2023年考研考博-考博英语-大连理工大学考试历年真题摘选含答案解析

2023年考研考博-考博英语-大连理工大学考试历年真题摘选含答案解析第1卷一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Theyoungheiresswasso（

）thatshegaveallhermoneyawayinacoupleofyears.问题1选项A.generousB.indulgentC.patrioticD.ambitious2.单选题Speakersatgraduationceremoniesarealwaysamongthemost（

）membersofthecommunity.问题1选项A.discouragedB.dissatisfiedC.distinguishedD.disappointed3.单选题

Sheisavery（

）student.She’salwaystalkingabouttravelingtoouterspace.问题1选项A.imaginaryB.imaginativeC.imaginableD.imagining4.单选题Thereisanewtypeofsmalladvertisementbecomingincreasinglycommoninnewspaperclassifiedcolumns.Itissometimesplacedamong“situationsvacant”，althoughitdoesnotofferanyoneajob,andsometimesitappearsamong“situationswanted”，althoughitisnotplacedbysomeonelookingforajob,either.Whatitdoesistoofferhelpinapplyingforajob.“Contactusbeforewritingyourapplication”，or“Makeuseofourlongexperienceinpreparingyourcurriculumvitaeorjobhistory”，ishowitisusuallyexpressed.Thegrowthandapparentsuccessofsuchaspecializedserviceis,ofcourse,areflectiononthecurrenthighlevelsofunemployment.Itisalsoanindicationofthegrowingimportanceofthecurriculumvitae(orjobhistory),withthesuggestionthatitmaynowqualifyasanartforminitsownright.Therewasatimewhenjobseekerssimplywrotelettersofapplication.“Justputdownyourname,address,ageandwhetheryouhavepassedanyexams”，wasabouttheaveragelevelofadviceofferedtoyoungpeopleapplyingfortheirfirstjobswhenIleftschool.Theletterwasreallyjustforopeners,itwasexplained,everythingelsecouldandshouldbesavedfortheinterview.Andinthosedaysoffullemploymentthetechniqueworked.Theletterprovedthatyoucouldwriteandwereavailableforwork.Youreagerfaceandintelligentrepliesdidtherest.Later,asyoumoveduptheladder,somethingslightlymoresophisticatedwascalledfor.Theadvicethenwastoputsomethingintheletterwhichwoulddistinguishyoufromtherest.Itmightbetheaggressiveapproach.“Yoursearchisover.Iamthepersonyouarelookingfor”，wasawidelyusedtrickthatoccasionallysucceeded.Oritmightbesomespecialfeaturespeciallydesignedforthejobinterview.Thereisnodoubt,however,thatitisincreasingnumberofapplicantswithuniversityeducationatallpointsintheprocessofengagingstaffthathasledtothegreaterimportanceofthecurriculumvitae.1.Accordingtothepassage,thenewtypeofadvertisements（

）.2.Nowademandforthistypeofservicehasbeencreatedbecause（

）.3.Inthepastitwasexpectedthatfirstjobhunterswould（

）.4.Whenapplyingformoreimportantjobs,onehadbetterincludeintheletter（

）.5.Theresumehasbecomesoimportantbecause（

）.问题1选项A.informsjobhuntersofthechancesavailableB.promisesusefuladvicetojob-huntersC.dividesavailablejobsintovarioustypesD.informsemployersthatpeopleareavailableforwork问题2选项A.thereisalackofjobsavailableforartisticpeopleB.therearesomanytop-leveljobsavailableC.therearesomanypeopleoutofworkD.thejobhistoryisconsideredtobeaworkofart问题3选项A.writeaninitiallettergivingtheirlifehistoryB.passsomeexamsbeforeapplyingforajobC.havenoqualificationsotherthanbeingabletoreadandwriteD.keepanydetailedinformationuntiltheyobtainedaninterview问题4选项A.somethingattractiveinone’sapplicationB.apersonalopinionabouttheorganizationonewantedtojoinC.somethingthatwouldoffenditsreaderD.aliethatonecouldeasilygetawaywithtelling问题5选项A.ofanincreaseinthenumberofjobsadvertisedB.ofanincreaseinthenumberofapplicantswhichdegreesC.ofmuchmorecomplicatednessofjobstodayD.itislesscomplicatedthanotherapplicationprocesses5.翻译题大米的营养价值同土豆的差不多，但在常温下保存的更久。上大学并不一定是每个人的恰当的选择，更不是唯一的选择。仅碳氢两种元素就能构成成千上万种化合物，其原因是碳氢的分子可以以不同的方式进行连接。所有这些都促使学生独立认真地学习，促使他们学会如何发现利用大学的资源。经济水平比较低的情况下，它反而会给现代政府在提供食物，就业机会等方面增加巨大的负担。6.单选题Doyouhaveany（

）aboutwhatlivingbeingsonotherplanetswouldbelike?问题1选项A.idealB.comprehensionC.notionD.intelligence7.单选题Ifwe（

）ourrelationswiththatcountry,we’llhavetofindanothersupplierofrawmaterials.问题1选项A.diffuseB.diminishC.terminateD.preclude8.单选题Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”，thesocialsciencesas“soft”,andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,andtheseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystems.Intermsofourcapacityofsampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.Weareabletosampleearth’ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,orevenifearth’sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomeinandnewtheoriesareworkedout.Ifwedefinethe“security”ofourimageofvariouspartsofthetotalsystemastheprobabilityoftheirsufferingsignificantchanges,thenwewouldreversetheorderforhardnessandasthemostsecure,thephysicalsciencesastheleastsecure,andagainthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitanditsrecord-keepingistrivialrecordsofbiologicalsystems.Recordsoftheastronomicaluniverse,despitethefactthatwelearntthingsastheywerelongage,arelimitedintheextreme.Eveninregardtosuchacloseneighborasthemoon,whichwehaveactuallyvisited,theoriesaboutitsoriginandhistoryareextremelydifferent,contradictory,andhardtochooseamong.Ourknowledgeofphysicalevolutionisincompleteandinsecure.1.Theword“paradox”(Line1,Para.1)means“（

）”2.Accordingtotheauthor,weshouldreverseourclassificationofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”andthesocialsciencesas“soft”because（

）.3.Theauthorbelievesthatourknowledgeofsocialsystemsismoresecurethanthatofphysicalsystemsbecause（

）

4.Thechancesofthephysicalsciencesbeingsubjecttogreatchangesarethebiggestbecause（

）

.5.Weknowlessabouttheastronomicaluniversethanwedoaboutanysocialsystembecause（

）

.问题1选项A.implicationB.contradictionC.interpretationD.confusion问题2选项A.areverseorderingwillhelppromotethedevelopmentofthephysicalsciences.B.ourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorereliablethanthatofsocialsystems.C.ourunderstandingofthesocialsystemsisapproximatelycorrect.D.wearebetterabletoinvestigatesocialphenomenathanphysicalphenomena.问题3选项A.itisnotbasedonpersonalexperience.B.newdiscoveriesarelesslikelytooccurinsocialsciences.C.itisbasedonafairlyrepresentativequantityofdata.D.therecordsofsocialsystemsaremorereliable.问题4选项A.contradictorytheorieskeepemergingallthetime.B.newinformationisconstantlycomingin.C.thedirectionoftheirdevelopmentisdifficulttopredict.D.ourknowledgeofthephysicalworldisinaccurate.问题5选项A.theoriesofitsoriginandhistoryarevaried.B.ourknowledgeofitishighlyinsecure.C.onlyaverysmallsampleofithasbeenobserved.D.fewscientistsareinvolvedinthestudyofastronomy9.单选题Auction(拍卖)arepublicsalesofgoods,conductedbyanofficiallyapprovedauctioneer.Heaskedthecrowdtogatherintheauctionroomtobidforvariousitemsonsale.Heencouragesbuyerstobidhighestfiguresandfinallynamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofthegoods.Thisiscalled“knockingdown”thegoodsforthebiddingendswhentheauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronaraisedplatform.TheancientRomansprobablyinventedsalesbyauctionandtheEnglishwordcomesfromtheLatin“antic”,meaning“increase”.TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakeninwar,thesemileswerecalled“subhanta”,meaning“underthespear’’,aspearbeingstuckinthegroundasasignalforacarvedtogather.InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesgoodswereoftensold“bythecandle’’,ashoecandlewaslitbytheauctioneerandbidscouldbemadewhileitwasburning.Practicallyallgoodscanbesoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffee,skins,wool,tea,cobra,fir,mat,vegetablesandwines.Auctionsalesarealsousualforlandandproperty,antiquefurniture,pictures,oldbooks,oldchinaandworksofart.TheauctionroomsatChristie’sandSotheby’sinLondonandNewYorkareworldfamous.Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobetoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbythebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannotgivesfulldetails,cataloguesareprinted,andeachgroupofgoodstobesoldtogether,calleddrafter,asgenerallyas.Theauctioneerneednotbeginwithlotoneandcontinuethenumericalorder,hesafelywaituntilhethefactthatcertainbuyersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestingin.Theauctioneer’sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethegoodsaresoldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebidding.1.Auctionedgoodsaresold（

）.2.Theendofbiddingiscalled“knockingdown”because（

）.3.Inthesentence“TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakeninwar,59theword“spoils”mostprobablymeans（

）.4.InEnglandacandleusedtoburnatauctionsales（

）.5.Anauctioncataloguegivesbuyers（

）.问题1选项A.forthehighestpriceofferedB.atfixedpricesC.atpriceslowerthantheirtruevalueD.atpricesofferedbytheauctioneer问题2选项A.theauctioneerknocksonthetableB.theauctioneernamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofthegoodsC.thegoodsareknockeddownontothetableD.theauctioneerbangsthetablewithahammer问题3选项A.uselessgoodsB.spearsC.variouskindsoffoodD.propertytakenfromtheenemy问题4选项A.becausetheauctionsalestookplaceatnightB.asasignalforthecrowdtogatherC.tokeeptheauctionroomwarmD.tolimittimewhenoffersofpricescouldbemade问题5选项A.thecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoodsB.detailsofthegoodstobesoldC.tileorderinwhichgoodsaretobesoldD.freeadmissiontotheauctionsale10.单选题Tomakeiteasiertoreturnanypurchases,savetheoriginalpackaging,especiallyforelectronicandhousehold（）.问题1选项A.instrumentsB.facilitiesC.appliancesD.equipment11.单选题Heattendstothe（

）ofimportantbusinesshimself.问题1选项A.transactionB.transitionC.transmissionD.transformation12.单选题Awell-establisheddistinctioninmemorytheoryisthatbetweenshort-termandlong-termmemory.Theformerreferstoourabilitytodosuchthingsasremembertelephonenumberslongenoughtodialthem,thelatter-concernsthewiderangeofwaysinwhichexperiencecanaffectbehaviormanyyearslater.Giventhetwodifferentkindsofability,itisreasonabletohypothesizethateachisrepresenteddifferentlyinthebrain.Anexperimentwasdesignedtotestthehypothesisthatlong-termmemoryimpliesachemicalchangeinthebraincells,whileshort-termmemoryinvolvespatternsofimpulsesinelectricofservecells.Onegroupofratsweretaughttorunthroughamaze.Fiveminutesafterlearningthetask,theywerecooledto5°C,thetemperatureatwhichallelectricalactivityinthebrainceased.Theyweretenkeptatthistemperaturefor15minutesbeforebeingallowedtotheirnormaltemperature.Theywerethenrunthroughthemaze,again.Asecondgroupofratsweretaughttorunthesamemaze,andthenimmediatelycooledto5°Cfor15minutes.Alterbeingallowedtoreturntotheirtemperature,anattemptwasmadetorunthesecondgroupthroughthemazeagain.Itwasfoundthatratsinthefirstgrouphadnodifficultywiththemazethesecondtime,suggestingthattheydidnothavetorelearnthetask.Ratsinthesecondgroupwhichwascooledimmediatelyafterlearningthemaze,ontheotherhand,couldnotnegotiatethemazesuccessfully,i.e.,theyapparentlycouldnotrememberwhattheyhadlearned.Itwasconcludefromthisexperimentthatshort-timememory(inrats,atleast)isunlikelong-termmemory.Short-termmemoryinvolveselectricalimpulsessinceatatemperaturewhereelectricalactivityceases,thereisnomemory.Long-termmemory,incontrast,isunaffectedbythedisruptionofelectricalactivityandmayinvolvestructuralchangesinbraincells.1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?2.Rememberingaddressbelongsto（

）.3.Theexperimentsoftwogroups（

）.4.Ifratscooledto5℃for15minutesimmediately,whatwillhappenafterbeingallowedtoreturntotheirnormaltemperature?5.Electricalimpulsesaffect（

）.问题1选项A.Thedifferencebetweenshort-termmemoryandlong-termmemory.B.Theexperimentoftwogroupsofrats.C.Thetemperatureforratstolosetheirmemory.D.Theimportanceofmemory.问题2选项A.short-termmemoryB.long-termmemoryC.bothAandBD.neitherAorB问题3选项A.temperatureaffectsrats’memoryB.therelationshipbetweentemperatureandmemoryisveryclearC.thereisdistinctionbetweenshort-termmemoryandlong-termmemoryD.ratscanrelearnthetaskafterforgettingit问题4选项A.Theyhavenodifficultincrossingthesamemaze.B.Theylosetheirwayinthemaze..C.Theycanrememberthewaycorrectly.D.Theygothroughthemazeafterseveraltrying.问题5选项A.long-termmemoryB.short-termmemoryC.structuralchangesD.braincells13.单选题Theseinstruments,whichbreakupstructuresonlytoexaminethemmorefully,demonstratehowdetailscanbe（）andseparatedfromthewhole.问题1选项A.amplifiedB.magnifiedC.exemplifiedD.signified14.单选题Thechildrencheeredupwhentheysawhundredsofcolorfulballoons（

）slowlyintothesky.问题1选项A.floatingB.raisingC.heavingD.ascending15.单选题

Manynovelsthatattempttomirrortheworldarereally（

）oftherealitythattheyrepresent.问题1选项A.reflectionsB.demonstrationsC.illuminationsD.reproductions第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。generous“慷慨的，大方的”；indulgent“放纵的，宽容的”；patriotic“爱国的”；ambitious“野心勃勃的”。句意：年轻的女继承人如此慷慨，以至于几年内就把所有的钱送给了别人。选项A符合题意。2.【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。discouraged“气馁的”；dissatisfied“不满的”；distinguished“尊敬的”；disappointed“失望的”。句意：毕业典礼上的发言人都是团体中最受尊敬的成员。选项C符合题意。3.【答案】B【解析】考查形似形容词词义辨析。imaginary“虚构的，假想的”；imaginative“富于想象的，有创造力的”；imaginable“可能的，可想象的”；imagining是image的动名词形式。句意：她是一个富有想象力的学生。她总是谈论关于在外太空漫游的事。选项B符合题意。4.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.文章第二段第一句contactusbeforewritingyourapplication”，or“makeuseofourlongexperienceinpreparingyourcurriculumvitaeorjobhistory提到这个广告的内容是“在写求职信之前联系我们”“我们的经验能够帮你更好地准备你的简历”可知这个广告主要是给那些求职者服务，所以选项B符合题意。2.文章第二段第二句Thegrowthandapparentsuccessofsuchaspecializedserviceis,ofcourse,areflectiononthecurrenthighlevelsofunemployment提到了这种服务存在的原因是由于现在的高失业率。所以选项C符合题意。3.文章第三段theletterwasreallyjustforopeners,itwasexplained,everythingelsecouldandshouldbesavedfortheinterview提到对于刚毕业出来找第一份工作求职来说求职信只是第一句，信中除了一些基本信息不需要透露太多，剩下的等获得面试资格再说。选项D符合题意。4.第四段前两句later,asyoumoveduptheladder,somethingslightlymoresophisticatedwascalledfor.Theadvicethenwastoputsomethingintheletterwhichwoulddistinguishyoufromtherest提到当你要去找更重要的工作时，求职信中需要写上一些你与其他人相比有何独到之处。选项A符合题意。5.最后一段提到越来越多的大学生求职者使得个人简历显得很重要，所以选项B符合题意。5.【答案】Thenutritionalvalueofricealmostequalsthatofthepotato.However,itcanbestoredatroomtemperatureforlonger.Goingtocollegeisnottherightchoiceforeveryone,northeonlyoptionatall.Onlytwoelementsofhydrocarboncanformthousandscompounds.Thereasonisthattheirmoleculescanbeconnectedindifferentways.Allofthesearetourgestudentstostudyindependentlyandindustriouslylearnhowtousetheuniversityresources.Underthecircumstanceofloweconomiclevel,itwouldincreasethepressureoffoodprovisionandemploymentopportunities.6.【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。ideal“理想”；comprehension“理解力”；notion“观念，意见”；intelligence“智力”。句意：你能想象出其它星球上的生物是什么样的吗？选项C符合题意。7.【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。diffuse“扩散”；diminish“减少”；terminate“使终止，使结束”；preclude“排除，妨碍”。句意：如果我们结束与那个国家的关系，我们必须寻找其他原材料提供国。选项C符合题意。8.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.paradox“矛盾，悖论”。implication“含义”；contradiction“矛盾，否认”；interpretation“解释”；confusion“混淆”。选项B符合题意。2.文章第二段第一句话weareabletosampleearth’ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated提到我们能够在调查地球的社会体系时自信地认为我们有整个领域作为合理的样本供研究；该段倒数第二句话ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitanditsrecord-keepingistrivialrecordsofbiologicalsystems提到我们对于天文领域的研究是最不靠谱的，因为我们观察的是一个不切实际的小样本。从这两句话可知，研究社会知识的样本比研究天文知识的样本要大并且实际，所以我们能更好地去研究社会现象，选项D符合题意。3.文章第二段第二句ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries提到在社会体系中，它不太可能被新的发现严重颠覆。选项B符合题意。4.文章第二段incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,orevenifearth’sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomeinandnewtheoriesareworkedout提到我们对于天文宇宙或者地球的地理历史的概念，当新的数据和理论进入时都很容易遭受革命性的变化，选项B符合题意。5.文章第二段ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitanditsrecord-keeping