形副大一下语法adjectives and adverbs

Chapter14Adjectives预习要点1.品质形容词与类属形容词的差别2.多个形容作定语的位置3.程度副词的位置4.形容词都有比较级吗？5.修饰比较级结构的词和词组6.修饰同级比较as…as的词和词组7.修饰最高级结构的词和词组8fairly,rather和quite的用法9.形容词比较级的特殊用法more…than;less…than;nomore…than;noless…than;morethansb.cando;翻译下列句子：1.Theneweditionisnomoreexpensivethantheoldedition.2.Asadriver,Johnisnolessskilledthanyou.3.Heismoreapoetthanaphilosopher.4.Hewaslessangrythansurprised.5.Thegirlisasbrilliantassheisbeautiful.6.SamisasmodestasPeterishonest.7.Shewasmorethanpleasedwiththeresult.8.Itismorethanfleshandbloodcanbear.Theusualorderforadjectivesinanounphrase

Whatisthecorrectorderforthefollowingadjectives?aBritishnew

plastic

blacknicelongpenanicelongnewblackBritishplasticpenClassificationQualitativeadj.(品质形容词):nice,cleverClassifyingadj.(类属形容词)：cultural,marriedColoradj.Emphasingadj.:total,perfect-ingadj.-edadj.Compoundadj.:good-tempered不用于比较级、最高级theusualorderfortheadjective：①品质形容词+颜色形容词+类属形容词②thecoinedword“.p”如：abeautifulbignewredplastichatasmallgreyrectangularFrenchradio（参考《实用英语语法》第389页）.p:op→opinionadjectives:sh→sizeorshapeadjectivesa→ageadjectivesc→coloradjectiveso→originadjectivesm→materialadjectivesp→purposeadjectives.p中:op代表opinion，指表示人们观点的形容词，如beautiful，horrible，lovely，nice等；sh代表shape，指表示长短、大小形容词，如long，short，narrow等；a代表age，指表示年龄、时代的形容词，如old，new，young等；c代表color，指表示颜色的形容词，如red,black,等；o代表origin，指表示国籍、地区、产地的形容词，如British，Canadian，German等；m代表material，指表示材料的形容词，如plastic，metal，oil等。p代表purpose,指表示功能、用途、目的的形容词，如sleeping(asin"sleepingbags")等。Anopinionadjectiveexplainswhatyouthinkaboutsomething(otherpeoplemaynotagreewithyou).Examples:

silly,beautiful,horrible,difficult

Asizeadjective,ofcourse,tellsyouhowbigorsmallsomethingis.Examples:

large,tiny,enormous,little

Ashapeadjectivedescribestheshapeofsomething.Examples:

square,round,flat,rectangular

Anageadjectivetellsyouhowyoungoroldsomethingorsomeoneis.Examples:

ancient,new,young,oldAcolouradjective,ofcourse,describesthecolourofsomething.Examples:

blue,pink,reddish,grey

Anoriginadjectivedescribeswheresomethingcomesfrom.Examples:

French,lunar,American,eastern,Greek

Amaterialadjectivedescribeswhatsomethingismadefrom.Examples:

wooden,metal,cotton,paper

Apurposeadjectivedescribeswhatsomethingisusedfor.Theseadjectivesoftenendwith"-ing".Examples:

sleeping(asin"sleepingbag"),roasting(asin"roastingtin")

剑桥英语语法手册UNIT98Adjectives:wordorder(anicenewhouse),A.Sometimesweusetwoormoreadjectivestogether:*Mybrotherlivesinanicenewhouse.*Inthekitchentherewas'abeautifullargeroundwoodentable.Adjectiveslikenew/large/round/woodenarefactadjectives.Theygiveusfactualinformationaboutage,size,colouretc.Adjectiveslikenice/beautifulareopinionadjectives.Theytelluswhatsomebodythinksofsomethingorsomebody.Opinionadjectivesusuallygobeforefactadjectives.anice(opinion)long(fact)summerholidayaninteresting(opinion)young(fact)manandelicious(opinion)hot(fact)vegetablesoupabeautiful(opinion)largeroundwooden(fact)tableB.Sometimesweusetwoormorefactadjectives.Veryoften(butnotalways)weputfactadjectivesinthisorder:1.howbig?->2.howold?->3.whatcolor?->4.wherefrom?->5.whatisitmadeof?->NOUNatallyoungman(1->2)alargewoodentable(1->5)bigblueeyes(1->3)anoldRussiansong(2->4)asmallblackplasticbag(1->3->5)anoldwhitecottonshirt(2->3->5)Adjectivesofsizeandlength(big/small/tall/short/longetc.)usuallygobeforeadjectivesofshapeandwidth(round/fat/thin/slim/wideetc.):alargeroundtable/atallthingirl/alongnarrowstreetWhentherearetwocolouradjectives,weuseand:ablackandwhitedressared,whiteandgreenflagbutalongblackdress(not'alongandblackdress')1.Whichisthecorrectorder?asmallthinCanadianlady①aCanadiansmallthinlady②asmallCanadianthinlady③athinsmallCanadianlady④2.Whichisthecorrectorder?

acarvingsteelnewknife①

anewsteelcarvingknife②

asteelnewcarvingknife③

anewcarvingsteelknife④3.Whichisthecorrectorder?

asailingbeautifulblueboat

①

abluebeautifulsailingboat②

abeautifulbluesailingboat

③

abluesailingbeautifulboat④4.Whichisthecorrectorder?ahugewoodensailingship①awoodenhugesailingship②ahugesailingwoodenship③ahugesailingwoodenship④5.Whichisthecorrectorder?aninterestingoldphysicsteacher①aninterestingphysicsoldteacher②aphysicsinterestingoldteacher③anoldphysicsinterestingteacher④6.Whichisthecorrectorder?

anoldlargewoodensquaretable①

alargesquarewoodenoldtable②

alargewoodenoldsquaretable

③

alargeoldsquarewoodentable

④ThedegreeofadjectivesTherearethreeformsofcomparison:-positive

-comparative

-superlativeDifferenceinmeaningwithdifferentirregularcomparisonofadjectives:far—farther—farthest(distance)far—further—furthest(distanceortime)old—older—oldest(peopleandthings)old—elder—eldest(peopleofafamily;notusedbeforethan;usedasamodifier)E.g.:Myelder/oldersisteristhreeyearsolderthanme.SomeadjectiveswithnocomparisonNotalladjectiveshavetheircomparativeorsuperlativeform.Forexamplewecannotsay“Sheismoreperfectthanhereldersister”thoughweoftenhear“她比她的姐姐更完美”.Perfect:oftheverybestpossiblekind,degreeorstandard“Perfect”isalimitadjective.Soithasnocomparison.1.limitadjective(极限形容词)

所谓极限形容词是指本身就表达一个绝对、极端意义的形容词。此类形容词通常不能用于比较级和最高级。属于该类的常见形容词有：absolute,perfect,unique,excellent,extreme,impossible,worthless,speechless,empty,full,disgusting,amazed,terrific,marvelous,exhausted;maximal,mere,minimal,matchless,sole,only（最…唯一…）等等。但这些词前却可以带诸如absolutely,completely,quite,totally,utterly等的程度副词作修饰语，表示最高的程度；如,"Thatisquiteimpossible"还可带有诸如almost,nearly,practically,virtually等程度副词，表示接近最高的程度之意。如,"Itisalmostimpossibletosay"。2.non-gradableadjectives(非等级形容词)

此类形容词不能表示“等级”的不同，只可表“是”与“非”。如，married(已婚)一词，我们不能说一个人“moremarried”或“lessmarried”，只能说“married”或"unmarried"。属于该类的常见形容词有：1)表示国籍的形容词，如Chinese,British,American,Spanish等等；2)表示颜色的形容词，如red,blue,yellow等；3)表示方向、方位的形容词，如northern,southern,eastern,western,middle,right,left,outdoor,indoor,等等；4）部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如atomic,cultural,electric，economic,educational,golden,political,scientific,silken,urban,wooden，monthly,weekly,yearly,daily,等等很多"concerning...","about"意义的形容词，一般都不可用于比较级和最高级。但上述形容词有时也可以用于比较级来表示特殊的意义。如,“TheforeigntouristismoreChinesethanaChinese."意为"TheforeigntouristbehavesorseemsverymuchlikeatypicalChineseperson."或"TheforeigntouristspeaksChineselanguageverywell,evenbetterthanaChineseperson."Chapter15AdverbsClassificationsofadverbsAdverbsofFrequency,AdverbsofManner,AdverbsofTime,AdverbsofPlace,AdverbsofDegree,EmphasingAdverbs,InterrogativeAdverbs,ConjunctiveAdverbs,RelativeAdverbs,SentenceAdverbs.PositionsofadverbsinasentenceAdverbsareusedtomodifyverbsoradjectivesorotheradverbs.Anadverbwhichmodifiesaverbmayoccupyoneofthreemainpositionsinaclause.Thesepositionsmaybereferredtoasthebeginningposition,themiddleposition,andtheendposition.

1.AdverbstomodifyadjectivesoradverbsAdverbswhichmodifyadjectivesorotheradverbsusuallyimmediatelyprecedethewordstheymodify.E.g.Thepackageisextremely

large.

Weexperiencedrelatively

fewdifficulties.

Busesdepartquite

regularly.

2.AdverbstomodifyaverbManytypesofadverbswhichmodifyverbstakethisorder:Manner+Place+Time+Purpose

orplace+manner+time+purpose(位移动词)E.g.Wewaited

patiently

outsidethetheater allafternoon

tobuytickets.Iwillgo

tothelibrary

bybustomorrowtoreturnthebook.Bethswimsenthusiasticallyinthepooleverymorningbeforedawntokeepinshape.OrderofAdverbsSometimestheorderofadverbsisvaried.E.g.:Everymorningbeforedawn,Bethswimsenthusiasticallyinthepooltokeepinshape.Wewaitedpatientlyallafternoonoutsidethetheatertobuytickets.

Theadverbshouldnotbeputbetweentheverbandtheobject.E.g.:Heategreedilythechocolatecake.×Heatethechocolatecakegreedily.√3.AdverbstomodifyasentenceSentenceadverbsusuallyappearatthebeginningpositiontomodifythewholesentence.E.g.Fortunately,hefoundthemoneyhehadlost.Adverbsoffrequencyoftenoccurbeforetheverb,afterthe“be”verborauxiliariesormodalverbs.Adverbsofdegreeusuallyimmediatelyprecedethewordstheymodify(suchasverbs,adjectivesandotheradverbs).Adverbsofdegreego

before

Adverbsoffrequency.Adverbsofplacegobeforeadverbsoftime.Adverbsofmannerareusuallyplacedafterthemainverboraftertheobject.

Only在句子中的位置(参看课本P428）Heboughtacaryesterday.Onlyheboughtacaryesterday.Heonlyboughtacaryesterday.Heboughtonlyacaryesterday.Heboughtacaronlyyesterday.Notethatprobablygoesbeforethenegative.Sowesay:*Iprobablywon'tseeyou.orIwillprobablynotseeyou.(butnot'Iwon'tprobably...')1.“more…than”construction

Premodifierssuchas:

“alittle”,“abit”,“slightly”,

“alot”,“agreatdeal”,“far”,“byfar”,“even”,“still”,“no”,“many”and“much”

usedbefore

“more…than”construction.many只是用于可数的复数名词，如manymorestudentse.g.TomisalittleyoungerthanTim.Yougetfarmorethanyoupayforit.修饰比较级more…than的副词Listeningskillsarejustasimportantasspeaking.MaybeIdidn’tloveyouquiteasoftenasIshouldhave.2.“as…as”construction

Premodifierssuchas:

“just”,“almost”,“nearly”,“quite”areusedbefore“as…as”construction.e.g.修饰同级比较as…as的副词3.修饰最高级结构的副词Premodifierssuchas“byfar”,“almost”,“nearly”,“quite”,“much”areusedbefore“themost”construction.

E.g.:Heisbyfarthebestofallthestudents.Heisalmostthetallesthere.※much修饰最高级应置于最高级前的定冠词之前，而不是之后。“much+the+最高级”的意思是“最最……”,“绝对是最……”。如：Thisismuchthemostdifficult.这是最最难的。That’smuchthebestplan.那绝对是最好的计划。(参考课本P413)比较结构中的“假朋友”现象在英语的比较结构中也存在一些“假朋友”现象,即有一些特殊的比较结构,它们在表现形式上与普通的比较结构非常相似,但表达的意义却相去甚远,有的甚至截然相反。1.nomore...than... 2.noless...than...3.more...than… 4.less...than...5. as…as… 6.morethan+adj./+do7.morethansb.cando翻译下列句子：1.Theneweditionisnomoreexpensivethantheoldedition.2.Asadriver,Johnisnolessskilledthanyou.3.Heismoreapoetthanaphilosopher.4.Hewaslessangrythansurprised.5.Thegirlisasbrilliantassheisbeautiful.6.SamisasmodestasPeterishonest.7.Shewasmorethanpleasedwiththeresult.8.Itismorethanfleshandbloodcanbear.1.Theneweditionisnomoreexpensivethantheoldedition.误译:新版本不比旧版本贵。正译:旧版本和新版本都不算贵。“nomore...than...”用于两个事物比较时,带有否定意义,表示than前后两个事物程度相同,是“同......一样不......”的意思。译为汉语时通常要把分句次序颠倒,才能表达出重点来。它不同于“notmore...than...”,试比较:Theneweditionisnotmoreexpensivethantheoldedition.新版本不比旧版本贵。2.Asadriver,Johnisnolessskilledthanyou.误译:在驾驶方面,约翰的技术不比你逊色。正译:在驾驶方面,约翰和你一样熟练。“noless...than...”结构在这里正好和“nomore...than

”结构的意义相反,表示前后都肯定,解释为“和......一样……”。又如:Thewriterisnolessapersonagethanaprince.这位作家简直和王子一样出名。此外,“noless...than...”结构的另一个意思是“不是别的,正是......”,这时,noless和than中间只能是名词。例如:

Wehopetoinvitenolessapersonthananassistantprofessor.我们想聘请的正是一位助理教授。3.Heismoreapoetthanaphilosopher.误译:他是诗人比他是哲学家更多。正译:说他是诗人比说他是哲学家更合适。“more+adj.+than+adj.为“与其说是......,不如说是......”、是......而不是......”之意。如：Hisbrotherismorekindthanintelligent.他兄弟人挺好,可是不够聪明。4.Hewaslessangrythansurprised.误译:他生气比吃惊少。正译:与其说他生气,不如说他吃惊。这一结构同“more...than...”也译为“与其说是......,不如说是......”、是......而不是......”之意。只是它侧重于后者,其意思是肯定后者,否定前者。moreAthanB:是A而不是BlessAthanB:是B而不是A5.Thegirlisasbrilliantassheisbeautiful.这句是对一个人的两种品质进行描述，译为：既…又…译文：这女孩既聪明又漂亮。

6.SamisasmodestasPeterishonest.这两句是对两个人两种品质进行对比，译为：“…而…”译文：山姆很谦虚，而彼得很诚实。7.Shewasmorethanpleasedwiththeresult.Inthissentence“morethan”functionsasanadverb.Itmeans“very,extremely”.她对结果极其满意。Thismorethansatisfiedme.这使我极其满意。8.Itismorethanfleshandbloodcanbear.“morethan…sb./sth.cando”means“非……所能做”非常人（血肉之躯）所能忍受。如：ThebeautyoftheplaceismorethanIcandescribe.1.Fairly分量最轻，quite居中，rather分量最重。其区别可这样表示：nothot→

fairlyhot→quitehot→ratherhot→veryhot

fairly,quiteandrather

比如说一部电影fairlygood，意思也许是“勉强可以看”；如果你认为这部电影quitegood，那就意在推荐，认为值得一看；如果说这部电影rathergood，那就是胜过多数电影了；pretty和rather差不多，只是大多数情况下用于非正式文体中。而说verygood,则相当于说oneofthebest了。

fairly,quiteandratherfairly,quiteandrather2.程度副词fairly,quiteandrather都可修饰形容词和副词的原级。Fairly:只用于修饰褒义的形容词和副词.rather主要用于贬义，如ratherpoor/bad,但它也可以用在某些褒义的形容词和副词前，具有比fairly更强烈的褒义，相当于very，如rathergood/well/pretty/clever。3.只有rather可修饰形容词与副词的比较级；如：ratherwarmer,quite可用在better前，指病完全好了。

4.只有rather可与too连用；如：rathertoosure(有点太自信)，5.rather还可和“贬义”词连用；Tomisquiteclever,buthisyoungerbrotherisratherstupid.fairly,quiteandrather6.quite修饰极限形容词或无级别形容词(impossible,perfect,dead…)表示completely或absolutely(完全)的意思。如：quiteexhausted(精疲力尽)，quiteperfect（好极了）。fairly,quiteandrather7.quite和rather也可和动词连用，fairly则不能。如：Iquitelikeher.Iratherenjoydoingnothing.