高英(2)paraphrase复习资料

第一课IV.paraphrase1. Anditisanactivityonlyofhumans.Andconversationisanactivitywhichisfoundonlyamonghumanbeings.(Animalsandbirdsarenotcapableofconversation.)2. Conversationisnotformakingapoint.Conversationisnotforpersuadingotherstoacceptourideaorpointofview.//Inaconversationweshouldnottrytoestablishtheforceofanideaorargument.3. Infact,thebestconversationalistsarethosewhoarepreparedtolose.Infact,apersonwhoreallyenjoysandisskilledatconversationwillnotarguetowinorforceotherstoaccepthispointofview.4. Barfriendsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachother’slives.Peoplewhomeeteachotherforadrinkinthebarofapubarenotclosefriendsfortheyarenotdeeplyabsorbedorengrossedineachother’slives.5. itcouldstillgoignorantlyonTheconversationcouldgoonwithoutanybodyknowingwhowasrightorwrong6. Therearecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeefTheseanimalsarecalledcattlewhentheyarealiveandfeedinginthefields;butwhenwesitdownatthetabletoeat.Wecalltheirmeatbeef．7. ThenewrulingclasshadbuiltaculturalbarrieragainsthimbybuildingtheirFrenchagainsthisownlanguage.ThenewrulingclassbyusingFrenchinsteadofEnglishmadeitdifficultfortheEnglishtoacceptorabsorbthecultureoftherulers.(新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农夫自己的语言，从而在农夫四周筑起一道文化障碍。)8.…Englishhadcomeroyallyintoitsown.TheEnglishlanguagereceivedproperrecognitionandwasusedbytheKingoncemore.9. Thephrasehasalwaysbeenusedalittlepejorativelyandevenfacetiouslybythelowerclasses.Thephrase,theKing’sEnglish,hasalwaysbeenuseddisrespectfullyandjokinglybythelowerclasses.//Theworkingpeopleveryoftenmakefunoftheproperandformallanguageoftheeducatedpeople.下层阶级在用这一名词时总带着一点轻视或讥讽的味道。10. Therebellionagainstaculturaldominanceisstillthere.Therestillexistsintheworkingpeople,asintheearlySaxonpeasants,aspiritofoppositiontotheculturalauthorityoftherulingclass.下层人民对文化上的专制仍是极为反感的。11. Thereisalwaysagreatdanger,asCarlyleputit,that“wordswillhardenintothingsforus.” Thereisalwaysagreatdangerthatwemightforgetthatwordsareonlysymbolsandtakethemforthingstheyaresupposedtorepresent.(Forexample,theword“dog”isasymbolrepresentingakindofanimal.)正如卡莱尔所说，始终存在着的一种危急是，“对我们来说。词语会变成详细的事物”。其次课IV.Paraphrase1.Theburying-groundismerelyahugewasteofhummockyearth,likeaderelictbuilding-lot.Theburying-groundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwastelandfullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceoflandonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup.2.Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthatfact.Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals(bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesashumanbeings).3.Theyriseoutoftheearth,theyseatandstarveforafewyears,andthentheysinkbackintothenamelessmoundsofthegraveyard.Theyareborn.Thenforafewyearstheywork,toilandstarve.Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname.4.acarpentersitscross-leggedataprehistoriclathe,turningchair-legsatlightingspeed.Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold-fashionedlathe,acarpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair-legsheismaking.5.Instantly,fromthedarkholesallround,therewasafrenziedrushofJew.Immediatelyfromtheirdarkhole-likecellseverywhereagreatnumberofJewsrushedoutwildlyexcited.6….everyoneofthemlooksonacigaretteasamoreorlessimpossibleluxury.EveryoneofthesepoorJewstreatedthecigaretteasapieceofluxurywhichtheycouldnotpossiblyafford.7.Still,awhiteskinisalwaysfairlyconspicuous.However,awhite-skinnedEuropeanisalwaysquitenoticeable.8.Inatropicallandscapeone’seyetakesineverythingexceptthehumanbeing.Ifyoutakealookatthenaturalsceneryinatropicalregion,youseeeverythingbutthehumanbeings.9.NoonewouldthinkofrunningcheaptripstotheDistressedAreas.Noonewouldthinkoforganizingcheaptripsforthetouriststovisitthepoorslumareasalthoughthetripsareinexpensive.10…fornine-tenthsofthepeopletherealityoflifeisanendless,backbreakingstruggletowringalittlefoodoutofanerodedsoil.Lifeisveryhardforninetypercentofthepeople．Withhardbackbreakingworkingtheycanproducealittlefoodonthepoorsoil．11．Sheacceptedherstatusasanoldwoman,thatistosay,asabeastofburden.Shetookitforgrantedthatasanoldwomanshewasthelowestinthecommunity，thatshewasonlyfitfordoingheavyworklikeananimal．12．Peoplewithbrownskinsarenextdoortoinvisible.Peoplewithbrownskinsarealmostinvisible．13．Theirsplendidbodieswerehiddeninreach-me-downkhakiuniforms,…TheSenegalessoldierswerewearingready—madekhakiuniformswhichhidtheirbeautifulwell—builtbodies．14．Howlongbeforetheyturntheirgunsintheotherdirection.Howmuchlongerbeforetheyturntheirgunsaroundandattackus?15．Everywhitemantherehadthisthoughtstowedsomewhereorotherinhismind.Everywhiteman,theonlookers,theofficersontheirhorsesandthewhiteN．C．Os,marchingwiththeblacksoldiers,hadthisthoughthiddensomewhereorotherinhismind．第三课ParaphraseAndyetthesamerevolutionarybeliefforwhichourforebearsfoughtisstillatissuearoundtheglobe…OurancestorsfoughtarevolutionarywartomaintainthatallmenwerecreatedequalandGodhadgiventhemcertainunalienablerightswhichnostateorrulercouldtakeawayfromthem.Buttodaythisissuehasnotyetbeendecidedinmanycountriesaroundtheworld.Thismuchwepledge---andmore.Thismuchwepromisetodoandwepromisetodomore.United,thereislittlewecannotdoinahostofcooperativeventures.Unitedandworkingtogetherwecanaccomplishalotofthingsinagreatnumberofjointundertakings.4.…ourlastbesthopeinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefaroutpacedtheinstrumentsofpeaceTheUnitedNationsisourlastandbesthopeofsurvivalinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefarsurpassedtheinstrumentsofpeace.5…toenlargetheareainwhichitswritmayrunWepledgetohelptheUnitedNationsenlargetheareainwhichitsauthorityandmandate(授权，正式吩咐)wouldcontinuetobeineffectorinforce.6.…beforethedarkpowersofdestructionunleashedbyscienceengulfallhumanityinplannedoraccidentalself-destruction.beforetheterribleforcesofdestruction,whichsciencecannowrelease,overwhelmmankindbeforethisself-destruction,whichmaybeplannedorbroughtaboutbyanaccident,takesplace7.…yetbothracingtoalterthatuncertainbalanceofterrorthatstaysthehandofmankind’sfinalwar.Yetbothgroupsofnationsaretryingtochangeasquicklyaspossiblethisuncertainbalanceofterriblemilitarypowerwhichrestrainseachgroupfromlaunchingmankind’sfinalwar.8.Soletusbeginanew,rememberingonbothsidesthatcivilityisnotasignofweakness.Soletusstartonceagain(todiscussandnegotiate)andletusrememberthatbeingpoliteisnotasignofweakness.9.Letbothsidesseektoinvokethewondersofscienceinsteadofitsterrors.Letbothsidestrytocallforththewonderfulthingsthatsciencecandoformankindinsteadofthefrightfulthingsitcando.10.…eachgenerationofAmericanshasbeensummonedtogivetestimonytoitsnationalloyalty.Americansofeverygenerationhavebeencalledupontoprovetheirloyaltytotheircountry(byfightinganddyingfortheircountry’scause).11.Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove…Lethistoryfinallyjudgewhetherwehavedoneourtaskwellornot,butoursurerewardwillbeagoodconscienceforwewillhaveworkedsincerelyandtothebestofourability.第五课ParaphraseTheslightestmentionofthedecadebringsnostalgicrecollectionstothemiddle-aged…Attheverymentionofthispost-warperiod,middle-agedpeoplebegintothinkaboutitlongingly(andyoungpeoplebecomecuriousandstartaskingallkindsofquestions).TherejectionofVictoriangentilitywas,inanycase,inevitable.Inanycase,anAmericancouldnotavoidcastingasideitsmiddle-classrespectabilityandaffectedrefinement.3.ThewaractedmerelyasacatalyticagentinthisbreakdownoftheVictoriansocialstructureThewaronlyhelpedtospeedupthebreakdownoftheVictoriansocialstructure.4.…itwastempted,inAmericaatleast,toescapeitsresponsibilitiesandretreatbehindanairofnaughtyalcoholicsophistication…InAmericaatleast,theyoungpeoplewerestronglyinclinedtoescapetheirresponsibilities.Theypretendedtobeworldly-wise,drinkingandbehavingnaughtily.[Theypretendedtolivelikeunconventionalartistsorpoets,breakingthemoralcodeofthecommunity.]5.Prohibitionaffordedtheyoungtheadditionalopportunityofmakingtheirpleasuresillicit.TheyoungpeoplefoundgreaterpleasureintheirdrinkingbecauseProhibition,bymakingdrinkingunlawful,addedasenseofadventure.禁酒法令使青年人有了更多的机会寻求违禁取乐的刺激。6.…ouryoungmenbegantoenlistunderforeignflagsOuryoungmenjoinedthearmiesofforeigncountriestofightinthewar.7.…they“wantedtogetintothefunbeforethewholethingturnedbellyup”Theyoungpeoplewantedtotakepartinthegloriousadventurebeforethewholewarended.8.…theyhadoutgrowntownsandfamilies…Theseyoungpeoplecouldnolongeradaptthemselvestolivesintheirhometownsortheirfamilies.9.…thereturningveteranalsohadtoface…thehypocriticaldo-goodismofProhibition…ThereturningveteranalsohadtofaceProhibitionwhichthelawmakershypocriticallyassumedwoulddogoodtothepeople.10.Somethinginthetension-riddenyouthofAmericahadto“give”…(Underallthisforceandpressure)SomethingintheyouthofAmerica,whowerealreadyverytense,hadtobreakdown.11.…itwasonlynaturalthathopefulyoungwriters,theirmindsandpensinflamedagainstwar,Babbittry,and“Puritanical”gentility,shouldflocktothetraditionalartisticcenter…Itwasonlynaturalthathopefulyoungwriterswhosemindsandwritingswerefilledwithviolentangeragainstwar,Babbittry,and“Puritanical”gentility,shouldcomeingreatnumberstoliveinGreenwichVillage,thetraditionalartisticcenter.12.Eachtownhadits“fast”setwhichprideditselfonitsunconventionalityEachtownwasproudthatithadagroupofwild,recklesspeople,wholivedunconventionallives.第六课Paraphrase1.NowadaysNewYorkisoutofphasewithAmericantaste….(para.2)NowadaysNewYorkcannotunderstandnorfollowthetasteoftheAmericanpeople(andisoftenindisagreementwithAmericanpolitics).2.NewYorkevenpridesitselfonbeingaholdoutfromprevailingAmericantrends…(para2)NewYorknowboaststhatitisacitythatresiststheprevailingtrends(styles,fashion)ofAmerica(andthatitisaplacewherepeoplecanescapefromuniformityandcommonness).3.…sitcomsclonedandcannedinHollywood,andtheJohnnyCarsonshowlive,preempttheairwaysfromCalifornia…(Para.3)SituationcomediesmadeinHollywoodandthelivetalkshowbyJohnnyCarsonareonallchannels,fillingtheairwaves.4.…itismakingsomethingofacomebackasatouristattraction…(para.4)NewYorkisregainingsomewhatitsstatusasacitythatattractstourists.5.TowininNewYorkistobeuneasy…(para6)ApersonwhowinsinNewYorkisconstantlydisturbedbyfearandanxiety(becauseheisafraidoflosingwhathehaswoninthefiercecompetition.)6.Nature’pleasuresaremuchqualifiedinNewYork.(para.8)Beingalargeandcrowdedcitywithmanytallbuildings,etc.,thechancetoenjoythepleasuresofnatureisverylimitedinNewYork.(qualified:limited;modified)7.…thecity’sbrightglowarrogantlyobscurestheheavens.(para.8)AtnightthecityofNewYorkisaglowwithlightsandseemshaughtilytodimthelightofthestars.8.Butthepurityofabohemiandedicationcanbeexaggerated.(para.10)ButapureandwholehearteddevotiontoaBohemianlifestylecanbeexaggerated.9.Inboththeserolesitratifiesmorethanitcreates.(para.11)Inboththeserolesofbankingandcommunicationsheadquarters,NewYorkstartsororiginatesveryfewthingsbutgivesitsstampofapprovaltomanythingscreatedbypeopleelsewhere.【ratify:proveorconfirm,esp.giveofficialsanctionto】10.Thetelevisiongenerationgrewupintheinsistentpresenceofhype…<13>Thetelevisiongenerationwasconstantlyandstronglyinfluencedbyextravagantpromotionaladvertising.11.…thosewhoarewritingambitiousnovelssustainthemselvesonthemagazines...(para.13)Authorswritinglongseriousnovelsearntheirlivinginthemeantimebyalsowritingarticlesforpopularmagazines.12.Broadway,whichseemedtobesuccumbingtothetawdrinessofitsenvironment,isastiragain.(para.15)Broadway,whichseemedunabletoresistthecheap,gaudyshowsputoninthesurroundingareas,isonceagainbusyandactive.13.Thedefeatedarenothiddenawaysomewhereelseonthewrongsideoftown.(para.18)Thosewhofailedinthestruggleoflife,thedown-and-outs,arenothiddenawayinslumsorghettoeswhereotherpeoplecan’tseethem.那些在竞争中吃了败仗的人并非躲在城里某个看不见的地方。14.Theplaceconstantlyexasperates,attimesexhilarates.(para.22)NewYorkconstantlyirritatesandannoysverymuchbutattimesitalsoinvigoratesandstimulates.这个地方常常使人愤怒，有时也让人激昂。第八课Paraphrase…belowthenoisyarguments,theabuseandthequarrels,thereisareservoirofinstinctivefellow-feeling…TheEnglishpeoplemayhotlyargueandabuseandquarrelwitheachotherbuttherestillexistsalotofnaturalsympatheticfeelingforeachother.2.…athearttheywouldliketotakeawhiptothewholeidletroublesomemobofthem.Whatthewealthyemployerswouldreallyliketodoistowhipalltheworkerswhomtheyconsidertobelazyandtroublesomepeople.3.…therearenotmanyofthesemen,eitherontheboardortheshopfloor…Therearenotmanysnarlingshopstewardsintheworkshop,noraretheremanycruelwealthyemployersontheboardofmanagers(orgoverningboardofafactory).4.Itdemandsbigness,andtheyaresuspiciousofbigness.ThecontemporaryworlddemandsthateverythingbedoneonabigscaleandtheEnglishdonotlikeortrustbigness.现代世界事事求“大”，而英国人却对此不以为然。5.Againstthis,atleastsuperficially,Englishnessseemsapoorshadowyshow…Atleastonthesurface,whenEnglishnessisputagainstthepowerandsuccessofAdmass,Englishnessseemstoputuparatherpoorweakperformance.6.…whileEnglishnessisnothostiletochange,itisdeeplysuspiciousofchangeforchange’ssake…Englishnessisnotagainstchange,butitbelievesthatchangingjustforchangingandfornootherusefulpurposetobeverywrongandharmful.7.ToputcarsandmotorwaysbeforehousesseemstoEnglishnessacommunalimbecility.ToregardcarsandmotorwaysasmoreimportantthanhousesseemstoEnglishnessapublicstupidity.就英国人特性而言，把汽车和马路摆到住房之上的做法好像是一种社会性的愚蠢之举。8.ImustaddthatwhileEnglishnesscanstillfighton,Admasscouldbewinning.ImustfurthersaythatwhileEnglishnesscangoonfighting,thereisagreatpossibilityofAdmasswinning.9.Itmusthavesomemoralcapitaltodrawupon,andsoonitmaybeaskingforanoverdraft.Englishnessdrawsitsstrengthfromareservoirofstrongmoralandethicalprinciples,andsoonitmaybeaskingforstrengthwhichthisreservoirofprinciplescannotsupply.10.Theyprobablybelieve,asIdo,thattheAdmass‘GoodLife’isafraudonallcounts.Thesepeopleprobablybelieve,asIdo,thatthe‘GoodLife’promisedbyAdmassisfalseanddishonestinallrespects.他们或许像我一样地信任，商业广告推销所宣扬的“美妙生活”是彻头彻尾的骗局11.…hewillnotevenfindmuchsatisfactioninthisscroungingmessyexistence,whichdoesnothingforaman’sself-respectHewillnotevenfindmuchsatisfactioninhisuntidyanddisorderedlifewherehemanagestoliveasaparasitebyspongingonpeople.Thiskindoflifedoesnothelpapersontobuildupanyself-respect.12.TothemtheHouseofCommonsisaremotesquabbling-shop.ThesepeoplethinkoftheHouseofCommonsasaplaceratherfarawaywheresomepeoplearealwaysquarrelingandarguingoversomesmallmatter.13.…heavyhandscanfallontheshouldersthathavebeenshruggingawaypoliticsIfadictatorcomestopower,thesepeoplethenwillsoonlearnintheworstwaythattheywereverywrongtoignorepoliticsfortheycannowsuddenlyandfornoreasonbearrestedandthrownintoprison.第十四课Paraphrase1.Thisbeliefwasalwaysindefensible

—therealnamesofglobalwarmingareWasteandGreed

—andbynowitismanifestlyfoolish.(para.2)Thisbeliefreflectingwasteandgreedaretoobadtobeexcused:therealcausesofglobalwarmingarenotnaturalphenomenonbuthumanfactorssuchaswasteandgreed,whichareembodiesinthisbelief.Andbynowitiseasytoseehowfoolishthisbeliefis.2.ThisfantasyoflimitlessnessperhapsarosefromthecoincidenceoftheIndustrialRevolutionwiththesuddenlyexploitableresourcesoftheNewWorld

—thoughhowthesupposedlimitlessnessofresourcescanbereconciledwiththeirexhaustionisnotclear.(para.6)ItisassumedthatthesupposedpossibilityoflimitlessnesscameaboutfromthefactthattheindustrialrevolutioncoincidedwiththediscoveryofnaturalresourcesintheNewWorldthatbecamesuddenlyexploitable.However,itisnotclearhowtorelatetheideasofthesupposedlimitlessnessofresourceswiththeireventualexhaustion.Theimpliedmeaningisthatpeopleonlysupposedthatresourceswerelimitlessbuttheyforgotthateventuallytheseresourceswouldbeexhausted.3.Thenormalizationofthedoctrineoflimitlessnesshasproducedasortofmoralminimalism:thedesiretobeefficientatanycost,tobeunencumberedbycomplexity.(Para.8)Makingthedoctrineoflimitlessnessanormalstandardofbeliefandbehaviorhasproducedasortofmoralreduction,namely,thestrongwishtobeefficientregardlessofanycost,andnottobehinderedbycomplexity.4.Theminimizationofneighborliness,respect,reverence,responsibility,accountability,andself-subordination

—thisisthecultureofwhichourpresentleadersandheroesarethespoiledchildren.(para.8)Connectednesswithothers,respect,reverence,responsibility,accountability,andself-subordinationareallreducedtotheminimum.Ourpresentleadersandheroesareespeciallyfavoredbyandarebadexamplesofthisculture.5.ThusanXmarkedonapaperballotnolongerfulfillsourideaofvoting.(para.9)ThusputtinganXmarkonapapervotingballotnolongerconvertsour