人教版高二（上）课文材料原文

人教版新教材高二(上)

Unit1Makingadifference

A

Imaginethis：youaretwenty-oneyearsoldandapromisinggraduatestudentat

oneofthetopuniversitiesintheworld.Oneday,yourdoctortellsyouthatyou

haveanincurablediseaseandmaynothavemorethantwelvemonthstolive.How

wouldyoufeel?Whatwouldyoudo?Mostofuswouldprobablyfeelverysadandgive

upourdreamsandhopesforthefuture.HereiswhatStephenHawkingthought：

(Theredidnotseem)muchpointinworkingonmyPhD-Ididnotexpectto

survivethatlong.YettwoyearshadgonebyandIwasnotthatmuchworse.Infact,

thingsweregoingratherwellformeandIhadgotengagedtoaverynicegirl,Jane

Wilde.Butinordertogetmarried,Ineededajob,andinordertogetajob,Ineeded

aPhD.

Insteadofgivingup,Hawkingwentonwithhisresearch,gothisPhDandmarried

Jane.Nordidheletthediseasestophimfromlivingthekindoflifehehadalways

dreamtof.Hecontinuedhisexplorationoftheuniverseandtraveledaroundthe

worldtogivelectures.In2002,HawkingvisitedChinaandspoketouniversity

studentsinHangzhouandBeijing.Ashisdiseasehasdisabledhim,Hawkinghastosit

inhisnow-famouswheelchairandspeakthroughacomputer.Hetoldthestudents

abouthistheoriesandthoughtsonsomeofthegreatestquestions:Whatistime,

howdidtheuniversebegin,andwhatexactlyareblackholes?

Hawkingbecamefamousintheearly1970s,whenheandAmericanRogerPenrose

madenewdiscoveriesabouttheBigBangandblackholes.Sincethen,Hawkinghas

continuedtoseekanswerstoquestionsaboutthenatureoftheuniverse.In1988,

hewroteABriefHistoryofTime,whichquicklybecameabest-seller.Readerswere

pleasedandsurprisedtofindthatascientistcouldwriteabouthisworkinaway

thatordinarypeoplecouldunderstand.

Inthebook.Hawkingexplainsbothwhatitmeanstobeascientistandhow

scienceworks.Hetellsreadershowdiscoveriesaremadeandhowtheychangethe

world.Science,accordingtoHawking,isoftenmisunderstood:peopleoftenthink

thatscienceisabout“true"factsthatneverchange.Scientists,ontheotherhand,

Hawkingwrites,knowthattheirjobisneverfinishedandthateventhebesttheory

canturnouttobewrong.

Ascientifictheoryistheresultofthescientificmethod.Scientistslookatthe

worldandtrytodescribeandexplainwhattheysee.First,theycarefullyobserve

whattheyareinterestedin.Toexplainwhattheyhaveseen,theybuildatheory

aboutthewayinwhichthingshappenandthecausesandeffects.Finally,the

scientiststestthetheorytoseeifitmatcheswhattheyhaveseenandifitcan

predictfutureevents.IfwhattheyareobservingCanbetestedinapracticalway,

scientistswilluseexperiments.Butif,likeHawking,theyarestudyingsomething

thatistoolargeortoodifficulttoobservedirectly,theywilluseamodeltotest

thetheory.

PeoplewholistentoHawking'slecturessometimesfinditdifficultto

understandhim,becausehisthoughtsandideasoftenseemaslargeastheuniverse

heistryingtodescribe.Thespeechcomputerisnottheproblem.Infact,peoplewho

hearitoftensayitsoundsjustlikeahumanvoice.Hawkingishappywithit,

too."Theonlytrouble,"saysHawking,whoisBritish,“isthatitgivesmean

Americanaccent.**

1.Choosethebestanswertoeachquestion.

1.Readthequoteinthetextagain.WhenwasStephenHawkingtoldabouthis

disease?

A.Twelvemonthsearlier.B.Whenhewasgettingmarried.C.Twoyearsearlier.D.

WhenhemetJaneWilde.

2.AccordingtoHawking,scienceis.

A.nevertrueB.alwayschangingC.alwaystrue

3.Ascientifictheoryisgoodif____________.

A.itisdifficultB.itCanbetestedC.itCanpredictfutureevents

11.Answerthefollowingquestions.

1.AccordingtoHawking,howdopeoplemisunderstandscience?

2.Whatarethebasicstepsofthescientificmethod?

3.WhatisitthatHawkingdoesnotlikeabouthisspeechcomputer?

B

Makingadifference

Itisnotnecessarytobeagreatscientisttomakeadifference,butthereare

thingswecanlearnfromthebestmindsinthisworld.GreatscientistslikeStephen

Hawkingalwayswanttoknowmore.Theyareneversatisfiedwithasimpleanswer

andarealwayslookingfornewquestions.TheItalianastronomerGalileoGalilei

wassocuriousthatheusedamicroscopeandatelescopeinordertobeabletotake

acloserlookatthingsbothgreatandsmall.Byaskingwhy,howandwhatif,curious

mindsfindnewideasandsolutions.

Ifknowledgeispower,asSirFrancisBaconwrotein1597,thenperhaps

creativitycanbedescribedastheabilitytousethatpower.Scientistsmustbe

creativeandusetheirimaginationallthetime.WhenZhangHeng,theChinese

astronomerandgeographer,wantedtodrawamapoftheheavens,hewasnot

satisfiedwithasimplepapermap.Instead,hebuiltamodelthatcouldmoveinorder

toshowhowthepositionofthestarschangedfromseasontoseason.

Wemustbelieveinwhatwedo,evenwhenothersdonot.BothGalileoandZhang

Hengfounditdifficulttomakepeoplebelievethattheirtheorieswere

correct.PeoplelaughedatZhangHengwhenhefirstintroducedhisseismograph,

anditwasonlylaterthattheworldrecognisedhisgreatness.Galileo's

observationsshowthatCopernicus,anothergreatastronomer,wasrightandthat

theearthmovesaroundthesun,nottheotherwayaround.Atthattime,thechurch

saidthattheearthwasthecentreoftheuniverseandGalileowasnotallowedto

publishordiscusshisobservations.Today,bothZhangHengandGalileoareknown

asscientificpioneerswhohelpedusbetterunderstandtheworld.

Perhapsthemostimportantthingifwewanttomakeadifferenceistofind

somethingthatweliketodoandthatwearegoodat.Knowingwhowearemeans

knowinghowwethinkandwhatweliketodo.Everyonehashisorherspecialskills

andinterests,andonlybydiscoveringwhatwedobestcanwehopetoreachour

goalsandtrulymakeadifference.

c

IntegratingSkills

ALBERTEINSTEIN

WhenStephenHawkingwaswritingABriefHistoryofTime,hiseditorstoldhim

thathewouldlosehalfofhisreadersforeachequation(方程式)heputinthe

book.Despitethiswarning,Hawkingfounditnecessarytoincludeoneequation.His

choicewastheworld'smostfamousequation.AlbertEinstein'sE=me2.Assimpleas

theequationmayseem,itrepresentsatheorysoimportantthatitchangedscience

andphysicscompletely.Infact,Einstein'sdiscoveriesmadesuchabigdifference

thathefelthehadtoapologisetoNewton."Forgiveme,"Einsteinwrote,"youfound

theonlywaywhich,inyourage,wasjustaboutpossibleforamanofhighestthought

andcreativepower."EinsteinhadreplacedNewton'stheorieswithhisownand

changedourunderstandingoftheuniverse.

BeforeEinstein,scientistsbelievedthatlighttraveledthroughspaceina

straightline.ButEinsteinwasabletoprovethatlightcomingfromthestarswas

bentasitpassedthesun.Asaresult,itappearedtoscientistsonearththatthe

starshadmoved.Heworkedoutjusthowmuchthelightwouldbebent；hecouldalso

workouthowfarthestarswouldappeartohavemoved.

Hisdiscoverywascompletelynew；itwassaidthatonlythreepeoplecould

understanditatthetime.Thedifficultywashowhecouldprovehisideastoother

scientists.Manyofthemdidnotaccepthisscientificideas.ButEinsteinwenton

withhisresearch.By1919,scientistswhohadbeenwatchingthestarsbelievedin

hisworkandhequicklybecameworld-famous.FromthattimeonEinsteinwas

greatlyrespectedastheleadingscientistofthecentury.

TheFirstWorldWar(1914-1918)hadbroughthimgreatsadness.Hehadtaken

Swissnationalityin1901andthereforedidnothavetojointhearmy,asSwitzerland

didnottakesidesinthewar.EinsteinthoughtthatWarwasaterriblethingand

believedthatfightingandkillinginWarswaswrong.HedidurgetheUnitedStates

tobuildanatomicbombtodefeattheNazis,butwhenEinsteinsawtheeffectofthe

bomb,heregrettedhisactions.Whathewantedtoseewasanendtoallthearmies

oftheworld.

WhenHitlercameintopowerintheearly1930s,Einstein,whowasaJew,foundit

impossibletocontinuelivinginGermany.Hisfriendswerebeaten,ortakenaway,

ortheirhomesweredestroyed.WhilehewasdoingresearchinAmerica,Einstein

wrotealettertoanewspapertosaythattheseactswerewrong.Itmeantthathe

wouldneverbeabletovisitGermanyagain.ThatiswhyEinsteinandhisfamilyleft

EuropefortheUSAin1933.

Unit2Newsmedia

A

BEHINDTHEHEADLINES

Newspapersandothermediadomorethansimplyrecordwhat

happens.Experiencededitorsandreportersmakeinformeddecisionsaboutwhat

eventstoreportandhowtoreportthem.TheyalsomakesurethatreadersCan

relatetothestories.WeaskedtwoofChina'smanytalentedjournalists,ChenYing

andZhuLin,totellusmoreaboutnewsandnewspapers.Thetworeportersagreedto

switchrolesforonceandbetheintervieweesratherthantheinterviewersinorder

toletusknowabouttheirworkandhowthenewswereadismade.

Q:Howdoyoudecidewhatyouaregoingtowrite?

ZHULIN：BeforeIdecidewhatI'mgoingtowrite.Ihavetodiscussthearticle

withmyeditor.Helistenstomyideasandgivesmehissuggestions.Forlongand

importantarticles,forexampleafeaturestory,theeditorwilltellmehowIshould

developthestory.Theeditor*sjobistokeepthenewspaperbalancedand

interestingtothereaders.

CHENYING:Muchofareporter'sworkisdonebeforeheorsheactuallystarts

writing.Areporterbeginsbycontactingthepeopletobeinterviewedandthen

preparesquestions.Interviewingsomeoneisdifficult.Areportermustknowhowto

asktherightquestionsandhowtogetpeopletotalkaboutthetopic.Afterthe

interview,thereportermustpresentthematerialinanorganisedwayandmake

surethatthearticlereflectseventsandopinionstruthfully.

Q：Whichofthearticlesthatyouhavewrittendoyoulikebest?

CHENYING:MyfavouritearticleistheoneIwroteabouttheeffortstobring

stolenculturalrelicsbacktoChina.Towritethisstory.Ihadtocontactfamous

museumsaroundtheworldandinterviewbothChineseandinternationalexpertsin

thefield.Ilikethearticlebecauseit'sbothnewsandaninterestingstory.

ZHULIN:EventhoughIhaveinterviewedmanyfamouspeople,thestoryIlike

bestisaboutanordinaryyoungwomanwhotriedtoadapttohernewlifeafter

havingstudiedabroad.IlikethestorybecauseitwasthefirsttimethatIhad

writtenwithrealpassionandbecauseitmademerealisethateveryone'slifeis

different.

Q：Ifyoucouldwriteanyarticleyouwant,whatwouldyouwriteaboutandwhy?

ZHULIN：IWanttoexplorethemysteriesinlife.Iwouldliketowriteaboutmusic,

art,natureandtheimportanceofspiritualfulfillment.

CHENYING:Iwanttowriteaboutpeopleyouseldomreadabout,forexample

peoplewhohaveAIDSorwhoareaddictedtodrugs.Theirstoriesmustbetoldifwe

wanttosolvedifficultsocialproblemsandhelpthosewhosufferfromthem.Fora

reporter,thebasictaskistoreportaneventtruthfully.Weshouldn'tignorewhat

happensevenifitisdifficultforpeopletoacceptsomestories.

Themediacanoftenhelpsolveproblemsanddrawattentiontosituationswhere

helpisneeded.Forexample,newspaperslikeChinaDailyorThePeople'sDailyhelp

usunderstandwhatlifeislikeinotherpartsofChinaandtherestofthe

world.Carefullywrittenarticlescanhelppeoplebecomeinterestedinimportant

questionsaroundtheworld.TVprogrammesandprintedarticlesalsohelppeoplein

othercountrieslearnaboutChinaandtheChinesepeople.Theresultisabetter

understandingoftheworldonallsides,leadingtoafutureworldwherepeoplefrom

allcountriesarerespectedanddifferentviewsandopinionsaretolerated.

B

1.Readthetworeportsofthesameeventbelow.Howarethereportsdifferent?Who

doyouthinkwroteeach

report?Whatdoyouthinkarefactsandwhatareopinions?

2.Whatwouldbeagoodheadlineforeachstory?Whatpictureswouldyouuse?Why?

c

IntegratingSkills

INTHEPUBLICEYE

SheisoneofChina'sfiftymostsuccessfulbusinessleadersandshehasbeen

describedasbeing'biggerthanOprah?Wellknowntoonebillionviewers,YangLan

isamongChina'smostpopularTVpersonalities.BorninBeijingin1968,YangLan

beganhercareerasthehostforthepopular'ZhengDaTVshow：'Shewasonly21atthe

timeandhadjustgraduatedfromBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity.Becomingthe

hostofashowwithanaudienceof200millionatsuchayoungagewasabig

challenge,butYangLanwasreadyforitandquicklybecamepopular.

Manyofuswouldprobablyhavestayedontoenjoythefameandmoneythatcome

withbeingaTVstar,butYangLanhadmoreimportantplans.Shelefttheshowafter

fouryearsandwenttoNewYorkCitytogetaMaster,sdegreeatColumbia

University.Herexperienceabroadinspiredherandshemadeuphermindtocreate

anewkindofTVstationforChineseviewers.WhenYangLanreturnedtoChina,she

decidedtodevelopherinterestinbusiness.Togetherwithherhusband,shestarted

herownmediacompany,SunMedia.

WhenYangLangrewup,herfamilydidnothaveatelevision.Sheremembershow

sheandtheotherchildreninherneighbourhoodwouldsitinfrontofasmallblack

andwhiteTVownedbyoneoftheotherfamiliesinherbuilding.TVwasanewthing

atthetime,butYangLanthoughtthatthepowerfulmediumcouldbeusedina

differentway.Shewantedtomakeshowsthatwerebothentertainingand

educational.Whenshewasstudyingabroad,sheproducedafeatureshow（专题片）

called“Horizon:TheshowintroducedAmericanpopularculturetoChinese

viewers.Viewerslikedthefirstseasonof"Horizon",butYangLanwantedtodo

somethingmoreseriousandmeaningful.Thefollowingyear,shebeganinterviewing

importantpeople,suchasDrHenryKissinger,anddiscussingsocialissues.Her

viewerswerepleasedandtheshowbecameevenmorepopular.Shelaterdeveloped

“YangLanOneonOne；havinginterviewedmorethan300opinionleadersaroundthe

world.

Despitetheincrediblesuccessofhermediacompany,shehasnotforgottenwhat

madeherwanttobeajournalistinthefirstplace.OneofYangLan'sgoalsisto

createadistinctlyChineseshowthatcanactasapositiveforceinreal

life.Chinesepeopletoday,Yangtannotes,wanttowatchshowsthatdealwith

problemstheymayexperienceintheirownlife.suchashowtofitinthe

fast-changingsociety.Hermesacompany'sgoal,shesays,is'toeducatethrough

entertainment,andtoilluminate（启发）throughinformation.M

1.Whatdoes*biggerthanOprah"mean?

2.WhatkindofTVshowdoesYangLanwanttocreate?

3.Whatdoes°toeducatethroughentertainment,andtoilluminatethrough

information"mean?

Unit3Artandarchitecture

A

Architecturelooksattheman-madelivingenvironment.Everygreatculturein

thepasthaditsownideasofbeautyexpressedinartandarchitecture.Whenyou

lookaroundatbuildings,streets,squaresandparks,youwillfindthemdesigned,

plannedandbuiltindifferentstyles.

Modernismwasinventedinthe1920sbyagroupofarchitectswhowantedto

changesocietywithbuildingsthatwentagainstpeople'sfeelingofbeauty.They

wantedtheirbuildingsconstructedinawaytolookunnatural.

Whileintraditionalarchitecturematerialssuchasearth,stone,brickandwood

areused,thematerialsofmodernarchitecturearesteel,glassandconcrete.To

manypeoplemodernarchitectureequalsprogress.Developingcountrieswantto

buildthemostmodern-lookingbuildingsasthefirststeptowardsbecominga

moderncountry.

Modernbuildingsimpressusbecausetheyarehuge,butmanypeopledonotfind

thembeautiful.Thebuildingslooklikeboxeswithflatroofs,sharpcomersand

glasswallsthatactasmirrors.Youdonotfeelinvitedtoenterthem.Everything

aboutthesebuildingsseemshardandunfriendly.

AncientarchitectureshowsUSmanybeautifulbuildings.Theseincludegreat

examplessuchasTaiheDian,theTempleofHeavenorthegreatEuropean

cathedrals.Bothinthechoiceofmaterialsandshapeofbuildings,ancient

architecturestandsmuchclosertonature.

Naturedoesnothaveanystraightlines.AntonioGaudi,aSpanisharchitect,was

thefirsttounderstandthat.Therearenotanysharpcoinersorstraightlinesinany

ofhisdesigns.Heonlywantednaturalmaterials,suchasstone,brickandwoodto

beusedandmanypartsofhisbuildingslooklikethingswefindinnature.Insome

ofhisarchitecture,balconieslooklikeeyes,otherpartslooklikebones,thewalls

seemtobecoveredwiththeskinofafish,whiletherooflookslikethebackofa

dragon.MostofGaudisworkswereconstructedinandaroundBarcelona.Lookingat

thearchitecturebyGaudiislikeadream,fulloffantasticcoloursandshapes.

Despitethefactthatheusedtraditionalmaterials,Gaudiwasamodern

architect.Infact,thereareothermodernarchitectswhousedesignsfromnature

whentheycreatetheirbuildings.FrankLloydWright,whobuiltanartmuseumin

NewYork,foundhimselfinspiredbyJapaneseseashells.Anotherfamousbuilding

thatmakespeoplethinkofseashellsistheOperaHouseinSydney,thoughitmakes

otherpeoplethinkofshipsails.

The2008OlympicStadiuminBeijingisanotherdesignthatmakesusthinkabout

nature.Seenfromthetop,itlooksasifthestadiumiscoveredbyagraynetofsteel,

anditlooksjustlikeabird'snestmadeoftreebranches.Birdsfillupthespaces

betweenthebranchesoftheirnestswithsoftmaterials.Justso,thespacesinthe

structureofthestadiumwillbefilledwithhugeplasticbagsfullofair.Although

thestadiumwillbemadeofconcreteandsteel,theflowinglinesandroundshapes

makethebuildinglookwarmandfriendly.

B

ASECONDLIFEFORFACTORY798

Everywhereintheworldoldbuildings,suchasschools,hospitals,factoriesand

evenchurchesareleftemptybecausetheyarenolongerneeded.Itisusually

difficulttofindothercompaniestomoveintotheOldbuildings,becausethefloor

plan—thesizeandthenumberofhalls—doesnotfittheircompany.Often,these

buildingsarepulleddownafterhavingstoodemptywithoutuseformanyyears.

Factory798intheeastofBeijingwasabuildinglikethat.Onceanimportant

armyfactoryinBeijing,Factory798wasdesignedbyEastGermanarchitectsand

builtwithRussianhelpintheearly1950s.Itisoneofthemostimportantexamples

offactoryarchitectureleftfromthattime.Thehugefactoryhallsofbrickand

glasswerebuiltinthe1920smodernstyle.Theyaredecoratedwithsmallround

windowsthatremindyouofships,bentroofsandtwenty-foothighwallsofglass

thatmakethemspecialwhencomparedwithotherarchitecturefromthesame

period.ThesimplestyleofthebuildingsandthefactthattheyareGermansetthem

asideasverydifferentfromChinesearchitecture.

Whenthearmyfactorymovedsomeyearsago,thefactorybuildingswereno

longerused.Untilaboutayearagomostoftheworkshopsinthefactorystood

empty.Someartcompaniesaskediftheycouldmoveintotheemptyspaceandrent

partsofthefactory.Thiswasthebeginningofthedevelopmentofthisareaintoa

centreforthearts,bringingtogetherChineseartists,artcompanies,musicians,

aJapaneseteahouse,aSichuanrestaurant,abookshopandadanceclub.

Oldfactorybuildingshavemanyhallsandworkshopsofdifferentsizes.Painters

andotherartistscanmoveintothesmallerroomstousethemasstudiostopaint,

whilemusicbandsrentspacetopractice.Smallerhallscanbechangedintoshops

andrestaurantswhilethemainfactoryhallcanbeusedforconcerts,partiesand

dancefestivals.

Young,beginningartistsandmusiciansoftendonothaveenoughmoneytorent

studiosorotherbuildingspractise,performorevenworkandlive.Theylikethese

buildingsbecausetheroomsandhallsareoftenverylarge,whichisgoodfor

artistswhowanttomakelargeobjects.Besides,manyofthesebuildingswere

constructedfarfromthecity,sothatpeopleintheneighbourhoodarenot

disturbedwhenrockmusiciansmoveinandpractiseforaconcert.

Manylargecities,suchasLiverpoolandNewYork,havehadexperimentsofthis

kind,witholdfactoriesturnedintosuccessfulartscentres.Inalmosteverycity

aroundtheworld,newusesaregiventooldbuildings.Itisagreatwaytosavethe

architecturefromthepast.

c

IntegratingSkills

THEFUNCTIONOFART

Weseearteverywherearoundus.Inpublicparks,citysquares,shoppingstreets

andpublicbuildings,wefindmodernartobjectsondisplay.Classicalart,suchas

valuablepaintings,preciousstatuesandotherfinearts,usuallyendsupinthe

collectionsofmuseums,companiesorrichpeople.Althoughwecanseesomeofit

inmuseums,thoseotherartcollectionsarenotopentothepublic.

Bothartandarchitecturehaveahistoryofages.Allformsandwaysof

expressingbeautyhavebeenexplored.Inthecaseofarchitecture,manybuildings

thatweredesignedinthepasthaveproventobebeautifulandservedtheir

purposes.Governmentsandcompaniescouldsavemillionsofdollarsbybuildingor

copyingdesignsofarchitectureofbuildingsfromthepast.Therearestillmany

designsforbuildingsmadebyfamousarchitectsthatwereneverrealised.Besides,

somepeoplefindmodernarchitectureugly.Sowhyshouldwepayalotofmoneyto

architectsfordesigningnewbuildings?

Thesameholdsformodernart,bothpaintingsandstatues.Manyartobjectsthat

havebeencreatedinthepastarenowcoveredbydustinstorerooms.These

storeroomscontainenoughartto