2023年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试历年真题摘选含答案解析

2023年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试历年真题摘选含答案解析第1卷一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Asasalesman,heworksona(n)（）basis,taking10%ofeverythinghesells.问题1选项A.incomeB.commissionC.salaryD.pension2.单选题Thefailureofelectricityputallthecomputersintheregionoutof（）.问题1选项A.workB.tuneC.gearingD.action3.单选题Bothtelevisioncommercialsandprogramspresent（）viewofthematerialworld,onewhichpromotesastandardoflivingthatmostofuscanprobablynotattain.问题1选项A.astandardizedB.anunrealisticC.abetterD.aninteresting4.单选题Theliberalartseducationasksthatweconfrontourunexaminedworldviewwithhistoricalunderstanding,newtheoriesandintercultural（）.问题1选项A.prospectsB.perspectivesC.aspectsD.respects5.单选题Shoulddoctorseverlietobenefittheirpatients—tospeedrecoveryortoconcealtheapproachofdeath?Inmedicineasinlaw,government,andotherlinesofwork,therequirementsofhonestyoftenseemdwarfedbygreaterneeds:theneedtoshelterfrombrutalnewsortoupholdapromiseofsecrecy.Whatshoulddoctorssay,forexample,toa46-year-oldmancominginforaroutinephysicalcheckupwho,thoughhefeelsinperfecthealth,isfoundtohaveaformofcancer?Ifheasks,shouldthedoctordenythatheisill,orminimizethegravityoftheillness?Doctorsconfrontsuchchoicesoftenandurgently.Attimes,theyseeimportantreasonstolieforthepatient’sownsake.Intheireyes,suchliesdiffersharplyfromself-servingones.Studiesshowthatmostdoctorssincerelybelievethattheseriouslyilldonotwanttoknowthetruthabouttheircondition,andthatinformingthemrisksdestroyingtheirhope,sothattheymayrecovermoreslowly,ordeterioratefaster,perhapsevencommitsuicide.Asonephysicianwrote:“Oursisaprofessionwhichtraditionallyhasbeenguidedbyapreceptthattranscendsthevirtueofutteringthetruthfortruth’ssake,andthatis,asfaraspossible‘donoharm’.”Armedwithsuchaprecept,anumberofdoctorsmayslipintodeceptivepracticesthattheyassumewill“donoharm”andmaywellhelptheirpatients.Buttheillusorynatureofthebenefitssuchdeceptionismeanttoproduceisnowcomingtobedocumented.Studiesshowthat,contrarytothebeliefofmanyphysicians,anoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsdowanttobetoldthetruth,evenaboutgraveillness,andfeelbetrayedwhentheylearnthattheyhavebeenmisled.Wearealsolearningthattruthfulinformation,humanelyconveyed,helpspatientscopewithillness.Notonlydoliesnotprovidethe“help”hopedforbyadvocatesofbenevolentdeception,theyinvadetheautonomyofpatientsandrenderthemunabletomakeinformedchoicesconcerningtheirownhealth.Liesalsodoharmstothosewhotellthem:harmtotheirintegrityand,inthelongrun,totheircredibility.Lieshurttheircolleaguesaswell.Thesuspicionofdeceitundercutstheworkofthemanydoctorswhoarescrupulouslyhonestwiththeirpatients;itcontributestothespiraloflawsuitsandof“defensivemedicine”,andthusitinjures,inturn,theentiremedicalprofession.1.Doctorsthinkthatlyingtotheirpatientsis（）.2.Mostpatientsthinkthatbeingtoldthetruthoftheirillnessmay（）.3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtotheauthor?4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsdoctors?问题1选项A.amedicaltraditionB.toharmtheirownintegrityC.todefendmedicineD.utteringthetruthfortruth’ssake问题2选项A.slowdownrecoveryB.leadtosuicideinsomecasesC.betoohardforthemtoacceptD.helpdealwithillness问题3选项A.Doctorsareofteninadilemmaastotellthepatienthisrealconditionofhealth.B.Doctors’reluctancetotellpatienttruthhasnorealsupportinreality.C.Doctors’liesaredifferentfromthatoflawyersandgovernmentofficials.D.Doctorsandpatientsholddifferentviewsabouttellingtruth.问题4选项A.realisticB.praisingC.objectiveD.appreciative6.单选题Thefamousinventorwasawardedan（）doctoratebytheuniversity.问题1选项A.honorableB.honoraryC.honoredD.honorific7.单选题Makingprivatephonecallsontheofficephoneisseverely（）oninourcountry.问题1选项A.criticizedB.regardedC.objectedD.frowned8.单选题Greenmeanshealthyoutsideofhospitals,too.Officeworkerswithnatureviewsaremore（1）abouttheirjobs,lessfrustrated,inbetterhealthandmoresatisfiedwiththeir（2）,accordingtoonestudy.Accordingtoanother,prisoninmateswhosecellslookedoutonfarmfieldsneededfarlesshealthcarethanthosewhosecellsfaceda（3）internalcourtyard.Psychologistshavefoundthatexposure（4）trees,streamsandothernaturalfeaturesimprovesconcentration,creativityandemotionalfunctioning.Inonestudy.FrancesKuo,PhD,apsychologistwho（5）theLandscapeandHumanHealthLaboratoryattheUniversityofIllinois,andhercolleaguesshowedthat20-minutewalksacrossleafycityparkseasesADHD（6）inkids.Afewyearsago,Kuoandherresearchpartnerstestedchildreninahigh-riseChicagopublic-housingprojecttoseeifaviewofnaturefromtheirapartmentshelpedthempsychologically.（7）withgirlswholookedoutonbrickandasphalt,girlswhosawtreesfromtheirwindowsconcentratedbetter,actedless（8）andweremoreabletodelaygratification.That（9）betterself-discipline,Kuosays,whichcouldhelpgirlsbetterhandlethe（10

）thatcometheirwayastheygrowupintheprojects.TheIllinoisresearchersalsoshowedthatareasofthepublic-housingprojectwithtreesandgrasshadlowerlevelsofcrime,（11

）violence,noise,litterandgraffiti(涂鸦).“Whenyouputallthesethingstogether,it’sapictureofahealthierneighborhood,”Kuosay.Greenerneighborhoodsmayevenimprovethe（12

）physicalhealthoftheirresidents.Dutchscientistscrosscheckedtheself-reportedhealthof10,000peoplewiththegreennessoftheirneighborhoods.After（13

）fortheirincome,ageandotherfactorsthataffecthealth,theyfoundthatpeopleingreenerneighborhoodswerehealthier.Inanotherstudy,elderlyTokyoresidentsweresignificantlymorelikelytosurvive（14

）anotherfiveyearsiftheirneighborhood（15

）walkableparksandtree-linedstreets.问题1选项A.keenB.eagerC.zealousD.enthusiastic问题2选项A.livesB.aliveC.liveD.living问题3选项A.blightB.bleakC.bleachD.blemished问题4选项A.forB.toC.fromD.at问题5选项A.directsB.improvesC.helpsD.satisfies问题6选项A.frustrationB.featuresC.emotionsD.symptoms问题7选项A.ComparingB.CompareC.ComparedD.Tocompare问题8选项A.inpulsivelyB.dispulsivelyC.impulsivelyD.unpulsively问题9选项A.amountuptoB.addsuptoC.isuptoD.livesupto问题10选项A.challengesB.careerC.professionsD.task问题11选项A.domesticB.forensicC.explicitD.metropolitan问题12选项A.totallyB.partialC.overallD.whole问题13选项A.accountB.accountingC.accountedD.havingaccounting问题14选项A.fromB.inC.upD.for问题15选项A.retainedB.attainedC.detainedD.contained9.单选题Completesilenceisfoundonlyinlaboratoriescalledanechoicrooms.Thewallsandceilings,madeofblocksofspecialsound-suckingmaterials,aremorethanthreefeetthick,whilefloorcoveringsaresix-footlayersoffeathersorcottonwool.Silenceherecanbeaspainfultotheearsasthedin(continuousloudnoise)ofasteelworksorarocketblast-off,yetscientistsgetusedtothisandstayinthesesilentroomsforhoursatatime,usingmicrophonesandelectronicequipmenttotestthevariousmaterialsbeingdevelopedtomaketheworldalessnoisyplace.Architectshaveusedscientificdiscoveriestosolvenoiseprobleminanumberofways.Wallsarehollowed(havingemptyspaceinside)andthenfilledwithsound-suckingmaterialssimilartocottonwool.Extra-thickcarpetscoverthefloors,andthickwoolencurtainscoverthewindows.Airconditioningandheatingchannelsaremadelessnoisybysound-suckingmaterials．Unfortunately,thesetechniquesandothersoftenworktoowellinsomebuildings.Noise-proofroomsbecomealmostanechoicandpeoplelivinginthemaredisturbedbythelackofsound．Onewayofhandlingthisproblemistousewhattheycall“soundperfume”—artificial(similarlyproduced,madebyman)noiseispipedtoroomsthroughsmallloudspeakers.1.Scientistsuseanechoicroomfor（）.2.Thewriterimpliesthat（）.3.Peoplesufferinanechoicroomsprobablybecause（）.4.Thearticlesuggeststhat（）.问题1选项A.measuringnoiselevelsofsteelworksB.measuringblocksoffeathersC.testingsound-absorbingmaterialsD.testingelectronicequipment问题2选项A.untrainedpeoplecannotstaylonginanechoicroomsB.performingexperimentsinanechoicroomscanbeafrighteningexperienceC.architectsmakepracticaluseoftheinformationgatheredbyscientistsD.scientistsdonotcarefornoiseproblem问题3选项A.theyareallowedtomoveandspeakB.theyareusedlohearingnoisearoundthemC.thegreaterairpressurehurtstheirearsD.alloftheabove问题4选项A.loudspeakersareasimportantassound-proofingmaterialsB.anechoicroomswillbeincludedinallnewbuildingsC.scientificdevicesaresometimestoosuccessfulD.alloftheabove10.单选题Internationalsportshouldcreategoodwillbetweenthenations,butinthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicssomehowencourages（）patriotism.问题1选项A.amiableB.obsoleteC.aggressiveD.harmonious11.单选题Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Somedirectthemselvesbythepositionofthesun.Othersnavigatebythestars.Someusethesunastheirguideduringtheday,andthenswitchtnstarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth'smagneticfieldsasaguideinfindingitswayhome,andthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimals,frominsectstomollusks,canalsomakeuseofmagneticcompasses.Itisofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtoamagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;otherwiseitwouldjusthavetolandandwaitforthesuntocomeoutagain.Evenwiththesunorstarstoguideby,theproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicatedthantheymightseematfirst.Forexample,aworkerhoneybeethathasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometoreport.Ascientisthasdiscoveredthatthebeesentouttolookforfooddeliversherreportthroughacomplicateddancetotheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodis,butalsowhatdirectiontoflyinrelationtothesun.Butthesundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstartouttogatherthetoed,thesunmayalreadyhavechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.Inlatertripsduringtheday,thesunwillseemtomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeeseemtohavenotroubleatallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinnerclockstellthemjustwherethesunwillbe,andtheychangetheircoursecorrespondingly.1.TheauthormentionsallthefollowingnaturalphenomenathathelpanimalsnavigateEXCEPT（）.2.Whatmakesitnecessaryforabirdtorelyonamagneticcompasswhennavigating?3.Accordingtothepassagewhatinformationdoesthedanceofthescoutbeecommunicatetotheotherworkerbees?4.Whatenablesthebeestoflybythesuneventhoughthesun’spositionisnotfixed?问题1选项A.thesunB.thestarsC.magneticfieldsD.winddirection问题2选项A.ThepossibilityofbadweatherB.Theconstantmotionofthesun.C.Itspatternsofmigration.D.Itsneedtoconstantlychangehomes.问题3选项A.Thetimeoftheday.B.Whattheweatherislike.C.Howfarawaythefoodis.D.Whichflowersthescouthasfound.问题4选项A.Theyareequippedwithbiologicaltimeclocks.B.Theyflyinformationbehindthescoutbee.C.Theyhaveexcellenteyesight.D.Theyhavelongmemories.12.单选题Thedoctorsareverymuchworriedaboutthe（）ofthepatient’sconditionafteroperation.问题1选项A.dispositionB.deliberationC.deteriorationD.diversion13.单选题Jackcametothepartywithayoungwoman,whomI（）tobehisgirlfriend.问题1选项A.pretendedB.supposedC.resumedD.granted14.单选题Prof.White,myrespectedtutor,frequentlyremindsmeto（）myselfofeverychancetoimprovemyEnglish.问题1选项A.assureB.informC.availD.notify15.写作题Youaretowriteacompositionofnolessthan250wordswiththetitle:MyViewonTerroristActivitiesinSomeCountries.DoyourcompositionneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。根据下半句句意：从他销售的每件商品中抽取10%。由此推断，填空处应该指佣金，所以选项B正确。pension指退休金，抚恤金。

2.【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。outofwork失业；outoftune不协调；outofgearing没有这种搭配；outofaction损坏，不运转。句意：电力故障使该地区所有的计算机无法工作。选项D符合句意。

3.【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。根据下句“mostofuscanprobablynotattain”可推测，这个观点是不切实际的，所以选项B符合语境。

4.【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。prospect“前景;期望”;perspective“观点，远景”;aspect“方面，形势”;respect“尊敬,尊重”。句意:文科教育要求我们用历史理解、新理论和跨文化视角来看待我们未经检验的世界观。根据句意可知，填空处是表示看待未经检验的世界观的方式和角度，perspectives和aspects都有“角度”的意思。但perspective强调主体,指人观察或思考的角度;而aspect强调客体,指事物的某个方面。句中强调的是我们看待世界的跨文化角度，所以选项B更符合语境。

5.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C【解析】1.信息推断题。根据第三段的第二句“Oursisaprofession...asfaraspossible‘donoharm’.”我们这个职业，传统上恪守一个信条，这个信条超越了为真理而说真话的美德，那就是尽可能“不伤害他人”。由此可知，医生认为对病人撒谎是一种医学传统。选项A符合原文。2.事实细节题。根据第四段的内容可知，研究表明，与许多医生的信念相反，绝大多数患者希望被告知真相，甚至是关于严重疾病的真相。真实的信息和人性化的传达，有助于病人应对疾病。选项D符合原文。3.信息判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“itcontributestothespiraloflawsuitsandof“defensivemedicine”...”病人的不信任使医疗诉讼案增多,造成医生避免风险的“防御性诊治”增多。这里的“防御性诊治”指的就是对病人撒谎的行为，所以选项A说医生陷入两难境地的说法是错误的。4.观点态度题。结合文章内容可知，作者对医生的这种做法并没有赞美或者赏识，选项B和D首先排除。全文作者都是在客观的描述事实，客观的分析问题，所以作者的态度是客观的，选项B正确。6.【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。honorable“可敬的,光荣的”;honorary“荣誉的,名誉的”;honored“受尊敬的”;honorific“尊敬的”。句意:那所大学授予那位著名的发明者荣誉博士学位。选项B符合句意。

7.【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。句意：在我国，用办公室电话打私人电话会受到严厉的批评。选项A符合句意。frowned皱眉，不满。

8.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A第6题:D第7题:C第8题:C第9题:D第10题:A第11题:A第12题:C第13题:B第14题:D第15题:D【解析】（1）固定搭配。beenthusiasticabout为固定搭配，表示“热衷于,对...充满热情”。keen后面一般接on；eager一般与to搭配；zealous一般与for搭配。所以选项D正确。（2）名词词义辨析。根据句意可知，这里指对他们的生活感到更满意。只有选项A表示生活；alive“活着的”；live“活的，直播的”；living表示“生计，生活方式，生存之道”。所以选项A正确。（3）形容词词义辨析。blight“枯萎，荒芜”；bleak“阴冷的,荒凉的”；bleach“漂白”；blemished“有瑕疵的,有污点的”。根据句意可知填空处应为形容词修饰花园。只有选项B符合原文。（4）固定搭配。Exposure通常与to搭配,表示“暴露于”。原文指的是处于某种环境中，所以选项B正确。（5）动词词义辨析。根据原文可知，这里指管理实验室的心理学家，选项A符合原文语境。（6）名词词义辨析。根据句意：在树木繁茂的城市公园散步20分钟可以缓解儿童多动症的症状。选项D符合原文语境。（7）语法知识。考查comparingwith和comparedwith的区别。当句子的主语是被比较的对象时,用comparedwith；当句子的主语是比较动作的发出者时,用comparingwith。句中的主语为girls，为被比较的对象,所以用compared。选项C正确。（8）形容词词义辨析。根据原文句意：看到树木的女孩们注意力更加集中,行为不那么冲动。选项中只有impulsively表示“易冲动的”。其他三个选项均拼写错误。所以选项C正确。（9）动词词组辨析。amountupto“至多”;addupto“总计达”;isupto“从事;忙于”;liveupto“实现,达到”。根据原文可知，本句是对上一句的递进说明，表示还会提高自律性。选项D正确。（10）名词词义辨析。根据句意：这可以帮助她们更好地处理成长过程中遇到的挑战。选项A符合原文语境。（11）固定搭配。domesticviolence为固定搭配，表示“家庭暴力”。（12）形容词词义辨析。根据原文可知，这里指提高居民整体的健康状况。totally完全地；partial局部地；overall全部的，强调全面综合的；whole完整的，强调事物完好无缺。所以选项C更恰当。（13）语法知识。此处考查动词account的各种形式。空格前面是介词after，所以后面只能接名词，代词或动名词，所以空格处应该是用动名词形式。选项B正确。（14）介词搭配。survive与for搭配使用,表示“存活……”,后一般跟时间。选项D正确。（15）语法理解题。retained保留，保存；attained获得，达到；detained扣留；contained包含。根据句意：”如果东京的老年居民所在的社区有可步行的公园和绿树成荫的街道...”可知，选项D更符合语境。9.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第一段最后一句“...scientistsgetusedto...testthevariousmateria