HND经济学导论提要OUTCOME3

MarketFailureandGovernmentPolicy

SCN:177099996

GTB4

LiWenxuan

Tutor:LouQiuyin

November6th,2016

Content

1.0introduction

2.0MarketFailure

2.1MeritGoods

2.2PublicGoods

2.3ImperfectCompetition

2.4Externalities

3.0WelfarePolicy

3.1Someimportantwelfare

3.1.1childbenefits

3.2Caseofwelfare

3.3Instrument

4.0Conclusion

Reference

IntheUK,childbenefitisoperatedbyHerMajesty'sRevenueandCustoms(HMRC).AsofApril2015,Thisis£20.70perweekforthefirstchild(includingtheeldestofamultiplebirth)and£13.70perweekforeachadditionalchild.

ThesystemwasalsoimplementedinAugust1946as"familyallowances"undertheFamilyAllowancesAct1945,atarateof5s(=£0.25)perweekperchildinafamily,exceptfortheeldest.ThiswasraisedfromSeptember1952,bytheFamilyAllowancesandNationalInsuranceAct1952,to8s(=£0.40),andfromOctober1956,bytheFamilyAllowancesActandNationalInsuranceAct1956,to8sforthesecondchildwith10s(=£0.50)forthethirdandsubsequentchildren.

By1955,some5,000,000allowanceswerebeingpaid,toabout3,250,000families.

Itwasrevisedin1977,withthepaymentsbeingtermed"childbenefit"andgivenfortheeldestchildaswellastheyoungerones;by1979itwasworth£4perchildperweek.In1991,thesystemwasfurtheraltered,withahigherpaymentnowgavethefirstchildthanfortheiryoungersiblings.InOctober2010,theConservative-LiberalDemocratcoalitiongovernmentannouncedthatChildBenefitwouldbecancelledfromhouseholdscontainingahigher-ratetaxpayerfromJanuary2013.

Aftersomecontroversythiswasamendedsothatanyhouseholderwithaleastonepersonwithprescribedincomeover£50,000wouldloseChildBenefitbyataperwhichremoveditaltogetherwhentheincomereached£60,000.Thiscameintoforceon7January2013.

3.3Instrument

IntheUK,childbenefitisadministeredbyHerMajesty'sRevenueandCustoms(HMRC)

4.0Conclusion

Overtheyears,thewelfarepolicyhelpstabilizethesocialorder,ensurethepeople'slivingstandards,thegeneralimprovementofsocialmaterialandculturallevel.Closethegapbetweentherichandthepoorarea,easesocialcontradictionsinallwalksoflife.However,,atthesametime,theyearsofhighwelfare,letgovernmentdeficitcontinuetoincrease,andweakeningtheenthusiasmofpeopletowork,makesocialefficiencyislow,andtheresultingaseriesofstrugglebetweentheparties.

Reference

Externalities/wiki/ExternalityBuchanan,James;Wm.CraigStubblebine(November1962)."Externality".Economical.29(116):371–384.doi:10.2307/2551386

Caseofwelfare，

/wiki/Child_benefit

，

Https://.uk/government/publications/tax-and-tax-credit-rates-and-thresholds-for-2015-16/tax-and-tax-credit-rates-and-thresholds-for-2015-16#child-benefit-and-guardians-allowance

Jumpup^Whitaker'sAlmanack:Fortheyear1958,p.1127.J.Whitaker&Sons,London,1957

Jumpup^"SpendingReview,October2010,UnitedKingdomHMTreasury,Oct2010.

Jumpup^"HMRCHighIncomeChildBenefitcharge

Redo:

3.1.1ChildBenefits

.Nomatterhowmuchyouearnorhowmuchinsuranceyoupay,youareeligibleforChildBenefitaslongasyouhaveadutytocaringforthechild.Benefitsapplytochildrenunder16yearsofageandareeligibleifchildrenaged16to18arestillenrolledinnon-tertiaryinstitutions.

HowtoApply:RequestbythehospitalortheSocialSecurityOffice.

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