学术综合英语unit1-5课后习题答案

..Unit1Task2Acontraryto implicitassertionlookupadaptedSustainunbiasedInthecourseofmetaphorclutterBbolstercredibleimpromptusparinglyanecdoteCredentialstestimonyhypotheticalparaphrasejuxtapositionTask3TranslationB.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲,你可以确保你的思想是相关联的,你的思路从一点谈到另一点,你的讲话结构是连贯的。通常,准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。在准备发言提纲中,应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想,并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点,发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成,这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时,可采用准备提纲的模式,尽可能使你的发言提纲简要,同时,要确保提纲清晰,易于辨认。C.1.Theyoungergenerationshouldcontinuetosustainanddevelopourfinetraditionsandlong-standingculture.2.Inthecourseofpreparingone’sspeech,oneshouldbeclearlyawareofhowonecouldmakeeffectiveuseofstatisticsandexamplestobolsterone’spointofview.3.Animpromptuspeechisoneofthespeakingskillsthatcollegestudentsshouldlearnanddevelopthroughpractice.4.Byusingsimileandmetaphor,youcanmakeyourlanguagemorevividandmoreattractivetoyouraudience.5.Theproperexamplesyoucitemighthelpreinforcetheimpressiononyourlistenersandmakeyourviewpointsmoreconvincing.6.Whenyouarespeaking,youshouldchoosecommonandeasywordsandatthesametimeavoidclutterinyouspeech.7.Whenyouwriteapaper,citingtheviewsfromsomeexpertsisagoodwaytomakeyourideasmorecredible.8.Agoodmethodofdeliveringaspeechwillimproveitsqualityandwillhelpconveythespeakers’ideasclearlyandinterestingly.9.Youshouldmotblindlyuseawordthatyouarenotsureabout,andifyouarenotsure,lookupthewordinadictionary.10.Yourlanguageshouldadapttotheparticularoccasionandaudience.Ifyourlanguageisappropriateinallrespects,yourspeechissuccessful.D.Beforeyoudeliveranacademicspeech,youshould,firstofall,getwellpreparedforit.Then,youshouldmakeyourmajorpointsclearinyourspeech,andyourspeechshouldbewellorganized.Whenspeaking,youshouldnotspeaktoofast,andyourlanguageshouldbeexplicit.Don’talwaysreadthenotesyoupreparedbeforehand.Fromtimetotime,youshouldlookatyouraudience.Ononehand,youcanshowyourrespecttoyouraudience,andontheotherhand,youwillbeabletogoonwithyourspeechmoresmoothly.Unit2Task2VocabularyDevelopmentdevastatingposedmassivecontributetotriplemenaceliabilityconsensusentailsplausibleplausibleportendpindownaggravatingstaggeringonaparwithemergenceresurgencedetractfrominadequacyTask3TranslationB．能源和人类利益有着双重关系。人类历史发展长河中,由于利用能源成本低廉,人们主要关注能源和人类XX关系中有利的一面。然而,过去一百年以来人口以空前速度增长,引起了能源需求的激增,同时,人均工业能源需求亦急剧增长。因此,能源利用所需成本越来越高,无论是外延成本还是内涵成本。一方面,能源资源加速减少,能源供应所需投入越来越高；另一方面,相比之下,外延成本更加令人忧虑,原因是能源利用严重威胁大众健康和安全,不断破坏全球生态系统,并可能引发大规模军事冲突。C．1.Energyuseshouldbenefitglobalsustainabilitysothatitcancontributetolong-termhumanwell-being.2.Today,thisconsensushasgivenwaytoavarietyoffamilystylesasaresultofpeoplelivinglonger,marryinglater,anddivorcingmore.3.Muchofthecurrentresearchentailsclosecollaborationwithindustry,whichleadstoaprofitableexchangeofpersonnelandideas.4.Ifwecannotpindownexactlywhatwearesupposedtobemanaging,howcanwemanageit?5.Themagnitudeofurbanmigrationinrecentyearsisevidenceofmoredisturbingtrends:theexpandinggapbetweenrichandpoor,rapidpopulationgrowthandincreasingenvironmentaldegradation.6.Thestudentsperceivedthatthetoxicitytestingofaninsecticideisonaparwiththatofacosmetic.7.Thispresentationdescribesalargesetofplausiblegoals,atleastoneofwhichshouldbeachievedwithinyears.9.Eventheverymediocreservicesandfoodatthebeautyspotdidnotdetractfromtheenjoymentofthetourists.10.Tofinancehertwodaughterswhoarebothatcollege,shebeganmakinghandicrafttoaugmentthefamilyincome.D.Itisdifficulttoquantifythetotalcontributionofallthesefactorstothemonetarycostsofenergysupply,inpartbecausefactorsnotrelatedtotheenvironmentareoftenentwinedwithenvironmentalones.Forexample,constructiondelayshavebeencausednotjustbyregulatoryconstraintsbutalsobyproblemsofengineering,managementandqualitycontrol.Nevertheless,intheUS,environmentalimpactshaveincreasedthemonetarycostsofsupplyingpetroleumproductsbyatleast25percentduringthepast20years,andthecostsofgeneratingelectricityfromcoalandnuclearpowerby40percentormore.Unit3Task2VocabularyDevelopmentA.inotherwordsenforcedregardlessofaddressinvolvedborderingonappliedtosuggestconvictionsavailableB.subsequentwhoppingfatalitiessporadicallypriortoprodturnedupwhimnailcrashTask3TranslationB.在感恩节的周末,24小时内发生了2起车祸,撞死3人,使得过去2周里斯普林菲尔德城市道路上死亡人数上升到6人。本年度还剩下最后1个月,在斯普林菲尔德至少有17人死于车祸,其中包括上周在44号州际公路上撞死的来自芝加哥的一家三口。周日,斯普林菲尔德的一对夫妇,58岁的乔恩.保尔和59岁的詹尼特.保尔在南格林斯顿大道的2400街区被车撞死.据警察讲述,上午10点半左右,乔恩.保尔南行的2001现代胜菲擦边撞上了一辆同样往南开的1995年出产的克莱斯勒柔斯,司机是27岁的查理.罗德,来自阿肯色州的山居。乔恩.保尔的车继续南行,撞在斯普林菲尔德国家公墓的砖墙上,又撞上了一根公用电线杆。斯普林菲尔德消防队把对夫妇从车里拉了出来,詹尼特.保尔杯当场宣布死亡,乔恩.保尔不省人事,被送到圣约翰地区医疗中心,之后也被宣布死亡。警察在调查现场时交通被关闭了４小时。C.1.Thestatisticsshowthatfataltrafficaccidentsincreaseby15percentbecauseofthedeclineoftrafficcitations.2.Theresearcherspointoutthattheinnocentareoftenmadetopaythepriceforthecarelessnessofdrivers.3.Manypeoplelinktrafficaccidentstocellphoneusage,alcoholandspeedingviolations.4.Withinfourmonthsofreceivingatrafficticket,adriver’sriskofbeinginvolvedinacrashwillbebackuptowhereitwasbeforethecitation.5.Besidesenforcinghighwaysafetylaws,therearelotsofotherthingsforthegovernmenttospendmoneyon.6.Thoughmillionsofpeopledieintrafficaccidentseveryyear,wehavecometoacceptitasawayoflife.7.Accordingtorelatedreports,everyyearmillionsofchildrenaroundtheworldarepermanentlydisabledintrafficaccidents.8.Thetworesearcherssetouttoseeifthereisacorrelationbetweentrafficticketsandtrafficaccidents.9.Inaseparateevent,atrafficcopwashitbyacaranddiedwhenwritingatrafficticket.10.Afterabriefrest,everythingisbacktobusinessasusual.D.Usingadrivingsimulator,someUSresearchersstudiedthedrivingof40people.Someofthemdrovewhiletalkingonacellphone,othersnavigatedwhiledrunk,andothersdrovewithnosuchdistractionsorimpairments.Theresultsshowedthattherewerethreeaccidentsinwhichthedriversweretalkingoncellphones---alloftheminvolvingarear-ending.Theresearchhasfoundthatthosetalkingonthephonewhiledrivingaremoresluggish.Inaddition,talkingonthephonecanreducereactiontimeby9percentintermsofbrakingand19percentintermsofpickingupspeedafterbraking.Unit4Task2VocabularyDevelopmentHEJABCDIGFDDBABCBADATask3TranslationB.或许正是我们的男女社会观念加深了女人比男人话多这一模式化印象,甚至导致这些不同沟通方式的出现。如果一个女人真的在别人说话时插嘴,她或许会被认为是话多,或许会为此受到批评,因为我们的文化---还有其他许多文化---如此教导女性：她们如果想要有女人味就必须文静。或许男性文化鼓励男孩和男人支配谈话并且更经常打断谈话,而且健谈和频繁打断话头的男性不会为此受到批评。研究性别对交流所产生的作用的专家们针对沟通模式和沟通风格方面的这些差异进行探究,以便了解在男女对话中为什么会产生误解。误解的产生常常是因为他们的对话风格和方式存在极大的差异。为了能学会更好地和异性交流,我们有必要认识这些差异。C.1.Sincewomenoftenthinkintermsofclosenessandsupport,theystruggletopreserveintimacy.2.Don’tlethermakemischiefbetweenyou－sheisonlyjealous.3.SexualharassmentisanissuethatfrequentlyarisesintheU.S.andthatmaystrikeyouaspeculiar,inpartbecauseyourcountrymaynothavesimilarlaws.4.Thereisaconsiderablemeasureofoppositionbothlocallyandinthemediaagainstthegovernment’splantobuildanothernuclearpowerplant.Butthegovernmentwillgetitswayintheend.5.TheDivorceLawReformUnionwasfoundedbyasmallgroupofprominentBritishmaleleaderswhosetabouteffectingDoyle’sreformplans.6.IntheearlymorningofApril15,1912,theTitanic,theworld’slargestoceanlineratthetime,sankafterstrikinganiceberg.Laterinvestigationturnedupatleast20casesofpeoplehavingpremonitionsofthedisaster.7.Endingaspeechisthemostdifficultpartformanyspeakers.Aconclusionwithappropriatemoodandcontentrequiresadelicatetouch.8.ThestudythatEllenquotesasherscientificbasisformen’saversiontosmartwomenisbasedonastudybypsychologyresearchersattheUniversityofMichigan.9.Whenyoucommunicate,keepinmindthateventhoughEnglishisconsideredtheinternationallanguageofbusiness,itisamistaketoassumethateverybusinesspersonspeaksgoodEnglish.10.Granted,futuredomesticrobotscanhelprelievehousewivesfromheavyroutinehouseholdchores.Butmoatfamiliescannotaffordsuchamachineevenifitisavailable.D.Inherbest-sellingbookYouJustDon’tUnderstand,DeborahTannenpointsoutthat,althoughAmericanboysandgirlsoftenplaytogether,theyspendmostoftheirtimeplayinginsame-sexgroups.Shealsopointsoutthatboysandgirlsdoplaysamegamestogether,buttheirfavoritegamesareveryoftenquitedifferent.Tannenandotherresearchersonthistopichavefoundthatyoungboys,sayages8though12,tendtoplayoutsidethehouseratherthaninthehouse,andtheyplayinlargegroupsthatarehierarchicallystructured.Agroupofboysgenerallyhasaleaderwhotellstheotherboyswhattodoandhowtodoit.Itisbygivingordersandmakingtheotherboysplaybytherulesthatboysachievehigherormoredominantstatusintheirplaygroups.WritingPracticeTask1Thistablefeaturestherelationshipbetweenlearningandearningaswellassalarydifferencesbetweenmenandwomenbelongingtothefourcategorieslistedinthetable.First,forwomenwhohaveahighschooldiploma,theiraverageincomeis$18,648ayearwhilemenwiththesamelearningearn$26,766ayear.Next,womenwhograduatewithanassociatedegreeearn$24,849ayearonaveragewhilemenwiththesamedegreeearn$32,349ayear.Then,womenwithabachelor’sdegreeearn$29,284ayearandmenwithabachelor’sdegreeearn$40,381ayear.Last,womenwithamaster’sdegreeearn$35,018ayearwhilemenwiththesamedegreeearnmore:$47,260ayearonaverage.Aswecanseehere,themoreonelearns,themoreoneearns.Andthisaccountsforthefactthatstudentsallovertheworldareworkinghardforhigherdegrees.Anotherfactthatcannotbeignoredissexdiscriminationinpay.Withthesameeducationalbackground,womenareearning30%lessthanmenonaverage,whichisadiscouragingstatistic.Task2Thisbargraphshowshowfrequentlypeopleusetheircellularphonestocommunicatewithothers.Eachbarrepresentsaparticulargroupofpeoplewithwhomcellularphoneuserscommunicate.Startingfromthefirstbarontheleft,weseethat73%ofcellularphoneusersusetheirmobilephonetocommunicatewithfriendsorfamily.Then,movingtotheright,wesee48%ofcellularphoneusersusetheirphonetocommunicatewiththeirco-workers,39%withotherbusinessassociates,31%withcustomersand11%withothers.Aswecansee,thecellularphoneismostfrequentlyusedbypeopleasameansofconveyingpersonalorprivatemessages.Asacommunicationtool,thecellularphoneismuchsaferandconvenientcomparedwiththedesktelephone.Itcanbeusedalmostanytimeandanywhere.Andwithitsreducedsellingpricesandcost,thecellularphonewillbecomemoreandmorepopular.Task3Thisisapiechartshowinghowon-the-jobcommunicationtimeisspent.Aswecansee,55%ofpeople’son-the-jobcommunicationtimeisspentonlistening,13.3%onreading,8.4%onwritingand23%onspeaking.Wecaneasilyseetheimportanceoflisteningskillsintheworkplaceaspeoplespendmorethanhalfoftheirtotalon-the-jobcommunicationtimelisteningtootherpeopletalking.Theyhavetousetheirlisteningskillseffectivelywhiletheyareatmeeting,havingdiscussions,onthephone,ortakinginstructions.Thesecondmostimportantcommunicationskillisspeaking.Peopleatworkoftenhavetotalktoothers.Forexample,theyhavetotalktotheirboss,supervisors,colleaguesandcustomers.Readingandwritingskillsarealsoimportant.Inordertokeeppacewiththelatestdevelopmentsandup-to-dateinformationinone’sfield,onehastoreadextensively:books,journals,magazines,newspapersandinformationontheInternet.Writingisimportantatworkaswell.Jobsinvolvingresearchpapers,memos,reports,etc.allrequireeffectivewritingskills.Infact,whateverkindofjobonehas,oneneedstobegoodatthesefourbasiccommunicationskills.Task4Thisisalinegraphshowingthenumberofchildrenaged12andunderwhowerediagnosedwithHIVanddiedofAIDSfrom1985to1995.Aswecansee,duringaten-yearperiodoftime,thenumberofHIV-infectedchildrenrosefrom250in1985to6,700in1995.Inotherwords,thenumberofHIV-infectedchildrenunder12increasedbyalmost3,000%,ornearly30timesoveraten-yearperiodoftimeandduringthesameperiodoftime3,811childrendiedofAids.Thisisaheartbreakingfact,andinthemajorityofcaseschildrenacquireHIVfromtheirinfectedmotherduringpregnancy,labour,deliveryor,afterbirth,throughbreastfeeding.Also,asmallnumberofchildrenacquireHIVinfectionasaresultofreceivingunscreenedinfectedbloodorbloodproducts.Therefore,themosteffectivewaytoreducethenumberofchildrenwhobecomeinfectedwithHIVistopreventHIVinfectioninparents-to-be.Thisrequiresstrengtheningoffamily-planningservice.Ofcourse,healtheducationisalsoveryimportant.PeopleneedtoknowthatchildrencanbecomeinfectedwithHIV.AtthesametimemorecareandsupportshouldbegiventotheHIV-infectedchildrensothattheycanlivealongerandbetterlife.Unit5Task2VocabularyDevelopmentBenactedimplementintractableimpactfragilepayoffsprosecutedaccountablecompliancepettyTask3TranslationB.当前是一个信息即时交流的时代,要想掩盖恶行越来越难,因为眼下私人侦探、走漏政府内部信息的人、愤愤不平的竞争对手以及那些刨根问底的记者们都会把那些贪污腐败的官员和奸商暴露出来。由于腐化堕落会断送事业前程,所以曝光是一种重要的威慑力量。仅去年一年,被丑闻拉下台的就有乌克兰总理、南非副总统、巴西执政党领袖、肯尼亚政府的几名地位显赫的部长以及美国众议院多数党领袖。但是要确保腐败丑闻不会像色情电视剧那样重复上演,就必须进行系统的变革。领导层的变革在诸如世界银行、经济合作与发展组织、联合国、透明国际以及国际商会等重点机构已经展开或者即将展开。改革后的新领导班子应该与非政府组织以及其他重要机构〔如出口信贷机构、国际执法部门等领导人携手合作,以便制定全面的反腐战略,就近期和中期行动达成共识。C.1.Acidrainpoisonsfish,destroysfor