingandengagingwiththeproblemaspartofagroup.KnownasSynergyNet,thesoftwareusescomputervisionsystemsthatseeintheinfrared(红外的)spectrumtodistinguishbetweendifferenttouchesondifferentpartsofthesurface,allowingstudentstoaccessandusetoolsonthescreen,moveobjectsandvisualaidsaroundontheirdesktops,andotherwisephysicallyin ctwiththenumbersandinformationontheirscreens.Byusingthesescreenscollaboratively,theresearcherssay,thestudentsaretosomeextentteachingthemselvesasthosewithastrongergraspondifficultconceptspullotherstudentsforwardalongwiththem.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofthepubliceducationItdoesnotcatchupwiththedevelopmentofTeacherspaymoreattentiontofastlearnersthanslowSomesimilar intsaboutitareheardindifferentManystudentsarenotgoodatlearningWhathasbeenfoundafterthenewtechisTeachersareabletogiveindividualizedattentiontostudentsin elessactiveinlearningStudentsshowpreferencetotheconventionalpaper-and-pencilThegapbetweenslowlearnersandfastlearnersgetmoreWhatisthebenefitstudentsgetfromthenewItmakesthemmorefluentinpublicItoffersthemmoreflexibilityinchoosingItiseffectivein themsolvephysicalproblems.ItenablesthemtodevelopcriticalthinkingWhathappenswhenstudentsareusingthedesktopofthenewEverystudenthasanindividualStudentsusedifferenttoolsto ctwitheachThemulti-touchfunctionstimulatesThesoftwareinstalledautomaticallyidentifiesdifferentHowdoesthenewtechworktoimprovestudents’mathematicalIthelpsfastlearnerstolearnItmakesteachers’instructionItenablesthemtoworkItallowsthewholeclasstolearnatthesameOntheTrailoftheHoneyOnOnarecentfieldtriptotheKalahariDesertateamofresearcherslearntalotmoreabouthoneybadgers(獾teamemployedalocalwildlifeexpertKitsoKhamatohelpthemlocateandfollowthebadgersacrossthedesert.Theirmainaimwastostudythebadgers’movementsandbehaviourasdiscreetly(谨慎地)aspossible,withoutfrighteningfrighteningthemawayorcausingthemtochangetheirnaturalbehaviour.Theyalso nnedtotrapafewandthemcloseupbeforereleasingthem.Inviewoftheanimal’sreputation,thiswassomethingthatevenKhamawasreluctanttodo.恶的). ythisisrare,butitdoes“Theproblemwithhoneybadgersistheyarenaturallycuriousanimals,especiallywhentheyseesomethingnew,”hesays.thatcombinedwiththeirunpredictablenaturecanbeadangerousmixtureIftheysenseyouhavefood,forexampletheywon’tbeshyaboutcomingright恶的). ythisisrare,butitdoesTheresearchconfirmedmanythingsthatwerealreadyknownAsexpectedhoneybadgersateanycreaturestheycouldcatchandkillEvenpoisonoussnakesfearedandavoidedbymostotheranimalswerenotsafefromthem.Theresearchersweresurprisedhoweverbytheanimal’sfondnessforlocalmelons,probablybecauseoftheirhighwatercontentPreviouslyresearchersthoughtthattheanimalgotallofitsliquidrequirementsfromitsprey(猎物).TheteamalsolearntthatcontrarytopreviousresearchfindingsthebadgersoccasionallyformedloosefamilygroupsTheywerealsoabletoconfirmcertainresultsfrompreviousresearchincludingthefatthatfemalebadgersneversocializedwitheachother.Followingsomeofthemalebadgerswasachallenge,sincetheycancoverlargedistancesinashortspaceoftime.Somehuntingterritoriescovermorethan500squarekilometers.Althoughtheyseemhappytosharetheseterritorieswithothermales,thereareoccasionalfightsoveranimportantfoodsource,andmalebadgerscanbeasaggressivetowardseachotherastheyaretowardsotherspecies.Asthebadgersbecameaccustomedtothepresenceofpeople,itgavetheteamthechancetogetupclosetothemwithoutbeingthesubjectoftheanimal’scuriosity—ortheirsuddenaggression.Thebadgers’eatingpatterns,whichhadbeendisrupted,returnedtonormal.Italsoallowedtheteamtoobservemorecloselysomeoftheothercreaturesthatformworkingassociationswiththehoneybadger,astheseseemstoadoptthebadgers’relaxedattitudewhennearhumans.WhydidthewildlifeexpertsvisittheKalahariTofindwherehoneybadgersToobservehowhoneybadgersTocatchsomehoneybadgersforTofindoutwhyhoneybadgershaveabadWhatdoesKitsoKhamasayabouthoneyTheyshowinterestinthingstheyarenotfamiliarTheyarealwayslookingforTheydonotenjoyhuman ItiscommonforthemtoattackWhatdidtheteamfindoutabouthoneyThereweresomecreaturestheydidnotTheywereafraidofpoisonousTheymaygetsomeofthewatertheyneededfromFemalebadgersdidnotmixwithmaleWhichofthefollowingisatypicalfeatureofmaleTheydon’trunveryTheyhuntoveraverylargeTheydefendtheirterritoryfromotherTheyaremoreaggressivethanWhathappenedwhenhoneybadgersgotusedtohumansaroundTheybecamelessaggressivetowardsotherTheystartedeatingOtheranimalsstartedworkingwithTheylostinterestin第5部分：补全短文（第46-50题，每题2分，共10分） 下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文ToadsToadsareArthriticandinArthritisArthritisisanillnessthatcancausepainandswellinginyourbones.Toads,abigprobleminthenorthofaresufferingfrompainfularthritisintheirlegsandbackbone,anewstudyhasshown.Thetoadsthatjumpthefastestaremorelikelytobelargerandtohavelongerlegs.46. Thelargeyellowtoads,nativetoSouthandCentralAmerica,wereintroducedintothenorth-easternAustralianstateofQueenslandin193Sinanattempttostopbeetlesandotherinsectsfromdestroyingsugarcanecrops.Nowupto200millionofthepoisonoustoadsexistinthecountry,andtheyarerapidlyspreadingthroughthestateofNorthernTerritoryatarateofupto60kmayear.Thetoadscannowbefoundacrossmorethanonemillionsquarekilometers.47. AVenezuelanpoison wastriedinthe1990sbuthadtobeabandonedafteritwasfoundtoalsokillnativefrogspecies.ThetoadshaveseverelyaffectedecosystemsinAustralia.Animals,andsometimespets,thateatthetoadsdie yfromtheirpoison,andthetoadsthemselveseatanythingtheycanfitinsidetheirmouth.48. Aco-authorofthenewstudy,RickShine,aprofessorattheUniversityofSydney,saysthatlittleattentionhasbeengiventotheproblemsthattoadsface.Rickandhiscolleaguesstudiednearly500toadsfromQueenslandandtheNorthernTerritoryandfoundthatthoseinthelatterstatewereverydifferent.Theywereactive,sprintingdownroadsandbreedingquickly.Accordingtotheresultsofthestudy,thefastesttoadstravelnearlyonekilometreanight. Butspeedandstrengthcomeataprice—arthritisofthelegsandbackboneduetoconstantpressure cedonthem.Inlaboratorytests,theresearchersfoundthatafterabout15minutesofhop ,arthritictoadswouldtravellessdistancewitheachhop.50. Thesetoadsaresoprogrammedtomove,apparently,thatevenwheninpainthetoadstravelledasfastandasfarasthehealthyones,continuingtheirrelentlessmarchacrosstheToadsarenotbuilttoberoadrunners—theyarebuilttositaroundpondsandwetThetasknowfacingthecountryishowtoremovetheFurthermore,theysoontakeoverthenaturalhabitatsofAustralia’snativeToadswithlongerlegsmovefasterandtravellongerdistances,whiletheothersarebeingleftButthisadvantagealsohasabigdrawback—upto10%ofthebiggesttoadssufferfromButarthritisdidn’tslowdowntoadsoutsidethelaboratory,theresearchers第6部分：完形填空（第51-65题，每题1分，共15分） 下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。BetterSolarEnergySystems:MoreHeat,MoreLight Solarphotovoltaicthermalenergysystems,orPVTs,generatebothheatandelectricity,but (51)nowtheyhaven’tbeenverygoodattheheat-generatingpartcomparedtoastand-alonesolarthermalcollector.That’sbecausetheyoperateatlowtemperaturestocoolcrystallinesiliconsolarcells, (52)letsthegeneratemoreelectricitybutisn’taveryefficientwaytogatherThat’saproblemofeconomics.Goodsolarhot-watersystemscanharvestmuchmoreenergythanasolar-systemsystematasubstantially (53).Andit’salsoaspaceproblem:photovoltaiccellscan (54)allthespaceontheroof,leavinglittleroomforthermalInapairofstudies,JoshuaPearce,anassociateprofessorofmaterialsscienceandengineering,hasa (55)intheformofabetterPVTmadewithadifferentkindofsilicon.HisresearchcollaboratorsareKunalGirotrafromThinSiliconinCaliforniaandMichaelPathakandStephenHarrisonfromQueen’sUniversity,Canada.andcheaper.And,because (57)muchlesssilicon,theyhaveandcheaper.And,because (57)muchlesssilicon,theyhaveagreenerfootprint. (58),filmsiliconsolarcellsarevulnerabletosomebad-newsphysicsintheformoftheStaebler-Wronski“Thatmeansthattheirefficiencydropswhenyou (59)themtolight—prettymuchtheworstpossibleforasolarcell,”Pearceex ins,whichisoneofthe (60)thin-filmsolarpanelsmakeuponlyasmallfractionofthemarket.However,Pearceandhisteamfounda (61)toengineeraroundtheStaebler-Wronskieffect (63)ofwater,theycouldmakethickercellsthatlargely (64)theStaebler-Wronskiincorporatingthin-filmsiliconinanew (62)ofPVT. (63)ofwater,theycouldmakethickercellsthatlargely (64)theStaebler-WronskiWhentheyappliedthethin-filmsilicondirectlytoasolarthermalenergycollector,theyalsofoundthatbybakingcellcellonceaday, (65)thesolarcell’selectricalefficiencybyover1058.58.A.y D.D.C.B.65.A.D.C.B.64.A.B.63.A.D.C.B.62.A.D.C.B.61.A.D.C.B.60.A.D.C.B.59.A.D.C. B.D.C.B.57.A.D.C.B.56.A.D.C.B.55.A.D.C.B.54.A.D.C.B.53.A.D.C.B.52.A.D.C.B.51.A. 第1部分：词汇选项 eA:216-22323-26 27-30431-35 36-40 41-45546-50651-55 56-60 61-65理工类（B级）试1.Therewassomethingpeculiarinthewayhe.D.C.B.A.as1.Therewassomethingpeculiarinthewayhe.D.C.B.A.asIhavelittle herfitnessfortheA.B.A.B.C.D.Shecameacrossthreechildren underabridge.A.foundby B.passed C.tookanotice D.wokeTherulesare toallowforhumaneD.D.C.B.A.It thathehadbeenthereaweekD.D.C.B.A.SheA.Rumorsbegan

whensheisB.sleepy C.anxious D.offensiveabouthisfinancialproblems.D.D.C.B.A.Asapolitician,heknowshow publicD.D.C.B.A.9.TheseA.southannuallyinsearchofB.C.D.10.Hebythehighbythe A.B.C.D.The willneedtokeepawaryeyeonthisareaoftown.A. B. C. D.MakesurethetableissecurelyA. B. C. D.Comeout,orI’llbustthedoorA. B. C. D.ThecontractbetweenthetwocompanieswillexpireA. B. C. D.Hepaused,waitingforhertodigesttheA. B. C. D.2部分：阅读判断（16-2217分WideWorldofEngineerswhobuildandprogramrobotshavefascinatingjobs.Theseresearcherstinker(修补)withmachinesinthelabandwritecomputersoftwaretocontrolthesedevices."They'rethebesttoysoutthere,"saysHowieChosetatCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.Chosetisarobotics,a whodesigns,buildsorprogramsrobots.WhenChosetwasakid,hewasinterestedinanythingthatmoved—cars,trains,animals.HeputmotorsonTinkertoycarstomakethemmove.Later,inhighschool,hebuilt robotssimilartosmallcars. tocontinueworkingonrobotshestudiedcomputerscienceincollegeButwhenhegottograduateschoolattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadenaChoset'slabmateswereworkingonsomethingevencoolerthanremo ycontrolledcars:roboticsnakes.Somerobotscanmoveonlyforwardbackward,leftandright.Butsnakescantwist( )inmanydirectionsandtraveloveralotofdifferenttypesofterrain(地形)."Snakesarefarmoreinterestingthanthecars,"Chosetconcluded.AfterhestartedworkingatCarnegieMellon,Chosetandhiscolleaguestherebegandevelo theirownsnakerobotsChoset'steamprogrammedrobotstoperformthesamemovementsasrealsnakessuchasslidingandinchingforwardTherobotsalsomovedinwaysthatsnakesusuallydon'tsuchasrollingChoset'ssnakerobotscouldcrawl(爬行)throughthegrass,swiminapondandevenclimbaflagpole.ButChosetwonderedifhissnakesmightbeusefulformedicineaswell.Forsomeheartsurgeries,thedoctorhasopenapatient'schest,cuttingthroughthebreastbone.Recoveringfromthesesurgeriescanbeverypainful.WhatifthedoctorcouldperformtheoperationbyinsteadmakingasmallholeinthebodyandsendinginathinroboticChosetteamedupwithMarcoZenati,aheartsurgeonnowatHarvardMedicalSchool,toinvestigatetheidea.Zenatipracticedusingtherobotona sticmodelofthechestandthentestedtherobotinpigs.A calledMedroboticsinBostonisnowadaptingthetechnologyforsurgeriesonpeople.Evenafter15yearsofworkingwithhisteam'screations,"Istilldon'tgetboredofwatchingthemotionofmyrobots,"Chosetsays.ChosetbegantobuildrobotsinhighA.A. B. C.NotSnakerobotscouldmoveinonlyfourA.A. B. C.Not18.Chosetdidn'tbeginhisownsnakerobotsuntilhestartedworkingatCarnegieA. B. C.NotChoset'ssnakerobotscouldmakemoremovementsthantheonesothersA.A. B. C.NotTheapplicationofathinroboticsnakemakesheartsurgerieslesstime-A.A. B. C.NotZenatitestedtherobotonpeopleafterusingitinA.A. B. C.NotTherobotictechnologyforsurgeriesonpeoplehasbroughtahandsomeprofittoA.A. B. C.Not第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分） 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题；BlackBlackholescanbebestdescribedasasortofvacuum,suckingupeverythinginspace.Scientistshavediscoveredthatblackholescomefromanexplosionofhugestars.Starsthatareneardeathcannolongerburnduetolossoffuel,andbecauseitstemperaturecannolongercontrolthegravitational(重力的) ,hydrogenendsupputtingpressureontothestar’ssurfaceuntilitsuddenlyexplodesthencollapses.Blackholescomefromstarsthataremadeofhydrogen,othergasesandafewmetals.Whentheseexplodeitcanturnintoas lar-mass(恒星质量)blackhole,whichcanonlyoccurifthestarislargeenough(shouldbebiggerthanthesun)fortheexplosiontobreakitintopieces,andthegravitystartstocompacteverypieceintothetiniestparticle.Trytoseeandcompare:ifastarthat’stentimesthesizeofthesunendsupbeingablackholethat’snolongerthan70kilometers,thentheEarthwould eablackholethat’sonlyafractionofaninch!3.3.Objectsthatgetsuckedinablackholewillalwaysremainthere,nevertobreak .Butrememberthatholescanonlygobbleup吞噬objectswithinaspecificdistancetoitIt’spossibleforalargestarnearthesun eablackhole,butthesunwillcontinuetostayin ce.Orbitsdonotchangebecausethenewlyformedblackholecontainsexactlythesameamountofmassaswhenitwasastar,onlythistimeitsmassistotallycontractedthatitcanendupasnobiggerthanastate.IsthereproofthatblackholesreallyWhataredifferenttypesofblackHowareblackholesHowwereblackholesWhathappenstotheobjectsaroundablackWhatareblackholesmade4.Sofar,astronomershavefiguredoutthatblackholesexistbecauseofAlbertEinstein’stheoryofrelativity.Intheend,throughnumerousstudies,theyhavediscoveredthatblackholestrulyexist.Sinceblackholestraplightanddonotgiveofflight,itisnearlyimpossibletodetectblackholesviaa escope.ButastronomerscontinuetostudyIsthereproofthatblackholesreallyWhataredifferenttypesofblackHowareblackholesHowwereblackholesWhathappenstotheobjectsaroundablackWhatareblackholesmadeParagraph Paragraph Paragraph Paragraph Blackholesareformed Whenalargestarexplodes,thegravitycompactseverypieceinto Anewlyformedblackholeandthestaritcomesfromareof thecreationofnewanexplosionofhugethethecreationofnewanexplosionofhugethetiniestthesameamountoftheexistenceofblackafractionofan第4部分：阅读理解（第31-45题，每题3分，共45分） 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。EnergyandPublicTheUnitedStatesboastssubstantialenergyresources.FederallandsprovideagooddealofU.S.energyproduction;theU.S.DepartmentoftheInteriormanagesfederalenergyleasing,bothonlandandontheoffshoreOuterContinentalShelf.Productionfromthesesourcesamountstonearly30percentoftotalannualU.S.energyIn2000,32percentofU.S.oil,35percentofnaturalgas,and37percentofcoalwereproducedfromfederallands,representing20,000producingoilandgasleasesand135producingcoalleases.Federallandsarealsototocontainy68percentofallundiscoveredU.S.oilreservesand74percentofundiscoveredRevenuesfromfederaloil,gas,andcoalleasingprovidesignificantreturnstoU.S.taxpayersaswellasStateernments.In1999,forexample,$553millioninoila