从技术过程看专利制度对技术发展的负面效应

NegativeEffectsofthePatentSystemintheDevelopmentofTechnologyintheviewoftheProcessofTechnology从技术过程看专利制度对技术发展的负面效应AliceZhangInstitutefortheHistoryofNaturalSciencesChineseAcademyofSciences张改珍中国科学院自然科学史研究所第一页，共十三页。

MainPoints:ProcessofTechnology:ToolofTheory（技术过程：理论工具）ToolofExample:theTreatmentandControlofAIDS（例子工具:艾滋病的治疗及控制）Conclusion:NegativeEffectsofthePatentSystemintheDevelopmentofTechnology（结论：专利制度对技术发展消极影响的表现）

第二页，共十三页。Preface

Since1474,thebirthoftheVenicePatentLaw（威尼斯专利法）,and1623,theproclamationofthe“monopolyLaw”（垄断法）intheUnitedKingdom,thepatenthadgraduallychangedfromafirstprivilege（特权）grantedbymonarchtoakindofprivateright（私权）setdownasasystem,whichhasbeenvaluedforitsprotectionofindividuallycreativeabilitiesandforitseconomicfunctionofpromotingtechnologicaldissemination（促进技术传播）.

第三页，共十三页。

Thoughpatentlawistosomeextentaneffectivebalancebetweenindividualandcollectivebenefits(detailsofpatentedtechnologyistobeknownpubliclyinacertainyear技术公开和专利年限),obtainingthemonopolyoverpatentedtechnology（专利技术垄断）forpatentholders（专利权人）withinacertaintimehasneverthelesscausednegativeeffectsinthedevelopmentoftechnology.第四页，共十三页。ProcessofTechnologyFourStagesoftheProcessofModernTechnology

InterestExpected（利益预期）

TechnologicalIdeas（技术构想）

Technology

Realized（技术实现）,

Technology

Used(interestrealized)（技术应用，利益实现）

Withthedevelopmentofmarketeconomyandtechnologybecominganimportanttoolforeconomicdevelopment,interestexpectedhasincreasinglyplayedanimportantroleintheprocessoftechnologicaldevelopment..第五页，共十三页。TheDefinitionofTechnologicalDevelopment

AprocessoftechnologyfromonestagetoanotherstageoftransformationAtechnologicaldiffusionfromonetechnologicalsystemtoanother,inthesameordifferentindustrialenterprises,aswellasonaninternationalscale第六页，共十三页。Example:theTreatmentandControlofAIDS

AIDS(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome)isoneoftheinfectiousdiseaseswhichcausethehighestrateofdeathintheworld.

Roughly6,000peoplebecomeinfectedwithHIVeachday,withatotalofapproximately2.7millionnewinfectionsperyear.Worldwide,anestimated33millionpeoplearelivingwithHIV/AIDS,with22millionofthoseindividualslivinginsub-SaharanAfrica.EveniftheincidenceofHIVinfectionscontinuestodeclineatcurrent

rates—forwhichthereisnoguarantee—therewillstill

bemorethan22millionnewinfectionsby2015.第七页，共十三页。

Thoughvaccineshaveprovedtobeoneofthe

mostpowerfulandcost-effectiveofallpublichealthtools,uptonow,humanbeingshaven’tfoundeffectivevaccinetocontrolAIDS,andveryfewpeople,companyororganizationinvesttothiskindofvaccine.Thepooroutcomesof

oneHIVvaccine

trialin2007promptedreductions

incommercialinvestmentandredirectionofgovernment

fundingtowardmorebasicresearch.Bill&MelindaGatesfoundationdonated287millionUSDtofoundCAVD（TheCollaborationforAIDSVaccineDiscovery）inJuly2006.

第八页，共十三页。

Onereasonofthenon-investmentistechnologicaldifficultyindiscovering,whiletheotherimportantreasonbeingfailuresofinterestexpectedwhichareascertainedbypatentsystem.Technologicaldevelopmentissetbackinthefirststage.HumanbeingsfindwaystotreatAIDS.

However,only

afewrichpeoplecanaffordit.

Tomostpatientlivinginsubsaharacountries,theycanonlysufferfromAIDSuntildead.Patentsoftechnologycausehighpricesandholdbackoftechnologicaldissemination.Technologicaldevelopmentissetbackinthefourthstage:

technologyused.第九页，共十三页。CaseProcessTheControlofAIDSTheTreatmentofAIDSInterestExpectedno(GatesFoundation)yesTechnologicalIdeasnoyesTechnologicalRealizednoyesTechnologicalUsednosomerichpeople第十页，共十三页。Conclusions:Interest-orientedofpatenttopatentholdersmakeinterest,notsocialneeds,becomethedirectdrivingforcefortechnologicalinnovation,andthetechnologyfailedininterest-expectedusuallyhasnotbeendeveloped.Monopolyoverpatentedtechnologybestowedbypatentlawmakesthepricesoftechnologicalproductsunreasonablyhigherthantheirvalue,whichhaslimiteditspopularization.Monopolymakestechnologicaldiffusion,inthesame,orindifferent,andinternationalcountriesaswell,becomedifficult,andmakesaseriousresultinthedevelopmentoftechnologyasawhole,andinthesmallbusinessesinsimilarorheterogeneousindustries,underdevelopedanddevelo