面子理论视角下的中西馈赠礼仪分析

/郑州航空工业管理学院毕业论文（设计）2017届英语专业1３07064班级题目面子理论视角下的中西馈赠礼仪分析姓名陈香玲学号1３0７０6４02指导教师岳豪职称讲师二О一七年五月十四日AｎalyｓisoｆWeｓteｒnaｎdCｈineseGiftGｉviｎｇＥtiqueｔｔefｒomtｈePersｐｅｃtiｖｅoｆｔｈｅFaceＴheory

ＢyChｅnＸiaｎglinｇSupeｒvisor：YuｅHao

SchoolofForeignLanguａgｅsZheｎgzhoｕＵnivｅrsｉtyofＡeroｎａuｔicsＭａy2017内容摘要馈赠礼仪在人们的生活交际中至关重要,并已经成为世界人民交往的通行证。恰当的馈赠能够增进彼此感情,但由于文化的差异，礼品馈赠的习俗，原因和场合也变得错综复杂.面子是人类的一项基本但重要的需求,在日常生活尤其是馈赠礼仪中被人们频繁的使用着，而面子正是馈赠礼仪中不可忽视的一方面。为避免跨文化馈赠中的面子威胁行为，我们就要了解,熟知双方的面子观念差异。本文展现了在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天，送礼已成为跨文化交际不可或缺的一部分，恰当的礼物能有效化解不同文化背景的人们在交际时所产生的误解、摩擦。虽然国内外学者已经对馈赠礼仪做了积极的研究，但是从面子理论角度看仍有广阔的空间。本文采用Bｒｏwｎ&Leviｎson的面子理论,并通过具体的例子来具体分析中西馈赠礼仪并探究造成其差异的文化因素.文化的差异造成中西馈赠礼仪的不同，人们对面子的认知也因此大相径庭。本篇文章从面子来分析中西馈赠礼仪，这将使我们更好的理解面子理论,同时从中找到在馈赠礼仪中避免面子冲突的策略，促进人际交往,尤其是跨文化交流.关键词馈赠礼仪；面子;跨文化交际AbstraｃtAsacommonpｈenomeｎonｉnｔｏday’ssoｃｉｅty，gift-ｇivinｇｐlaysavitalｒoｌeｉnpeｏple'slifeanddaiｌyｃｏmmuｎicａtiｏn。Ａｎｄithａsbecｏmeaｇlobalsoｃialetiquetｔe。Tｈeappropriatｅgiftsｃａnenhanｃｅｔｈerelａtiｏnshipｂetｗeenpｅople，buｔｂecａｕseofculｔurａｌdifｆerenceｓ，ｔhecustomofｇiftetiquetteｖａｒiesgreatｌｙfromｃｏunｔryｔocoｕntrｙ。Theｒｅasｏnsaｎｄoｃcasｉonｓｏｆgiftｅtｉquettｅalsobecomｅｃompｌicａｔed。Ａsabaｓicbuｔiｍｐorｔantnｅedｏfhｕmａnｂeｉｎgs，faｃeisfreqｕｅntｌyusedbypeoｐleindaiｌyliｆe，eｓpeciallyｉnｇｉftetiquｅtte，andfacｅispｒeciｓelyanaspｅctofgiｆteｔiquette,wｈｉchcan'tbｅignored.Inｏrderｔｏavoiｄface—thrｅaｔeｎingbehavioriniｎｔｅrculturalgifｔetiｑuette，wehaｖetounderｓtａｎdａnｄbefamiliａrｗｉｔhthediｆfｅrencesoｆfacebｅｔwｅenthetwosidｅｓ．Thisthｅｓｉsshｏwstｈatintoｄay’ｓｅveｒ-cｈａngｉngsociety,giｆtgivｉngetiｑuetteplaysａｎiｒrepｌａceableｒoleinｉntercｕlｔｕｒａlｃoｍｍuniｃation。Anapprｏpriａtegiftcanｅfｆeｃtｉvelｙsｏlvｅmisunｄerstａｎｄingandｆrictionbetwｅenｔｈoｓepｅoplewhohaｖedｉffｅｒeｎtｃuｌturebackgroｕnd.Ａｌｔhoｕghdomesticaｎｄforeignschｏlarshavedonｅapositivｅresｅaｒcｈongｉftｅtｉquｅttｅ，ｔhｅrｅsearchfromtｈepｅrspectｉｖeofｆaceｔｈeoｒystｉllｈａsagrｅatspａceandnｅｅｄｓfｕrtherstudy.Iｎtｈiｓpaper，Ｂrｏwn＆Levinsoｎ'sfａceｔｈｅoｒｙiｓappliｅdtoaｎalｙzeCｈinｅseａｎｄＷestｅｒngiftｅｔiｑｕeｔteanｄｔhisthｅsisalｓoｔrieｓtoexｐlｏretｈecultuｒalfaｃtorsthatcａusethedｉfferencｅｔhrouｇhsomｅexamples.Tｈedifferencｅsofcｕlturｅsgiverisetothｅdifferｅncesofgiftetiqｕette.Ｓiｍulｔanｅouslｙ，people'sｃognitｉｏnｏffaceisaｌsogreatｌydｉffereｎt。TｈisthｅsｉswillａnalyzeCｈineｓeａndwestｅrｎgiftgｉvingｆｒoｍanewpｅrsｐｅcｔive。Ｔhisｗiｌｌnotｏnlyhelpusbｅtｔerｕndｅrｓtaｎｄthefaｃｅｔｈeory，ｂｕtalsorendｅｒuｓahｅlpinｇhanｄinfｉndingｓtｒatｅgiesofaｖｏidingＦaceＴhreaｔｅniｎgAcｔs,aｎdpｒomｏｔeinterperｓonａｌcommｕnicatｉon,eｓpeciallybenefitｔoiｎｔerculturaｌｃommunicａｔion。Kｅｙwords:ｇifteｔiｑuette；facｅ;ｉntercuｌturalcomｍｕniｃａtionAckｎｏwledgemｅｎtsＦirｓｔｌy，Iｗaｎttogiveｍydeepestｇratｉtudetoｍysuｐｅｒvisｏr,Mｒ。ＹuｅHａoforhisconstantguidanceａndｅnｃourａgemｅnt。Hｅhelpｓｍeｏvercｏmeallthepｒｏｂlemsofｗrｉtingthisthesis．Withｏuthｉｓilluminａtiｎｇiｎsｔｒｕctｉon，Iwoｎ’tｃompｌetethisthｅsｉssｍootｈly.

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Fｉnally,Ｉwaｎttogivｅmythankstｏmｙｂｅｌoｖedfamｉlｙfoｒtheiｒlovingconsiｄerａtionsandgｒeａｔcｏｎｆidenceｉｎｍeａｌlｔhrｏuｇｈthｅseｙｅars．Ｉalsogｉｖemysincerｅgraｔituｄetomyfｒiendsandmycｌａｓｓｍaｔeｓwｈｏｇａvemeｔheirｔimeｉnｌistenｉngtｏmｅａnddomeａｆavorｉnworｋingoｕtmｙproｂlemsdｕｒiｎgthediｆficｕｌtcoursｅoｆｔhｅthｅｓis．

ContentsTOC＼o"1-３＂＼ｈ\z\uＨＹPERＬINＫAbstraｃt（inEngｌisｈ)ﻩ………PＡGEREF_Tｏc483324７52\hiiiHYPEＲLINK\l”_Toc4８3324７53”Ａｃknoｗleｄｇements ……….。。ＰAGEREF_Ｔoc483３2４７５3＼hｖHＹＰEＲLINK＼l＂_Toc4８332４７５４”Introｄｕｃｔioｎﻩ………………．.．PAGEREＦ_Tｏc４8３324７５4\h1HＹPEＲLＩNＫ＼ｌ＂_Toｃ4833２4755”1．DefｉnitiｏｎoｆFaceＴheｏｒyandＫeyTerms………．．.…。…PAＧＥREF＿Tｏc48332475５\h３ＨYPERLINK\ｌ”_Toc4８３3247５6"1。１DｅfinitioｎofFａcｅﻩ…….．……………….PAＧEＲEF_Toc4８332475６＼ｈ３HYPEＲＬINＫ＼l＂＿Tｏc48３3２４7５7”１．2DefinｉｔiｏnｏfFａce—ThreatｅniｎｇAｃtｓ……………….。.…ＰAGERＥＦ_Tｏc48332４757\ｈ42.AnａlisｉsｏfＷesterｎａndChineseGift-givingEtiquettｅ PAGEREF_Tｏc４83３24７５９＼h4HYPERLIＮＫ２.１Positive－Face—ThreateningActsﻩ………。。PAGEREF_Ｔoc４83324760\h６ＨYＰEＲLＩNK\ｌ”_Toc４833２4761"2。2Ｎegativｅ-Face－ThreateningAcｔs ……….ＰAＧＥRＥＦ_Ｔｏc４833247６１\h8HYPＥRLINKConclｕｓioｎ ………………。.PAGＥREF＿Ｔoc４８33２47６6\h12HYPERLIＮＫ\l”＿Toc48３324767＂WorkｓCited ……………….PAGＥREＦ_Toc4８332４767\ｈ14AnalysisofWｅsternanｄCｈiｎeｓeGiｆtGiｖingＥｔiqｕeｔｔeｆromtｈePersｐeｃtiveｏftheＦaceＴheoｒyIntroｄucｔioｎGｉftsplaｙａveryｉｍpｏrｔanｔrｏleinpeopｌｅ＇sｌivｅs。Thｅancientssaid:礼尚往来，往而不来，非礼也。(“Propｒｉetyｓuggestsreciproｏcitｙ。Ｉtisｎotproprｉｅtｙnoｔtogiveｏｕtbｕｔｔoreｃeｉve”).Giftgiｖingｉsregardeｄasanｉmpｏｒtaｎtnonverｂaｌfｏｒmｏfcommuniｃatｉon,asｗealｌkｎｏwthatgｉftappeａrsiｎtheｆormoｆsomｅｏｂjｅｃｔｓ，andfeeliｎgsarｅexｐreｓsedbｙtｈeseｏｂjｅｃｔs.Approprｉategifｔgivingisliｋｅａsilenteｎｖoy，ａddinglusteｒandnｅwvｉgｏrtocｏｍｍuｎicatｉveactｉvitiｅｓandpeople’sfriendｓhips。TherearefoｕrrｅaｓonsfoｒＰeopｌe'sgiｆtgiviｎg.Tｈｅfｉrsｔｒeａsｏｎisｆｏrcoｍmunicａｔiｎg，thｅseｃｏndisfｏｒpromoｔiｎgintｅｒpｅrsonaｌrｅｌaｔiｏnshiｐｓ，tｈethirdiｓforexpｒessingrespeｃtorｇrａtitudeaｎdtheｌａstisfｏrｐurｅuｔｉliｔarｉaｎｐurｐoｓes。Gifｔgivinｇｉsacｏｍmonpｈeｎomｅnｏniｎtheｐrocessｏfhumans'histoｒydevｅloｐment。Uｎdｅrthebaｃkｇｒounｄoｆglobaｌization,giftgivingｈａsbecomethepaｓsｐortofpeoplｅalloｖertheworldｔocomｍunicaｔｅｗitheachｏthｅr.Ｈｏｗever，tｈｅexiｓtｅnceofcｕlturaldifｆｅreｎceｓｌｅadstｏafacttｈatgiｆｔgiviｎｇｅtiquetｔevarｉｅsgrｅatlyfroｍｃoｕntｒiｅstｏcouｎtrieｓ。Asabａsicbuｔiｍportantneedofhumanbeｉｎgs，facｅiｓｆreｑuenｔlyｕsedbypｅopleindａilyｌｉfｅ，ｅｓpecｉallｙiｎgiftｅtｉｑuｅtte.Ｅｖerｙoｎｅwａntstoｍaiｎｔaintｈeiｒownandｏtheｒｓ’faｃe,andfaceisprｅciｓelyanaｓｐectofgｉftetｉｑｕeｔｔｅ，whichｃan’tbeｉgnｏred，fａcｅａｗaｒｅnｅsｓｈasｂｅenintｅgrateｄintｏthｅChineseandｗesteｒngiftsｅtiquetｔeunｄertheiｎｆlｕenceｏfｔhesｅtwoentiｒeｌydiffｅrentcultuｒａl．ＩnＣhiｎeseaｎdwesｔｅrncｕlｔuｒes,“Ｆace”haｓdiｆferentmｅanｉngｓ．Toｄiscusｓandcompａｒeｄｉfｆerent”Ｆace”culturesrｅfleｃtedinｇｉftｇivingｅｔｉqｕｅtteundｅrｄifferentculｔureｂａckgroｕndisｈelpfultｏeｌiminatｅcoｍmunｉcａtiveobｓtａcleｓ，whicｈalsｏbenｅfitsｔoｐｒｏｍｏｔｅtｈeintｅrculturaｌcｏmmｕnicaｔｉon。Therｅａretｗoimportantｐｕrposesoｆｔhisｔheｓｉs．Firstｌy,althougｈｄｏｍｅstiｃandｆｏreignｓchｏｌaｒｓhavedoneapositivereｓearchongｉftetiqｕｅtte，thereseａrchfromtｈeｐｅrspectiveoffaｃetｈeorystillhasａｌargｅspacｅanｄneedsfurtherstｕdy．Therｅfore,ｔhｅresｅarchｏｆthedifｆerｅnｃeｓbetｗeenＣhineｓeandwｅsｔeｒnｇiftｅｔiqueｔtefrｏmthｅpｅrｓpecｔiveoffaceｈasgreａtimpｏrｔantｒeｓeａrchvalｕe.BasedonBrowｎandLｅviｎｓｏn’sFaceTheoｒy,thispａperanａｌyzesthｅexpressｉonoｆCｈinｅｓｅａnｄＷesternｇｉfｔeｔiquettｅintｈeｐeｒsｐectiveoffａcｅtheory。Sｅcｏndly,tｈegiftｅtiquｅｔteｉsdeｅplｙｐrinｔedwitｈａmarkoｆculｔurｅ,ｔhustheｉnfluenceofhｉstorｙ，naｔionalｉty,ｒeligｉon，vａlues，preｆerｅnceaｎｄtabooongiftetiquettecaｎbeｔraceｄｂａckｔｏthedifferｅntcultｕｒalroｏtsｏfChinesｅandWeｓtｅrn,thepａperaｌsotｒieｓｔｏｆullｙexcａvａteｔheｄeepｒeasｏnsｆｏrthediffｅrencesbeｔｗｅｅnChiｎeseａndWesterｎgiftｅtiquette.ThesｉｇnificanceoｆthisrｅsearchiｓｔhａｔtｈiｓwillnｏtonlyhelpｔoelimiｎａtethｅｃommunｉｃａｔiveobstaclｅｓbetweenChiｎａaｎdtheWｅst，buｔａlsogivｅｕseffectivesｔrａtegiesｔomaintaiｎthｅｆacesofbｏｔhsｉdeｓintｈｅpｒｏcｅｓsofgiｆtgiving，aｎdmａkｅuｓfurthｅruｎderstandｔｈeChinｅsｅandWestｅrnculture.Aｌlｔhesｅｗillbehｅlpfultｏｄeａlｗｉthｉnteｒｐersｏnaｌrelaｔionｓhipｓ,cultｉvａtecross-cultｕｒalaｗarｅness，finｄstrategiｅstoａvoｉdthｒeａtｅnｉngｆace，aｎdefｆeｃtivｅlypｒｏmｏｔeｉnteｒculｔｕrａlｃommunicａｔiｏn.ＩnChina,tｈeacadｅmｉcstudyof”Face”beganｉｎ194４.CｈｉnｅseＡｎｔhｒopｏlｏgiｓtHuXiａnｊiｎ（1944）ｆirｓtlydeｆｉneｔｈｅChinｅｓｅ”Faｃe"fromtwoａｓpeｃts，ｏneiｓ“ｌiａn”，whｉｃhrefeｒstosｏcialｃoｎｆidｅnｃｅｉｎｔheｍoralcｈaracｔeｒoｆaperｓｏn,thｅotｈeris＂mｉeｎ－tzｕ＂,whichｉsdefinedaｓpeｏpleobｔaiｎpresｔigｅfromｔhesociａｌａchievemenｔs,ｉtisthesociｅｔｙ’ｓrecognitionｏnone’sａccｏmｐlishment.PrｏｆｅssorJinＹaoji（１9９２）diｖidｅsthｅ"Facｅ＂ｉnｔo”ｓociａｌfａce”aｎdｔhe"ｍoralｆace"。HuaｎgＧｕangｇｕo(19８4）consiｄeｒsthesoｃiaｌexchａｎｇeｂｅｔweenｔhepeoｐleａs"poweｒgaｍe＂，”Ｆａce＂isrationalｊｕdｇｍentsinｐoｗergａme.InChina，ｔｈestuｄyｏfｇiftgｉｖiｎgａpｐｅａreｄｉｎ1990s，weputｍorｅeｍpｈasisｏnexｔernaｌｆaｃｔoｒs.Intｈeｓestｕdｉes，ｒelatｉｏnｓhipｓ，humanemｏtiｏｎｓ，faｃeandpaybackaregeｎｅrａｌlyｃonsideredtobetheｉmpｏrtantfacｔｏrsthatleadtoｔhｅChinｅｓeuｎiquebehaｖｉorｏfgiｆtgｉvinｇ。XｉonｇＰeiｙun（200７）diviｄeｄｇifｔgｉvｉｎgbehaviｏrｓinｔoｔhreetｙpeｓ：botｔｏm－upgｉftgｉvｉng,ｕp－bottomgｉfｔgivingaｎdhorｉｚontａlgｉｆtgivinｇ．ＷhilｅKeLanjuｎ（2008）aｎaｌyｚedtheｐhｅnｏｍｅnoｎofbribｅｒyｉnＣhinａ，sheｐoiｎｔedouttｈatgｉvinｇgifｔsforbｒibｅryｉsaforｍoｆsoｃiａleｘchａnｇe,butｉtisalsoaｃulturａlpheｎomenon.Ａbrｏad,theAmｅｒｉcaｎmisｓionarｙMiｎgEnPｕ（1８94)ｐuｂlishedhｉsbookＣhineｓeCｈaracteristiｃs,ｗhichfｉｒsｔｌytａlｋaｂout“Ｆace”inｆoｒeiｇncoｕntriｅs．AlｔｈｏughMinｇEnＰｕfｏund“face"ocｃupyaniｍportantposiｔioninＣｈiｎeｓesｏcialｌｉfe，hｅcan＇tgｉvｅadｅfinitｉonto“Ｆace”.In1955,AｍericａnsociologistGｏffman（19５5）ｆiｒstpuｔｆoｒｗardtwoconceｐtｓ”Faｃe”ａnd＂ＦａceWｏrk”inhiｓarticleＦacｅWｏｒk.In1９7８,tｈeEnglｉshscｈoｌarBrｏｗnandLeｖinsoｎ(1978)pｕblishedanartｉcleｅntitledUnｉｖersａlsiｎLａngｕａｇeUsaｇe：PolitenｅssＰhｅnoｍenａ，ｗｈｉchaｒousegrｅaｔcｏncerｎintheｆieｌｄoflinguｉstｉcs,theFace—Ｓavingtheｏrytｈeyｐutｆｏrｗardiｓｔhemostｉnfｌｕentiaｌcourtesｙmodel．Theydｉvidedthefａcｅintoneｇaｔiveｆaｃeaｎdpｏｓitｉveｆaｃe，andpropｏseｄｆivekindsofpｏｌｉtenesｓstrategｉesｔｏdealｗiｔhFａceThreateninｇAｃts（FTＡ）。Ｆoreiｇｎersｂeganｔhestudｙofgiftgivingfroｍthelate1970s,aｎdｇiftgivingmｏtivationiｓthｅｋeyofｔhｅstuｄy.Tｈeｓtｕdyfｏundtｈatｍotｉvatiｏnｉｓthevｉtaｌvariａbletodetermineｇifｔgivｉｎｇbeｈaｖioｒs．Woｌfiｎbａｒｇer(１993)ｄivｉdedthegｉftgivｉnｇｍｏtｉvatiｏｎintoｔhreetypes：altruiｓｍ,oｂｌｉgａｔｉon,andｓelf-interestｅd。Alｌtｈeｓestudiｅsａboutgiftgiｖingarecarriedｏｕtfｒomdifｆerenｔｐｅrsｐｅｃtｉves，butｔheyｄｉｄn’tｔakeｔheiｎtｅｒculturaｌfａctｏrsintocｏnsideｒatioｎ.Inｔhefastｄeｖeloｐｉngsｏｃｉety，weshouldaｐｐlｙgifteｔiquettｅtointeｒcultuｒalcoｍｍｕｎicａｔion。１。DｅfｉnitiｏnofFａceTheoryanｄKeｙTｅrmsBｒitｉｓhsｃholarBrownaｎdLevinsｏn（198７)proｐosedtｈeFaceTｈeory,wｈiｃhiｎcｌｕdｅsthｒeebasiccoｎceｐtｓ：ｆace,faｃｅ-threateningactsandpｏｌｉteｎｅssstratｅgy.1.1DefiniｔionoｆＦacｅﻩAcｃordｉngtｏBrownandLeｖinsoｎ,ｔhｅｗorｄ＂ｆaｃｅ”iscｌoselｙrelatedｔoeachｐｅrsoｎ'sself—iｍａｇｅ。Andtheyfurtheｒｄiｖidedfaｃeinｔopｏsｉtｉvefaｃeａｎｄneｇativｅfａce。Thepoｓitivefacｅreｆeｒsｔｏtｈebａｓicneedｓoｆeveｒｙmeｍｂeraｎdhｏｐethatthisnｅeｄcanｂereｃogniｚedａnｄrespectedbyothｅrs.Ｎegaｔivｅｆａceｒｅｆerstｏthatoｎe’sbehavioｒiｓｕniｍpededaｎｄnｏｔiｎｔerfｅrｅdbyｏthｅｒsｗhichmｅanindｅpendencｅ．1。2ＤefinitionoｆＦａce—ThrｅａｔｅnｉngActsBrｏｗnａnｄLeｖｉnsonputfｏrwardtｈecｏnｃｅｐtoｆｆａcethreatｅninｇaｃts（FTAｓ）.TheｙclaimtｈatＰｏsiｔｉvｅfacｅanｄnegａtivefａceｏfboｔhsideswillｂetｈｒeatｅneｄinｔheconversaｔiｏnaｌpｒｏcｅss.Somostspeｅcｈａctsａrefａｃethreａｔeningaｃts(Brown＆Lｅｖinsｏｎ,1987)BrowｎandLeｖinsｏｎ（1９8７)reｇardtｈｅｓeaｃtｓthatｌeadsｔofａｃe－ｌoｓingasＦace－ｔhrｅａteningAcｔｓ(FTＡ），ａｎdtｈeyfurtherｃategorizｅｔｈeＦTAiｎtotwｏgenrｅs，onｅisｐoｓitiveface-thｒeａtenｉngactｓ，ｓuchacｔsincludecrｉｔiciｓm，scorｎ,coｍpｌaint，condemnation,ｉnsultanｄｅxprｅssinｇopposingopｉnｉoｎｓ,andｔheｏtｈerisｎｅgaｔｉvefａce—thrｅateningacts，whichincludewarnings，ｏrders，remindeｒｓ，aｎdsuggｅstiｏns.１。3PoｌｉtｅｎessSｔrateｇyBｒoｗnａnｄLevinsoｎ(198７)proｐｏｓedfivepｏlitｅｎeｓsstraｔegｉesｔocｏｐewｉtｈFａce-thrｅateningAcｔs:Ｂaｌdonｒeｃoｒｄ,ｐositiｖeｐoｌitenesｓ,negａtivepolｉteness，oｆfｒeｃord，anｄdｏesn’ｔdoｔｈｅFＴA。Tｈisｔhesiｓwｉｌlanaｌyzeposiｔｉｖeｐoｌitenesｓ,neｇativepoｌiｔｅneｓs,offrecorｄindetaｉl．２．AnaｌisｉsｏfWesternandChｉｎｅseGifｔ-ｇivingEtiquetteIｎthisｃｈaｐtｅr，Ｂroｗn＆Lｅvinsoｎ'sfaｃeｔheｏryisaｐｐlｉｅdtoanａlyzｅChinｅｓeanｄWeｓtｅrｎgｉfｔetiqｕeｔteandthiｓcｈapｔeｒａlsｏｔriestoexｐloretheculturａlfaｃｔoｒｓtｈａtcａuseｔｈediｆｆeｒenceｓ.Ｂyｇivｉnｇｃoｎversatｉonａleｘampｌes，wetrytofindeｆfectivefacesavinｇstrategieｓtｏavoｉdfａcetｈrｅａteningactｓ。Ｔhｅnｌet’sｓeeｔｗoexampｌesｔoknowaｂoｕtwhaｔfaceiｓandwhattheｄifferenｃeｓarebｅtweenChｉneｓｅａndwestｅrnfａce.InChiｎa,fａｃeiscloｓelyreｌａtｅdtｏthesｅnseｏfshaｍe。Ｉfyouｌosｅyourfacｅ,ｙoｕmａyfeｅlaｓｈamed;ｔｈiswilｌｈaveabadimｐactonｉntｅｒpeｒsonalcommｕnication。Ｓｏpeｏplｅpａymuｃhａttenｔiontofａｃｅinｇiftetiquetｔeinorｄeｒtoleaｖeａgoｏｄiｍｐreｓｓionｏntheotｈer。Evｅrybodywａntstogetapositiｖeｅvaluatｉｏｎfromoｔhｅｒｓ,ｓothaｔｔｈeｙcａn挣到面子（ｅａrnfａce),要到脸（gｅｔｆace）.Eｘampｌｅ1:陈局长：“你这是什么意思？”小赵：“没什么,意思意思。”陈局长：“你这就不够意思了。"小赵：“小意思,小意思。”陈局长：“你这人真有意思.”小赵:“其实也没别的意思。"陈局长：“那我就不好意思了.”小赵:“是我不好意思。”Thiｓｉｓanｉnterestiｎｇｄiａlogue，froｍthediａｌoguewｅcaｎseｅtｈaｔｂothsidesａｒetryingtｏmaｉntaineacｈother’sfacｅ,theworｄ”意思"ｈerｅhasｄiffeｒentmeaｎiｎgs．SecretarｙChensaiｄ,＂你这是什么意思?"ｗhiｃhmeaｎsｗhyｄｏyouｇｉvｅmethereｄenveloｐe,Zｈａouses"没什么，意思,意思＂toexpresｓhisｏwｎｇoodwillandrespeｃtforｔheSeｃrｅtaryCheｎ,wｈichhelｐｓelimiｎaｔｅeｍbaｒｒasｓmｅｎtaｎdsavetheＳecｒｅtａry'sfacｅ．“你这就不够意思了”Meａnｓｔhatiｔ＇ｓuｎｎｅcｅssarytｏgiｖehimｔhis，suchworｄsnotonlｙgｉveenoｕgh“face”tｏZhａｏ,bｕtalsｏｍaｉnｔaiｎSeｃretary＇sownface.ＴhenCheｎｓａid”有意思＂toexpreｓsｔhatZｈaoissensｉｂleenｏuｇhtodotｈｉｓ,aｎdｍaiｎtaiｎZhaｏ＇s"pｏsitｉvefaｃｅ。"Instｅad,Zhaoｓaid"其实也没有别的意思",wｈichaｃｔualｌyhａsａspecialintｅnｔiｏｎ,sｏthatbyuｓinｇeupｈｅmisｍZｈaoeｘpressｅshｉsowniｎtｅｎtionsandavoidｆaｌlinｇinｔoeｍｂaｒrassingsituaｔion,ｗhicｈsａｖｅthefaｃｅofｂｏthsiｄes.Ｃｈｅnsaｉd＂那我就不好意思了”，iｔmｅaｎstｈaｔherecｅiｖedthisgift,thisｉｓ赏面子(“ｇiveface”）。“是我不好意思”，ＴhiｓisWang＇ｓmodｅstsｔaｔｅmｅnt,wｈichtakｅsSecretary'ｓnｅgativefaceintoconｓｉｄeraｔｉon.Iｎｔhisgift-ｇｉviｎgｃoｎversation，ZｈａoandSeｃretaｒyChennｏtoｎｌyactivelymaintaiｎthｅirseｌｆ-estｅem，bｕtalｓotakeｃａｒeofｔｈｅfaceoｆtheｏthｅrside,ｗhichｉsbenefｉciａltoproｍoｔethehａrｍｏnｉousrelａｔionｓhiｐbeｔweｅnｔhem.Inawｏrd,”爱面子"（“ｌoveｆacｅ”）ｉsoneoftheimpoｒtantｃharactｅｒistiｃsｏfＣhinｅsepeｏpｌe’sinｎｅrpeｒｓonalitｙ．Ｇivinｇ”faｃｅ"orｎotｉsoftenanimportａntcoｎditｉonforharmoｎioｕsinｔerpeｒsonalrelationshiｐs.Ｉngｉfｔgivingetiqｕeｔtｅ,it’stypicalofChｉnｅsetｏbeｍodｅsｔ.Theymaｙsay随便买的（“ｂuyitcasuaｌly”），区区薄礼，不值一提（“justａmｅreｇiｆt,aｎditcan’ｔshoｗmyrespect”），小意思(“smaｌltｏkenoｆｋｉndlyfeelｉｎｇs”）or很对不起（“I’msoｒｒy”），evｅｎｉfｔheyｓpentaｌｏｔｏfｖｉgor,tｉmｅ,ｏｒmoｎｅyｏntｈisｇiｆt.Iｔ’sdifficulｔforWesterneｒstｏunｄerｓｔandｓuchdeｅdsthaｔaffｉｒmhiｓｇiｆt’svaluｅiｎｔｈenｅgativewaｙ;theｙdonotkｎowsuchundeｒｓtatemeｎts。Inothｅrｗoｒds,ｔhｅycaｎ’treａliｚeｔｈeａffiｒmatiｖemｅａｎｉnghiddenintｈｅnegaｔion．Ｅxampｌe2:Ａ：Eｌｓa！ＴhｉsisasmallｐresentｆromBeｉｊinｇ。

B：thａnkyou．Yoｕ’rejuｓtwoｎｄerfｕｌ.MayIopenit?ﻫA：goahead．

Ｂ：aｂeautifulvase。Ｉ’msｕrewｅwilltｈisａloｔ!ThisisjustwhatIｗａnttohａｖe!

A：I'mｓogladyoulｉｋeit。InWestｅrncｏuntries，ｇｉftrepreｓentsｌｏｖefor”recｅiveｒ”，ｔｈｅypayleｓsaｔtｅｎtｉononfaceorgｉft’sｐｒｉcｅ,whattｈeｙaｒecoｎｃerｎeｄaboutiｓｔhefriｅnｄshipexpressedbyｔｈegifｔ，aｎdwanttoｍakereceiverfｅｅlhａppｙbyｒecｅivingｇｉftｓ.Ｂｅsides,westernersareparticularａboutopｅninggｉftswhentheyａreｐresenｔｅd，andshoｗrespeｃtfortheｇiveｒbyexprｅｓsingsurｐｒｉseandgratitudeiｎtheirpreｓencｅ。Whenwestｅｒneraccｅpｔeｄthegiftｓ，ｔhｅｙwillimmｅdiａteｌysaｙ”Ｔhat'sｗhａtIjustwantｅd",＂It＇ｓveｒｙnｉce"，"Ｉrealｌyｌｉkeit＂tolｉveupｔothegiver'ｓｇoodwill．WhｉleＣhinｅsepｅｏｐlｅisuｓｅdtokeｅｐｉngalowprogｉｖingｇifｔs,andoｎlｙaftertheguｅstslｅａvingwiｌlｔhehostｂeawaｒｅofthegiftｓ。Iｎaword,ｉnＣhineseaｎdＷesternｃulｔureｓ，aｌlpeoｐlｅkｅepａｗatchfuleyeonfａｃｅ，ｂｕｔｔｈeiｒdegreｅofrecognitionanｄatｔeｎtｉonｏffａceisｖeryｄifｆerｅntduetoｔhatChinｅsｅculｔurｅattａｃheｓimportａnceｔｏthｅcｏllｅｃｔｉｖｉsｍwhｉlｅWesｔｅrncｕlｔuｒeputseｍphaｓｉｚeｏntheiｎｄｉvｉｄuaｌism。Westeｒｎersｇivegiftsofｔenｏｕtofcoｕrteｓy．Tothem,tｈemeaｎinｇofthegｉftisｍｏreimｐｏrtanttｈaｎitｓvaｌｕeandthｅyｓeｌdomthｉｎkａｂouｔtheｒeｃeiｖｅr'sfａcｅ．Thereforetｈewaythaｔgｉftｓareseｎtismoｒeｃaｓuaｌ。Instｅａd，Cｈｉnｅsethｉnｋhighlyofgifｔｇiving.Apreciouｓｇiftstandｓfｏrnotｏnlｙｒespectbutalsｏface.Sotheytakｅgｉft'svalueanｄoccaｓionofgiftgivingseｒiouslｙ。Iｎｔhｅprocessｏfgiｖingａndreceivinggｉfts,faｃｅsofbｏthsidesａresatisｆiedandｉnｔerｐersonａlrｅlationshipsarｅａlsoｅsｔａbliｓhed．２.1Positiｖe－Ｆace—ＴｈreateｎingActsPositｉvefａcerefeｒstoｈoｐetｈattheirbehａviorisaffirmｅdandapprovedｂｙoｔhersａｎｄｒeａchaｃonsensusｗｉtheachotheｒ．Ｔherｅａｒemanyactstｈreaｔeｎinｇtｈehearer’ｓpositiｖeｆaｃeｂyiｇnorｉngｔhｅhearｅr’ｓself—image，sucｈascｒiticisｍ,ｓcｏrn,comｐlaｉnt，coｎdｅｍｎatiｏn，insuｌｔandeｘpｒessiｎgopｐｏｓingopiniｏns.Ｅxａｍpｌｅ3：小陈：“小赵,这是我送你的结婚礼物，不是什么好东西，凑合着用吧”小赵:“这种挂饰我有好几个”Intｈisdialoｇue,Chenｍodeｓtlysaｉd”不是什么好东西，凑合着用吧”。Infａcｔ，thｉsｇiftiscａrefullyselectedbｙhiｍ，ｂutZhaｏ＇ｓwｏrds“这种挂饰我有好几个”apｐarenｔlydｉdn＇ｔtaｋeCｈen's”fａce＂aｎｄｈｉsgｏoｄwillintoconｓｉｄeｒation,ｗｈｉchtｈrｅatenedChen＇spｏsitiveface。Wｈeｎiｔｃoｍeｓtofａcetｈｒeａteningacts，weｓhｏuldalｓopayaｔteｎtiontodｉｆｆerentcoｕｎtrieｓ’giftgivｉｎｇtabooｓ．InChiｎａ，wｅshoulｄａvoiｄｓeｎｄingtｈeold钟(“bell”）whoｓｅpronuncｉationiｓsｉｍｉlartothaｔof终(“ｅｎd”）。Ｂesｉdeｓ，thegifｔ’ｓｃolorａｎdnumｂerａrealsoimpｏｒtant，whiteaｎdｔhenumber“4”arｅconsideｒｅdinａuｓpｉｃｉous。ＩnWesｔerncountries,ｍosｔimｐoｒｔant,wｅshoｕlｄaｖoidgｉvinｇtｏoｐrecioｕｓgifｔ,whichwiｌlgivepeoplｅａｓenseofinｓiｎceriｔy.Secｏndly,whiｔeandｂｌackaｒeoftenａssｏciaｔedwithtｈｅfｕnｅｒaltｈaｔiscoｎsｉderedｂａdlｕck,sodｏｎotuｓethesetwocolorsｔｏpackgｉｆtｓ。Ｆｉｎａlly,pａyattｅntiontotheｎumberofgifts，forinｓtａnce１3.Ifyoudonoｔaｔtacｈｉmpoｒtanｃeｔothesetabｏosintheproｃessoｆiｎtｅｒcｕlｔｕｒａlcoｍmｕnicatｉｏn,iｔiｓeasytoｔhreatenthepoｓiｔivefaceoｆtheoｔherside,moreｏｖｅｒ,lｅadｔｏｄｅterioｒaｔionoｆｔｈｅreｌatiｏnsｈｉp。Meanｗhile，wehａｖｅtopayａtteｎtiｏntｏdｉｆfｅrｅntpｅrsoｎaltabooｓ.Ｄueｔodifｆerentｃulturaｌbackgrounｄsaｎdpeｒｓonalhｏbbiｅs，everyonｅhasｄiffｅｒentpeｒｓonalｔaboｏｓwｈｅnaｃcｅｐtｉnggiｆts.Pｅrsonaltaｂoosarｅcａｕsedbyｃeｒｔaｉnｐerｓｏｎalｆaｃtors。Fｏｒexample，ｉtisagooｄiｄeatoseｎdｃookiｎgBoｏｋstｏahouｓｅwｉfｅｗhｏlovescｏoking。Ｂutifｓheisｎotgoｏdａtｃｏｏking,thｅgiｆｔｗｉlｌbecomeaｋindofsatｉreandinsult，whｉchｗillthｒeａtｅnhｅrpｏｓitivｅｆaｃe.Inaｗoｒｄ，ingiftgivinｇetｉquetｔe，wesｈouｌdpayａttｅｎｔionｔothesetａbｏoswhｉcｈwillthreaｔeｎthｅlistｅner”positｉveｆａcｅ＂。Onｌｙpｒotectｉngotｈｅrs’ｆacecａnwｅｓaveourｏwｎfaceandestablisｈcloｓｅiｎtｅrpersonalrelatｉonshｉp.2.２Negaｔivｅ—Ｆace—ＴhreateniｎgＡcｔsNeｇatｉｖｅfacｅｒefeｒｓtotheｎｅeｄｔoperformatone'swiｌlａnｄnｏtbeenfｏｒced．Tｈeｒearｅsoｍeaｃｔsｔhｒeaｔenｉngtｈehｅarer'sｎegativefaceｂｙiｍposingonthｅｈearｅr，ｓuchaswaｒnｉｎgｓ,ｏrdｅｒs,reｍｉnｄerｓ,aｎdｓuｇgestｉｏｎｓ．Example4A：这是我的一点心意，行个方便.Ｂ：实在不好意思，现在上头查得紧,明令禁止收礼行贿A：只此一次,下不为例啊B：………Inｔhewhｏleprocessofvocalcoｍmunication,inｏrdertoaｃhievetheｇｏalofgiviｎggｉfts，Ａcarriｅｄoｕtthｅreqｕｅｓtbehavｉor,thaｔｉs只此一次，下不为例啊（“Iｗon'tdothiｓａnymore"）ｔhesewoｒdsｉneviｔablyintｅrfｅreｗｉthｔｈｅfreedomoｆB'sａctｉon.AccoｒdingtoＢrｏwn＆Levｉｎｓon,negａｔｉｖefａcｅisaperson'ｓrightsiｎａcertainrangｅwｈereｏne’ｓaｃｔsarenotimpedｅdoｒeｎforｃedbyoｔｈｅrs．TherｅfｏreB’ｓbｅｈaviorｔhｒeateｎeｄthｅｌiｓtener'sneedforneｇativefacｅｓ.３．FａceSaｖingSｔｒatｅgiesｆorWesteｒnandChｉnesｅGｉft－ｇｉvｉｎgInoｒdertoｍakeｉnterｐeｒsonalcoｍmuｎicatioｎsmooｔｈlyandsatｉsfｙpeopｌe’ｓｃommoｎneｅdoｆfaｃe,itiｓｎｅcessａｒｙｔoｕseｓｏmeｅffectｉvecoｍｍunicativestratｅgies.Ｈerethisthesisisgoiｎｇtoexploresｏmｅefｆectivefacｅsavingstrategiestoｈelｐpeｏplesavｅｆaceforbothsidesinthecross-ｃuｌｔuralcｏｍmuniｃａtioｎanｄmaｉntaｉｎgoodrelaｔｉonsｈiｐs.Thiｓchapteｒｗｉllaｎａlysiｓpositｉvepolitenessｓtrａtegies，ｎegａtivepｏliｔenｅssstｒateｇies，anｄofｆｒecｏｒdstrategiｅsindetaｉl．3．1PosiｔivePoliｔeneｓsＳｔraｔegieｓＢrownaｎdＬeviｎｓoｎpoｉntedoｕtｔｈatｔheposiｔivepｏlｉtｅｎesｓｓtｒateｇyｉsusｅdｔomｅetｐeople’ｓposiｔｉveｆａcｅdemandｓ,suchworｄsarefiｌleｄwiｔhａpprecｉatiｏnandａgｒｅemeｎt．Brｏwn&Lｅvinｓonpropｏsed1５posiｔｉｖepｏlｉteｎｅssｓtraｔegiesaｎdiｎthischａｐtｅｒ，fｏurstrategiesｏfthemareuｓedinspｅcificChｉneseanｄweｓtｅrngｉfｔｅtｉquette。Stｒatｅgy１：Noticethｅｈearer’sinteｒeｓts,wants,neeｄｓ,ａnｄ投其所好（“ｈitonｗhatonelｉkes”）．Ｅxaｍple5Ａ：HappyＢirthdaｙ！B：Ｏh,ａｐresent!Tｈankyoｕ,you'rｅsowonｄｅrful。Howcouｌｄyｏｕrｅmeｍｂermyｂirthday？A:Imayｆoｒgetｍｙbirthｄaybｕtnｏtyours．B：MayＩｏpenit？A：Ｏｆｃoｕrse，Iｈopｅyoulikeiｔ。B：Oｈ,myGod!Abｅautiｆulhairdeｃorａtion！Youaｒesoｓweet.Inｔhiｓdｉaｌogue，Aｓaid,＂Imayｆorgetmybirthdaｙbuｔｎotｙours。"ＴhissenteｎcerecogniｚedthｅinｔeｒeｓtsofB，AｄidnotｆorgetｔhebｉｒthdayofB,andｓｅｎｔaｇifttoｍeｅtB'snｅｅdsｆｏrbｉrthdａy。InawayAａffｉrｍeｄtheposiｔiｖeｆaceｏｆＢ.Ontｈeoｔｈeｒhanｄ,Bｓaiｄ”ｍｙGoｄ！Ａbeaｕtifulｈaｉrｄｅcoｒatiｏn!Youａｒｅsoｓweet。”sｕcｈwordsareｆeｅdbacktoＡ’sfａｃe。It’squｉterｅaｓonabletocometoacoｎclｕsｉｏｎｔｈａtlｅarninｇtｏrecogniｚeeachｏthｅｒ’sｉnterestsanｄneｅdsｉsofｇreatbeneｆiｔtointerpersonalｒｅlaｔｉonships,notoｎlｙcaｎweeaｒｎface，ｂutalsoｍａｉｎtainthefaceofothers。Exａmple6:“听说您喜欢喝茶，我特意给买了上好的西湖龙井送您，您肯定会喜欢的”,Inthｉssentｅｎｃeｔheｓpeakernｏｔｉceｄtheotｈer'ｓneeds,andusehｉsactiｏntoｃonｆiｒmｔhｅｏｔher＇shobbｙ，ｗｈichisｈeｌpfultｏmainｔaiｎｔheｐoｓitivefaｃeoftheotheｒ。Ｓtratｅgy2：Uｓeiｎ-gｒoｕpidentｉtｙmarｋｅrs.Byｕｓingpeｒｓonorｄialects，ｗeｃａncloｓethedistancebetweeｎeacｈotｈeｒanｄｐｒomotetｈeｇift-ｇivinｇbｅｈaｖｉｏrtoaｃhieｖeｇooｄresults．Exａmｐlｅ7:A：老乡,身体好些了吗，我给你带点补品。B:兄弟,你这就太见外了.A:出门在外,老乡们相互照顾是应该的，就收下我这点心意吧。B:真是让老弟费心了。Iｎtｈisdｉalｏgue，老乡（“ｆｅｌloｗ-vilｌａger”),兄弟（“bｒｏｔhｅｒ”)theseｔｗoｃallsclosetherelａtｉonshｉpbetwｅenAａndＢ,whｉcheffectivelｙｅliｍｉｎａtetheseｎｓｅofdistaｎceaｎdｗarmheaｒtｓ,AnotoｎlyexpressｅsｈiscaｒefoｒB，buｔａlsoａvoｉｄｓmakingBｅmbarｒaｓｓeｄｂｙｃａlｌingB“老乡”，AmａｉntaｉnsthｅpoｓitivefａceｎeeｄsoｆB.MeａnｗｈiｌeBuｓe“老弟”topraiseｄA’sacts，ｗhichprotectsA＇sface．Sｔｒａtegy3：Giveｒeasons.Prｏｖidｉngrｅａsｏnｓwｈenyouｇivinｇｇifｔswilｌmakeｔheｏtｈersｉdeleｓsembａrrassed，ｓｕchｒeａｓｏnsｉｍplyaｍeaning:"WhｅｎyoudｏasIdｏ，youwillknowthaｔmybehavｉorisrｅasoｎabｌe.”Ｓotheseｗordｓwilｌｐutboｔhｓidesintoacooperａtiｖesiｔｕaｔｉon.Exampｌe８:Grandpａ:thiｓiｓfoｒｙoｕrｇｒａdｕａtion,ａcomputer．Graｎｄsoｎ:ｏｈｍｙGod，granｄpａ，iｔisｔooexpeｎｓive。Grａnｄpa:youｗoｒkedhａrdfoｒyｏurexａm。Youｄesｅrveｉt! Ｉnthisconveｒsatioｎ，thegrandｓonwantstorefusethiｓgifｔfoｒit’stooprecｉoustoaｃcｅpt。However,grａｎdfather'ｓworｄｓ＂yｏｕworｋeｄhardｆoryoｕｒｅxａm,yoｕｄeｓeｒveit!"ｐrｏvideａｒeａsonforgｒandsｏntoacceptｉtmｅrrilｙ，wｈｉchmeeｔstheｇraｎdsoｎ’spｏsitivefacenｅｅdｓ。Eｘaｍplｅ9：领导：“到我这来，还拿东西干嘛？”员工:“领导，您这么辛苦，在公司是德高望重,我来看望你是应该的"领导：“哪里哪里，那都是应尽的职责。”员工：“今后工作上,还望您能够多多提携"Inｔhisexampｌｅ,appaｒｅｎtｌy，thisworker’ｓgift-giviｎgpｕrｐoseiｓoutofherｏwnpｒomotion,buｔｃonsiｄeriｎgthaｔthegiftwillｂｅrejｅｃｔedａndｔｈｒeａtenleａder＇sｆace，soshｅsａid“领导，您这么辛苦,在公司是德高望重，我来看看你是应该的”．Thiｓreａsonaｂｌereasoｎnｏｔonlyｒｅsｏlvedeｍbarrassmｅnｔ,butalsoseｎtouttｈegifｔsuｃcessfuｌly。Fｏronethiｎｇ,theｗorkerimpliｃitlyｅxprｅssedｈｉsｐurposeoｆgivinggiｆｔs。Fｏrａnother,ｈeａlsｏprｏteｃtstheleadｅr’spositivefaceandhisｏwnfaｃｅ。Strａteｇy4:Ａssertcommonｇrｏｕnd.Foｒexamｐlｅ,ｔalｋaboｕｔsafeｗｅll—kｎｏwｎtｏpicｓ.Ｅｘamｐle10：IntｈeUK,ｔheBritisｈｇiftｓetiquettｅｉsｃloselｙreｌａtedtoChrｉstmａs。OntｈｅＣhrisｔmasmorning,alltheroｙａlfaｍｉlyｍｅｍbｅrsandｔｈeeｎtirecｉviliａｎｐｏpulaｔioｎｗilｌgivegiftｓtoothers。Sｏgiｆｔsbecomｅa“ｓaｆetopic”inｔhisdaｙbecａuseｅveryoneｄoesso。Tｈaｔｉstoｓay,sｅnｄｉnｇgiftsiｎaｎａpprｏｐrｉaｔｅsituaｔionｖirｔuａllｙaｆfirmｏｔhers'posiｔivｅfａce．３。2NegativeＰｏlｉtenessStraｔｅgｉｅsNeｇａtivepｏlｉtenesｓrefeｒｓtoｍeｅttheｏｔher'sneｇativｅfaｃenｅeｄsｗithoutｄｉｓｔurｂingthｅｈearｅr'sfreedoｍoｆａction。InBrowｎ&Lｅviｎｓon’sneｇaｔiｖepolitｅnessstrategies，thｉschapｔerwilｌａnaｌyzethｒeｅnｅgatiｖepolitｅnｅsｓstrａtｅgies。Stｒaｔegy1：Qｕestiｏｎandhedgｅ。Thiｓrefｅrsｔｏindirecｔeｕphemisticeｘpressionofyoｕrowｎｍｉnd,whicｈｉsaｖeｒyｉmpoｒtantnegativeｃoｕｒtesｙ．Tｈａtｉstosaｙwedｏn’tｐｒeｓｕｐpｏsｅeachotｈer'saｔtituｄe，beｃausｅingiｆtｅtiqｕｅｔteweaｒenｏtsｕrethattｈｅotherwilｌacceptorlｉｋｅourgｉft.Thｅcoｒrespondiｎgstraｔeｇyiｓtｏavoiｄaｎyｅｘａctｅxpreｓsiｏn．Suｃheｘprｅsｓiｏｎsiｎclude：Iwａswondｅｒinｇiｆ,iｆany,iｆyouwａｎｔ，perｈaｐｓ/maybe/probａbly，mighｔ／ｍay，Isuｐｐose/ｇuess/ｔｈougｈt……．InChiｎesｅ，ｔｈeｙａre“或许”、“大概"、“可能"、“恐怕”、“我猜"、“我个人感觉”Eｘａｍpｌe１１：Tom：thisisａｈａirgrｉpImaｄeｆoryourbirｔhｄay，Itｈiｎkyouprｏbａblylikeit。Ｌｉｌy:Oh,ｒｅally，ｙouaresoconsiderable，Iliｋeiｔｖeｒｙmuch。Inthisbriｅfconveｒsatiｏn,Tｏmｓａid"Ｉtｈinkyoupｒoｂaｂlｙlikeit”，Thｅsetwowｏrds”thinｋ”，＂proｂａbｌｙ”areｏｎlyＴom’sownspecuｌatｉonａｎddesｉｒe，andｔhｅsetwoｗoｒｄsavｏｉdinterfereｎｃｅwitｈLiｌy’sprefeｒenceｓ，andｇiveherｆreedomoｆｔhiｎkｉnｇanｄｃhooｓinｇ，whｉcｈpｒｅservｅｓLilｙ＇snegativefａce。Straｔegy2:ＧiveｄeｆereｎceIｎoｔherworｄs，inthｅgiｆtgiｖｉngｅｔｉqｕetteweｃaｎtrytoreduceourownidｅntiｔy，prｏｍｏtetｈｅidenｔityoftｈeothｅr.Thｉsｓtratｅgygeneraｌlｙｕsehｏnorific，ｓuchａs您(“ｎｉn”），请(“ｐlｅaｓe”）,笑纳(“kindlyacｃｅpt”）whicｈdeｍｏｎsｔｒatｅthａtthｅｏｔhｅr’ｓｓｔaｔuｓishｉghｅrthａnouｒｓ。3.3ＯffReｃoｒｄPｏlｉtｅnｅssStrategiｅsOffｒecordsｔｒategyｉsthemostpoｌiｔestrategy。Ｉtmeａnstｈｅspeaｋｅrjustgiｖethｅｌitｅraｌｍeanｉｎｇorｐrｏvidescｌueｓｆoｒtｈeadｄressｅetｏinfertｈeinｔeｎｄedmｅａｎiｎgoｆutterance,sothａｔtheｓｐeakerｎeｅdｎ’ｔtoberesponsｉｂlｅfoｒｔｈｅspｅcificinｔeｎtｉoｎ．TｈeOfｆrecordstｒaｔegy