欧美技术性贸易壁垒对珠三角地区玩具业的影响及防范措施学位论文

PAGEi摘要随着世界贸易日趋全球化，许多发达国家更多的利用技术性贸易壁垒来控制进口。欧美地区作为珠三角地区玩具业出口的集中市场，其技术性贸易壁垒的影响越来越深远。如何迅速、有效地应对欧美技术性贸易壁垒是当前政府、行业组织和出口企业的首要任务。首先，本文分析了珠三角地区玩具业的现状及存在问题。接着，根据技术性贸易壁垒的两个主要影响因素，本文概括了珠三角地区玩具业受欧美技术性贸易壁垒影响下的四个方面。最后，本文针对欧美技术性贸易壁垒对玩具业的影响所提出了五点防范措施。希望本文对珠三角地区玩具业应对欧美技术性贸易壁垒提供有效建议。关键词：技术性贸易壁垒；玩具业；影响方面；防范措施TableofContentsAbstract i摘要 ii1.Introduction 11.1Backgroundandsignificance 11.2Researchquestionsandmethodologies 11.3Innovationpoints 12.LiteratureReview 32.1Therelevantresearchabroad 32.2TherelevantresearchinChina 33.CurrentSituationonToyIndustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion 43.1Singleproductionmode 43.2Shortageofindependentbrand 43.3Over-centralizedexportmarket 43.4Lackofstandardizedsupervision 44.ImpactofTBTfromtheOccidentonToyIndustry 64.1Impactfactors 64.1.1Technicalregulations 64.1.2Conformityassessmentprocedures 64.2Impactaspects 74.2.1Exportrestriction 74.2.2Productsrecalledinbatches 74.2.3Productioncostsincreased 84.2.4Reputationdamage 95.Countermeasures 105.1EstablishingspecializedTBTconsultativecenter 105.2Establishingindustrialwarningmechanism 115.3Establishingqualityandsafetytraceabilitysystem 115.4Establishingproductsdetectionsystem 125.5Improvingoldandintroducingnewtechnologies 126.Conclusion 136.1Majorfindingsofthecurrentstudy 136.2Limitationsandsuggestionsforfurtherresearch 13Bibliography 14Acknowledgements 15PAGE141.Introduction1.1BackgroundandSignificanceAlongwiththeChina’sparticipationinWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)andtheglobalizationoftheworldeconomy,thecompetitionofinternationalmarketbecomesmoreandmoreintenseandcomplex.Nowadays,theinfluenceoftraditionaltradebarriers,namelytariffbarriers,hasreducedgradually.Comparedwithtraditionaltradebarriers,non-tariffbarriers(NTBs)havesomeadvantages,suchasnon-transparencyandgreatereffect(ZhangSufang,2003:91).WiththefeaturesofNTBs,TBTbeginstohaveincreasinglytangibleandintangibleinfluenceoninternationaltrade.Atpresent,TBThasbecomethelargestnon-tariffbarriersthatinterferesthetoyexportsofPearlRiverDeltaRegion.Itistoolatetotakeactionwhenwetakelessons.Therefore,thisrequiresgovernment,industryorganizationsandenterprisestoworktogetherandtryhardtoovercomethiscrisis.Inviewofthenewcharacteristicsofinternationaltradeprotectionandtheexistingproblemsofournation’stoyindustrydevelopment,thispaperstartsfromanalyzingthecurrentsituationandexistingproblemsoftoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion.Afterthat,itmakesanintensivestudyofthemajoraffectedaspectsontoyexporttradeofPearlRiverDeltaRegionfromTBToftheOccidentthroughtwomainfactorsofTBT.Andfinally,itputsforwardseveraleffectivecountermeasurestohelptoyindustrytostepacrossTBT.Thus,ithasimportanttheoreticalandpracticalsignificanceonthedevelopmentoftoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion.AnditishopedtobehelpfulfortoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegiontoovercomethedifficulties.1.2ResearchQuestionsandMethodologiesThedissertationisprimarilyconcernedwiththefollowingfourresearchquestions:(1)What’sthecurrentsituationoftoyindustryinPearlRiverDeltaRegion?(2)WhatarethemajorfactorswhichimpactthetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionfromTBT?(3)HowhavethemajorfactorsinfluencedthetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion?(4)WhatarethecountermeasurestorespondtotheTBTfromtheOccident?Thepresentstudy,accordingtotheprofoundanalysisofpresentmaterialsandcombinedwithseveralpracticalcases,respondstotheaboveresearchquestionsandhasasummaryofthewholedissertation.1.3InnovationPointsFromthepresentliteraturereviews,itisnothardtoseethatresearchesonaspecificproductorregionwhichhassufferedfromTBTareseldom,particularlyonthetoyindustry.Mostofthemgiveresearchesontheproblemssosuperficiallythattheycannotprovideeffectivewaystohelpinjuredpartytosolvetheproblem.Besides,TBTfromtheOccidenthasaheavyhitonthetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion,whichhasarisenaseriesofproblems.Withthepresentresearchesandliteratures,itisessentialtohavearesearchonthisfield.Therefore,theinnovationpointofthispaperisthatitconcentratesonaspecificproductinaspecificregion,andthatisthetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion.Fromtheeconomicperspective,thispaperaimstoresearchtheimpactofTBTfromtheOccidentontoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionandproposeeffectivecountermeasurestohelptheexportenterprisestoovercomethedifficulties.2.LiteratureReview2.1TheRelevantResearchAbroadSincethe70softhe20thcentury,foreignscholarswereinitiallyinvolvedintheresearchofTBT.RobertE.Baldwin(1970:143)putsforwardthattechnologyandmanagementlawsandregulationsnormallyassociatedwithhealth,safetyorotherimportantpublicinterestsconcerned,oftenbecomeunnecessarybarrierstotradebetweendifferentcountriesorhealthgoalsinasafeformoftradedifferencesunnecessarydistortionandshouldbeeliminated.ForissuesofdevelopingcountriestoTBT,SherryStephenson(1997)givesamorecomprehensiverepresentationtotherelevantstandardsindevelopingcountriesfromthepolicyandinstitutionalaspect.JohnS.Wilson(1999)hastheanalysisoftheimpactofdevelopingcountriesfromtheimplementationoftherelevantagreementsontheWTOanditsexports.Fromtheempiricalresearch,OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)(1999)hasasurveytocollectlargenumbersofindustrialdatatoanalyzetheimpactlevelofTBTontradecosts,andtheconclusionisthatitaccountsfor2%to10%ofthewholeproductioncostsiftheexportproductsshouldachievethedifferentstandardsandtechnicalregulationsrequiredbythemembersofOECDwhichhaveincludedthecostoftestingandcertification.TsunehiroOtsuki(2000)hasanalyzedtheexportimpactofAfricaduetothecontentstandardsofaflatoxinimprovedbytheEuropeanUnion.Withtheanalysisofthedataoftradeandregulationsfor15EuropeanUnioncountriesand9Africancountriesfrom1989to1998,hehasgiventheconclusionthatsincetheEuropeanUnionhasimplementedthestrictcontentstandardsofaflatoxin,theannualexportshavedecreased60%.2.2TheRelevantResearchinChinaAfterthe90softhe20thcentury,domesticscholarsbegantofocusontheanalysisoftheModelCodetoGATT(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)andsourcesofTBT.Fromtheperspectiveofstandardization,YeBolin&ChenZhitian(1992)haveanalyzedtheproblemofTBT,andmadeaframeworkanalysisoftheformationofcodesofstandards,theconceptandbasiccontentofTBTandthetechnicalregulationsystemofdevelopedcountries.FortheimpactofTBTtoChina’sexporttrade,XiaYoufu(1999)hasanalyzedtheimpactofChina’sexporttradefromTBTfromtheindustrialaspectandproposedpolicyrecommendations.SinceChina'saccessiontoWTO,domesticscholarsengagedinpayingattentiontotheroleofdomestictechnicaltradeprotectionsystemonhowtocopewithforeignbarriersandproctectdomesticmarketandindustrialdevelopment.Forinstance,SunJingshui(2005)haspointedoutthatformulatingandimplementingstandardizationstrategyarethemosturgentandeffectivewayforournationtoestablishtechnicaltradingprotectionsystemandsafeguardnationalinterestsandstepacrosstechnicalbarriers.3.CurrentSituationonToyIndustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion3.1SingleProductionModeAccordingtotheclassificationofindustrialstructure,thetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionbelongstolabor-intensiveindustry.ItisdestinedthatthetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionhassingleproductionmode.Comparedwiththeinternationaltoygiant,mostofthetoyindustryinPearlRiverDeltaRegionareinsmallscaleandproducewithconventionalprocessingequipments.Even90%ofitstoyenterprisesareknownasOriginalEquipmentManufacturer(OEM).UnderOEM,sellersusethebrandnameortrademarkdesignatedbybuyersontheirmanufacturedgoods(ZhouRuiqi,WangXiaoou&XuYuefang,2010:108).Besides,themajorityoftheproductsarethelowaddedvalueproducts,suchasplastictoysandstuffedtoys.Duetothissingleproductionmode,thetoyindustryinthisregionhasdifficultiestotransformandupgradetotechnology-intensiveindustryorcapital-intensiveindustry.3.2ShortageofIndependentBrandAsaresultofthesingleproductionmode,thetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionhastheshortageofindependentbrand.Inthechainofdesign,productionandsales,thetoyindustryinthisregionisonlyattheendofaddedvalue.Comparedwiththeworldwidefamoustoybrands,suchasDenmark’sLEGO,America’sRUSSandDISNEY,PearlRiverDeltaRegionhasseldomfamoustoybrands.Furthermore,thelackofinnovationcapabilitymakesthetoyenterprisesstilldependonthetechnologyanddesignprovidedbytheforeigncustomers.Becauseofthis,thepassivemanagementriskundertakedfor“designdefects”isincreasinglyapparent.3.3Over-centralizedExportMarketAccordingtoChineseCustoms’statistics,theOccidentisstillthemaintoyexportmarketforPearlRiverDeltaRegion,accountingfor67.1%oftotalexports.Whenthetoyenterprisesreceiveordersfromtheoverseascustomers,theyorganizeproductionandthensellabroad.Eventhoughthecentralizedexportmarketcanguaranteethemarketsaleroomoftoys,therearestillrisks.Assumethatoneimportcountryimprovessometoyimportstandardsthatourexporttoyenterprisesdon’tconformto,thewholebatchesofthisexporttoysarecertaintosufferlosses.Therefore,toavoidthissituation,thetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionshouldtrytodevelopdiversifiedpotentialexportmarkettopreventthemselvesfromsufferingunnecessarylosses.3.4LackofStandardizedSupervisionOwingtothesmallproductionscaleoftoyindustryinPearlRiverDeltaRegion,therearesomedifficultiesforadministrativeauthoritiestosupervisetoacertaindegree.Moreover,thelegalregulationsofourcountryarestillnotsoperfect.Itishardtoformulateaseriesofunifiedstandardizedsupervisionprocedurewhichmaypromotethehealthdevelopmentoftoyindustry.Forinstance,in2009,GuangdongInspectionandQuarantineBureauhasissuedadocumentwhichrequireseachextendeddepartmentstohavestrictinspectionsupervisionoftheplasticiseritemofexporttoys,inordertomeettherequirementsofnationallimitsontheplasticiserandthearearequirementsoftheimportingcountry.4.ImpactofTBTfromtheOccidentonToyIndustry4.1ImpactFactorsXiaYoufu(2005:19)said,“TechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT)meanssomemandatoryorvoluntarytechnicalmeasuresforthereasonthatacountryorregionalorganizationsaimtoprotectitsessentialsecurity,protectthehealthandsafetyandlifeofhumanandanimalandplant,protecttheenvironment,preventthefraud,ensuretheproductquality,etc.”Particularly,tosynthesizethecurrentsituationandexistingproblemsoftoyindustryinPearlRiverDeltaRegion,theimpactfactorofTBTfromtheOccidentinthisregioncanmainlysummarizeastwofactors,oneistechnicalregulationandtheotherisconformityassessmentprocedure.4.1.1TechnicalRegulationsSunJingshui(2005:32)definedtechnicalregulationsastothetechnicaldocumentsthatshouldbecompulsoryexecutedofthetechnicalregulationsrelatedtoproductcharacteristicsortheirrelatedprocessesandproductionmethods,whichconcludelawsandregulations;orders,decisionsandregulationsissuedbygovernment;andnon-governmentinstitutions,suchasthetechnicalspecifications,guidelines,criteriaandinstructionsformulatedbyindustryassociations,etc.AccordingtotherelevantregulationsofEU,oncethedefectiveorpotentialsafetyhazardoftoystobefoundinthemarketofmemberstates,EUwillissueanalertnotificationabouttheunsafeproductswithintheEUthroughtherapidreportingsystem.Anditwillordermanufacturers,importersorretailerstorecallorevacuatetherelevantproductsfromthemarket,andthenprohibitthisproductstoberesoldtoathirdcountrybeyondEU.4.1.2ConformityAssessmentProceduresSunJingshui(2005:33)consideredconformityassessmentproceduresmeananydirectorindirectprogramstodeterminewhethertheproductsmeettherequirementsofthetechnicalregulationsortechnicalstandards.TBTagreementprovidestheconformityassessmentproceduresthatincludesampling,testingandinspection,evaluation,verificationandassuranceofconformity,registration,accreditationandapprovalaswellasothercombinations.Generallybelievedthatconformityassessmentproceduresconsistofthreecomponentswhicharecertification,accreditationandmutualrecognition.OnJuly22,1993,theEuropeanCommunity(EC)announced“ECCouncilNo.93/68/CEEDirective”.Accordingtothisdirective,duringtheprocessofproductionandbeforethelaunchtothemarket,anytoymustcomplywiththesafetystandardor“basicrequirements”setbytherelevantdirectivesoftheEU.Forexample,beforethelaunchtothemarket,themanufacturersoritsagentsintheEUmustaffixthemarkof“CE”onthetoys,whichindicatesthatthisproductscomplywiththeEUdirectiverequirements.4.2ImpactAspectsImpactofTBTfromtheOccidentontoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionmainlyembodiesinthefollowingfouraspects.Theyareexportrestriction,recalledinbatchesofproducts,increasedproductioncostsandreputationdamage.Next,wewillhaveaspecificanalysisofeachaffectedaspect.4.2.1ExportRestrictionChinaistheworldtoyexportsuperpoweranditsannualexportvolumeis50billiondollars,accountingformorethan50%oftheworld’stotal.However,inrecentyears,thetoyexportsofPearlRiverDeltaRegionhasadownturntrend.Comparedwiththedevelopedcountries,technicalregulationsandtechnicalstandardsinChinahavelaggedbehind.Nowadays,theUnitedStateshas55kindscertificationsystemandEuropeanUnionhas9kindsunifiedcertificationsystem,butChinahasnotyetformedaunifiedcertificationsystem.About70%to80%ofChina’stoyindustrystandardsarelowerthantheinternationalandforeignadvancedstandards,anditistherootcausethatmanysubstandardcommoditieshaveexcludedfromtheinternationalmarket(QinFeng,2008:101).Asaresult,toyexportsofPearlRiverDeltaRegionwillsufferseriousexportrestriction.Moreover,duetostrongeconomyandhightechnologystrengthoftheOccident,higherleveltechnicalstandardsandmorestrictregulationswillresultinthetoyproducts.EspeciallytheenvironmentalstandardstotheproductscausemanyexportproductsoftoyindusrtyofPearlRiverDeltaRegioncannotcatchupwiththerequirementoftheOccident.Forinstance,notonlyEUhasunifiedtechnicalstandardsandregulations,butalsoeverycountryhasitsownstrictstandards,sothattheycanalwayschooseimportedgoodsstandardstotheiradvantage.Sincethetechnicalstandardsofournationarenotsoperfect,thestricttechnicalstandardsoftheOccidentwillsomehowrestrictourtoyexports.Besidescomplexandharshcertificatesystems,accreditationsystemsandinspectionprocedureshavereducedChina’sinternationalcompetitivenessonexportsandtheprolongingofinspectiontimemakesthebestsalesopportunitiesofproductslost.Tosomeextent,thissituationwillrestrictourtoyexports.AboveisaffectedbytheTBTfromtheOccident,whichhasledexportrestrictiontotoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion.4.2.2ProductsRecalledinBatchesTheConsumerProductSafetyCommission(CPSC)istoprotectAmericanconsumersfromunsafedamagetotheproductsanditisthemostpowerfulandsevereconsumerprotectionagencyintheUnitedStates.Itisentitledtoprohibitthesaleofunsafeproducts,ortodeprivethesalerightandrequirethesellerstotakeunqualifiedproductsback.Inrecentyears,products“MadeinChina”havebeenonthetopofCPSCRecallList.AccordingtotheofficialauthoritydatareleasedbytheCPSC,thestatisticalanalysisofitstoyrecallnotificationsfrom2007to2009asfollowing:From2007to2009,CPSChasissued181timestoyrecalls,involving164timesofChineseproducts,accountingfor90.61%.79timesin2007,Chineserecallsaccountfor97.53%ofthetotalnumberoftherecalledtoys;57timesin2008,accountingfor89.06%,and28timesin2009,accountingfor82.53%.AlthoughtherecallofChinesetoyproductshasadecliningtrend,therecallnumberisstillfarmorethananyothercountry.ThespecificsituationisshowninTable4.1.Table4.1TheNumberofRecalledToysfrom2007-2009(CPSC)Amongalltheserecalls,ToyRecallofMATTELin2007isatypicalexample.MATTELannouncedtheglobalrecallofnearly21millionChinesetoysforthreetimes,whichhadarisedcrisisofconfidenceinChinesetoyexports.Itisreportedthatthereasonwhythesetoysarerecalledisthattheymayhavesmallsparepartswhichcanbeswallowedbychildrenormaycontainleadpaintwhichwillharmthehumanhealth.Becausetheserecalledproductsdonotconformtothetechnicalregulationsandconformityassessmentproceduresoftheimportingcountries.OnAugust27,LiChangjiang,ministerofAQSIQ,heldanewsreleaseconferenceintheStateCouncilInformationOffice.HeindicatedthatamongthenumberofrecalledmillionpiecesChinesetoysfromMATTEL,85%ofthedesignandproductareinaccordancewiththerequirementsoftheUnitedStates,whileonly15%oftheproducts’leadcontentdonotmeettherequirementsoftheUnitedStates.Atlast,thesubsequentinvestigationofMATTELfoundthatamongtherecalledtoys,theproblemsofmostproductsareduetothedesignofMATTELandtheyhavenothingtodowithChina.However,thesuccessiverecallshavenodoubtaheavyhittothetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion.4.2.3ProductionCostsIncreasedInrecentyears,theprovisionsofTBTontoysfromtheOccidentbecomemuchmorecomplex.EffectedbytheTBTfromtheOccident,theoperatingcostsoftoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionareboundtoincreasebyalargemargin.TheRestrictionofHazardousSubstances(ROHS)DirectiverequiresthatfromJuly1,2006,thelaunchofthenewelectronicandelectricalequipmentinthemarketdonotcontainlead,mercury,steel,hexavalentchromium,polybrominateddiphenylethers(PBDE)andpolybrominatedbiphenyls(PBB).However,itisdifficulttodosoinashortterm,evenifthenewmaterialsthatdonotcontainharmfulsubstancesbedeveloped.Sinceitwillincreasetheproductioncosts,itisdifficulttopromoterapidly.Meanwhile,thecorrespondingtestitemsincreased,theproductioncostswillriseaccordingly.Itisnothardtofindthatmoretechnicalregulationsandconformityassessmentproceduresformulatedrequiremorelaborpowerandphysicalresourcestocopewiththeexportproducts.Certainly,theproductioncostswillincreasecorrespondingly.4.2.4ReputationDamageEffectedbytheTBTfromtheOccident,thetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionhassufferedfromsuccessivetoyrecalls,directlyleadingthereputationandeconomydamagesontheenterprises,evenemerginga“domino”effect.Forinstance,thetoyrecallofMATTELin2007hascausedafatalhittoChinesetoyexports.ItnotonlymakesChinesetoysdifficulttoentertheU.S.market,butalsoinducesEU,JapanandothercountriestostayawayChinesetoysbecauseofthenegativeimpactofthe“problemtoys”.Atthattime,largenumberofChinesetoymanufacturerswereinadifficultsituation,orevenbankruptcy,andthebankruptcyofFoshanLIDAToysCo.,Ltd.isatypicalexample.Aftertherecallincident,thetoymanufacturershavebeenconstantlydenouncedbyAmericanpublicopinionandthenegligenceofthemandtheirsuppliersareexposedandamplifiedonebyanother.Thereupon,thisenterpriseisrequiredtoreformbytheEntry-exitInspectionandQuarantineDepartmentandtheAQSIQhasannouncedthesuspensionofitsexports.However,beforetheincident,theoutputofFoshanLIDAhasrankedthesecondinthetoyindustry.Justoneweek,thisjointventureiscollapsedthoughithasawellproductionrecordfortenyears.5.CountermeasuresAsanadministrativedepartmentofacountry,thegovernmentplaysanimportantroleinthetransaction.ThegovernmentnotonlyshouldhavecarefulanalysisofTBTchangesfromothercountries,butalsoshouldhelptheindustryorganizationsandexportenterprisesofPearlRiverDeltaRegiontorespondtotheTBTfromtheOccidentactively.Fromtheviewofthewesterndevelopedcountries,theindustryorganizationshavegenerallybecomethemakerofindustrytechnicalstandardsandgamerulesofothercountries,oreventhemainproponentofformulatingindustrialpoliciesofthecountry.Especiallywhentradefrictionoccured,theindustryorganizationshelpenterprisestoresolvetradedisputesactively.Therefore,theindustryorganizationsplayanirreplaceableroledifferentfromgovernmentandexportenterprisesinsettlingtradedisputesaboutTBT.Asthesubjectofthefreetrade,exportenterprisesarethemostdirectlypartysubjectedtoTBTfromtheOccident.ThefateoftheenterprisesaredeterminedbyhowtheydealwiththeTBTfromtheOccident.Asaresult,theexportenterprisesshouldalongwithgovernmentandindustryorganizationstodealwiththeTBTfromtheOccident.ItisnotaneasytasktodealwiththeTBTfromtheOccident.Therefore,itrequiresgovernment,industryorganizationsandexportenterprisestouniteandcooperate,withtheirownvantages,overcomingthefaceddifficulties.Here,thecountermeasurescanbesummarizedintothefollowingfiveaspects.5.1EstablishingSpecializedTBTConsultativeCenterThetechnicalregulationsandconformityassessmentproceduresoftheOccidentareoftenvariousincontentsanddifficulttooperate.Therefore,itisnecessarytoestablishspecializedTBTconsultativecenter.Thegovernment,toyindustryorganizationsandexportenterprisesofPearlRiverDeltaRegionshouldmobilizeallkindsofresources,acquiringtherelatedpolicies,directivesandbackgroundinformationoftheOccidentwhicharepossibleaffectingourtoyexports.Thatistosay,usingdifferentmethodstounderstandthetrueintentionsoftheimportingcountries.Forexample,WTO/TBTQingdaoNotificationandEnquiryCenterestablishedin2006,hasmadegreatachievements.Recently,thisinstitutionhasprovidedthesystemdocumentrelatedtotheNo.208TBTBulletin(ornamelyEuPDirective)ofEUtotheHaierGroup.ThisdocumentincludesthefirstimplementationmeasureofEuPDirective,andChina’scommentsonthisBulletin,andthelegislativebackgroundandtheprogressoftheimplementationmeasureofthisEuPDirective.Besides,ithasplayedanimportantroleinadjustingproductstructure,improvingtechnicalstandardsandincreasingexportcapacityforHaierGroup.Fromtheabovesuccessfulcase,thetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegioncandoso.Firstly,thegovernmentshouldtaketheleadtoestablishsoundtechnicalregulationandconformityassessmentproceduressystemathome.Then,theindustryorganizationsandexportenterpriseshelptosetupinformationcenteranddatabase,updatingandanalyzingtheimpactofTBTfromtheOccidentontoyindustry.5.2EstablishingIndustrialWarningMechanismTheexistingreseaonofTBTistheinterestcontradictionofthesimilarproductproducersbetweenimportingcountriesandexportingcountries,sothattheformerfindsmeanstoputforwardexcessiveorover-frequenttechnicalstandardstoprotectdomesticindustry.Itisthenon-cooperationbehaviorthatimportingcountriestodealwiththecompetitionoftheimports.WhethertheTBTisproposedornot,itdependsonthedamageordamageleveltothepoweroftheimportingcountries’market.Therefore,itisentirelypossibletoestablishindustrialwarningmechanismtodealwiththepossiblyoccuredTBT.Forinstance,in2009,theInjuryWarningMechanismofNon-ferrousMetalIndustryhasbeenestablished.Itworkswiththehelpofexpertanalysisandearlywarningmodels.Andthenittracksandmonitorstheoperationofnon-ferrousmetalindustry,thechangesofthemarketdevelopmentandenterpriseoperationthroughtheinfluenceofdomest