完整不定式学习

Unit1

LivingwellPeriodVGrammar不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,由“to+动词原形”构成,没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能独立作谓语，但可以有宾语和状语，也可以是系表结构.不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等。一.概念1.Itismyambitiontomakesurethatthedisabledpeopleinourneighborhoodhaveaccesstoallpublicbuildings.2.MyambitionistoworkinthecomputerindustrywhenIgrowup.3.Abigcompanyhasdecidedtobuyitfromme.4.Ihavehadtoworkhardtoliveanormallife.5.Wemustcallonlocalgovernmenttogivefinancialassistancetodisabledpeople.

主语表语宾语状语宾语补足语二.结构

:todo;(否定)nottodo三.

时态与语态主动语态被动语态一般式进行式完成式完成进行式不定式

todo

tobedone

tobedoing

tohavedone

tohavebeendone

tohavebeendoing--------------------(1).Theypretendednottoseeus.Ihopetoseeyouagainsoon.We’rejusthappytohaveyouback.(2).Hepretendedtobesleeping.(3).Shepretendedtohaveknownitbefore.Imeanttohavecalledyou,butIforget.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/之前/之后发生.)(进行式表示在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行)(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,或过去没有实现的愿望，计划等)(4).We’rehappytohavebeenworkingwith

you.

(完成进行时表示的动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。)他似乎知道这事。Heseemstoknowthis.很抱歉给了你这么多麻烦。I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.据说她研究这问题有好多年了。Sheissaidtohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.他好象正在吃什么东西。Heseemstobeeatingsomething.四.不定式在句中的功能:做主语:那样做是很幼稚的.Toactlikethatischildish.为避免句子出现“头重脚轻”现象,常用it做形式主语,将真正主语的不定式后置.要学好英语不是那么容易的。Ex.1)ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.2)It’simpossibleforhumanstoflylikeabirdnow.(2)做宾语常接不定式做宾语的动词有：expect,hope,wish,long,agree,promise,undertake,aim,arrange,ask,attempt,bother,care,choose,dare,decide,determine,demand,fail,hate,manage,need,offer,plan,want,desire,prefer,prepare,pretend,prove,refuse,afford,threaten等<1>.不定式有时和连接代/副词一起构成宾语.Ex.1.Doyourememberwhichwaytogetthere?2.Haveyoudecidedwhattodonext?3.I’llaskhimhowtooperatethemachine.<2>有时不定式由whether引起.E.g.Ididn’tknowwhethertolaughorcry.<3>feel,find,judge,make,think,believe,consider等动词后如果是不定式做宾语,补语是形容词(或是名词),常用it作形式宾语,把不定式后移.Ex.Ifinditdifficulttoworkwithhim.<4>介词的宾语：but,except,besides后：前有do后省to，前无do后加toWecoulddonothingbutwait.Wehadnochoicebuttowait.Whatdoyouliketodobesideswalk?但：cannotbutdo,cannotchoosebutdo,can’thelpbutdo“只好”of,on,about,over,asto可+连接词+todoIwascarefuloverwhattosay.We’reatalossastowhattodonext.既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语的动词一、后接不定式或动名词且含义相同的动词

like喜欢/love喜欢/hate憎恨/prefer宁可/begin开始/start开始/continue继续/can’tbear不能忍受/bother麻烦/intend想要/attempt试图/cease停止Eg.Helikestravelling[totravel]alone.Don’tbothertoget[getting]dinnerforme.注意：当like,love,hate,prefer与would,should连用时，其后只能接不定式。另外，当begin,start本身为进行时态或后接know,realize,understand等心理活动动词时，其后的动词只能用不定式。Heisbeginningtoworkinthatcompany.AfterthetalkwithhisEnglishteacher,hebegantolikeEnglish.二.forget/remember/regrettodo，表示非谓语动词的动作还没发生；forget/remember/regretdoing

，表示非谓语动词的动作发生于谓语动词的动作之前。Iforgottotellyouaboutit.IrememberedgivingthebooktoLiLei,buthesaidIdidn’t.此外，动词forget,remember,regret等接动名词、接动名词的完成式或不定式的完成式作宾语时，意义相同。Iregrettedtohavebrokentherulesofourclass.=Iregrettedhavingbrokentherulesofourclass.三.meantodo，表示意图，“打算做，想要做”；meandoing,表示解释，“意味着，意思是”。Ididn’tmeantobotheryou.我本不想打扰你。Whathesaidmeansgoingtherebyair.他的话的意思是坐飞机去那儿。四.trytodo，表示决心，“设法做，尽力做”；trydoing，表示尝试，“试着做”。I’lltrytocatchupwithmyclass.我将尽力赶上同学们。Itriedreadingthetextwithoutconsultingmydictionary.我试着不查词典来阅读课文

五.need,require,want,deserve+todoneed,require,want,deserve+doing表被动

=tobedoneTheflowersneedwateringeveryday.=Theflowersneedtobewateredeveryday.六.can’thelp(to)do，“不能帮忙做某事”；can’thelpdoing“禁不住做某事，情不自禁做某事”。I’mverybusynow,soIcan’thelp(to)cleantheroom.我现在很忙，因此不能帮助打扫房间。Thegirlcouldn’thelpcryingwhenshesawhermotheragain.当小女孩再次看到母亲时，她情不自禁地哭了起来。goontodosth

(做完某事后)继续做另一事

(不定式作状语)goondoing

继续做一直在做的事(动名词作宾语)stoptodosth

停下正在做的事以便去做另一事(不定式作状语)stopdoingsth

停做正在做的事(动名词作宾语)3.做宾语补足语:

ask,beg,prefer,promise,wish,want,expect,request,command,tell,invite,cause,encourage,warn,persuade,force,order,remind,teach,等.+sb.todothink,consider,believe,suppose,know,find,prove,imagine,undertake,etc.+O.+tobe1)Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.2)Mybrotheraskedmetocleantheroom.后接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语的动词有:let,have,make,hear,see,observe,feel,watch,notice等.Ex.Thepolicemansawachildplayinthestreet.Achildwasseentoplayinthestreetbythepoliceman.longfor,waitfor,callon,relyon,dependon,arrangeforsb.todo

I’vearrangedforacartopickyouupattheairport.注：agree,hope,demand后不可用sb.todoadvise,allow,permit,forbid,recommend+sb.todo

doingWedonotallowsmokinghere.You’renotallowedtosmokehere.4.做表语不定式可用作表语,说明主语的具体内容.E.g.1)Myworkistocleantheroom.2)Hisdreamistobeadoctor.注意:

动词不定式作表语时表示具体动作或未发生的动作;动名词表示抽象行为.

E.g.1.Whathecandoisstaringather.2.Whathecandoistostareather.3.Hishappinessishelpingothers.4.Myambitionistobecomeaactor.5.Whatyoucandoistoacceptit.5.做定语表将来：Iborrowedsomebookstoreadduringmyholiday.用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any，next,only,last

等限定的中心词。如：Hewasthebestmantodothejob.Hewasalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.ShewasthefirstwomantowinthegoldmedalintheOlympicGames.用来修饰以下抽象名词：right,effort,need,ambition,opportunity,method,ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time，place

等。如：DoyouhavetheabilitytoreadandwriteEnglish?Ihaveachancetogosight–seeing.部分形容词，如eager，anxious，determined，able等，其后常跟不定式，他们的同源名词后要用不定式的主动式作定语。例如：

（Mr．Smithwaseagertogetbacktoteachattheschool．）

Mr．Smith'seagernesstogetbacktoteachattheschoolwasquiteobvious．

（Hewasanxioustoknowtheresultsofthetest．）

Wecouldseehisanxietytoknowtheresultsofthetest．

（Theyweredeterminedtocatchupwithus．）

Intheirspeechtheyexpressedtheirdeterminationtocatchupwithus．

部分动词，如attempt，promise，plan，intend，refuse等，其后常跟不定式作其宾语，它们的同源名词后要用不定式的主动式作定语。

（Theyattemptedtoreachtherebeforefiveo'clock．）

Theyfailedintheirattempttoreachtherebeforefiveo'clock.

（Youpromisedtogivemeapresentonmybirthday．）

Youhaven'tkeptyourpromisetogivemeapresentonmybirthday．

（TheyareplanningtobeinbusinessonNationalDay．）

IguesstheywillmakesomechangesintheirplantobeinbusinessonNationalDay．

something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做定语。注意比较：1)Haveyouanythingtosend?

你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式tosend的动作执行者是you）2)Haveyouanythingtobesent?

你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式tobesent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someoneelse）注：1.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。

Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Hehasnochopstickstoeatwith.2.不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way，不定式后面的介词可以省去。

Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.不定式作定语只能用主动式的情形

1．不定式所修饰的名词和不定式中的动词所表示的动作是逻辑上的主谓关系LiXuemeiwasthefirstathletetogettothefinishingline（＝．．．athletewhogottothefinishingline）．

Weneedsomeonetohelptorepairthecomputer（＝．．．someonewhowillhelptorepairthecomputer）．

2．不定式与它修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系，且主语是不定式中的动词所表示动作的逻辑主语或在句中能找到其逻辑主语。例如：

Hehasalotofworktodotoday．

Ourteacherarrangedussixexercisestodoathome．（us是todo的逻辑主语）

Fatheralwaysboughthissonsometoystoplaywithafterhisbusiness.

3．有些句子中，尽管行文上没有不定式的逻辑主语，但是从句意角度可以体会出不定式中隐含着“forsb．todo”结构。此时，不定式应该用主动式。例如：

Thereisnothing（forus）toworryabout．

Thatwillbetheonlything（forus）todonow．

Itisagoodopportunity（forus／them）tolearnfromthefarmers．

4．在“with／without＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构中，若宾语补足语是不定式（作定语），且句子的主语是该动作逻辑上的执行者，此时不定式须用主动式。例如：

Withseveralmeetingstoattend，hecouldn'tgototheGreatWallwithus．

Withouttwomemberstocome，we'dbetternotstartthemeeting．

Withoutanythingtodo，heturnedoffthelightsandwenttobed

6.做状语(1)做目的状语，常用的结构：todo;inordertodo,soastodo,so/such…astodo.Ex.Icomeheretosaygood-byetoyou.(2)做结果状语：常与副词only,enough或too连用。Hestudiedhardonlytofailtheexam.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Hewenttotheairport,onlytofindthemoviestarhadleft.(3)做原因状语：表情绪的形容词或过去分词后Allofuswereshockedtohearthenews.(4)做条件状语：TohearyouspeakEnglish,peoplemighttakeyouforanAmerican.Amanwouldbeblindnottoseethat.注：never/nottoo…to,too…notto,but/only/quite/alltoo…to,tooeager/ready/inclined/aptto中的todo表肯定五、不定式的否定结构：不定式的否定结构多由：“not+不定式”构成，否定副词not,never,seldom,hardly等要置于to前。Ex.请告诉你的小孩不要在街上玩耍.Pleasetellyourchildnottoplayinthestreet.她检查名字为了不犯错误.Shecheckedthenamessoasnottomakemistakes.1.不定式与疑问词who,which,when,how,what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。Hedidn’tknowwhattosay.(宾语)Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.(主语)Myquestioniswhentostart.(表语)注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或whynot开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。Whynothavearest?六.不定式的几个特殊用法:2.betodo:表计划，安排：Themeetingistobeheldnextweek.表命令，警告或许诺:Youarenottosmokeintheoffice.表征求意见：WhereamItoputthevase?表不可避免将要发生的事：Theworstisstilltocome.Betterdaysaresoontofollow.3.不定式的省略

(1).不定式中的动词上文或下文出现,要省略该动词.E.g.:---Wouldyouliketogowithme?---I’dliketo.ThoughIdidn’twantto,Iwaspersuadedtogothere.(2).不定式是tobe或tohavedone时,be/have不可省.E.g.:---Wouldyouliketobeateacher?---I’dliketobe._shehasnotfinishedherhomework._sheoughttohave省do:省to:使役动词，感官动词后help后but,except,besides后todo作表语时,主语部分出现了实意动词do时Allshedoesisgossipaboutothers.TheonlythingIcoulddowasdoitalone.Whatwemustdoisreducetheuseofenergy.并列出现的不定式，除第一个外It’seasiertopersuadepeoplethanforcethem.固定结构：wouldrather,wouldsooner,cannotbut等Totellthetruth,Iamnothappyatthemoment.4.独立结构tobefrank,tobeexact,todohimjustice,sotospeak,nottosay,strangetosay,tobesure,tobebrief,tocutalongstoryshort,tobeginwithtobehonest,totellthetruth5.固定句型:hadbetter/hadbest+(not)dosth.最好（不）做某事Why(not)dosth.?…prefertodo/preferdoing…prefer+n./doingA+to+n./doingB…prefer+todoAratherthan(to)doB…wouldrather(not)dosth.…wouldratherdoAthan(do)B…wouldrather+句子（过去式）（虚拟语气）要做……E.g.Iwouldratheryoudidn’topenit.

1.Robertissaid____abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying2.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficult.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.don’tmake3.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat____inmynewjob.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expectsABB4.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains____whethertheywillenjoyit.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.see5.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows____.itwhattodowithB.whattodowithitC.whattodoitwithD.todowhatwithit6.Themotherdidn’tknow____toblameforthebrokenglassasithappenedwhileshewasout.A.whoB.whenC.howD.whyBBA7.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade____.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learned D.learning8.Weagreed____herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet9.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim____.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donottoBCA10.Thepatientwaswarned____oilyfoodaftertheoperation.A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating11.Iwouldlove____tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togo