普通心理学第七讲演示文稿

普通心理学第七讲演示文稿1目前一页\总数三十七页\编于十四点（优选）普通心理学第七讲2目前二页\总数三十七页\编于十四点ThoughtThinking,meansrepresentingthingsmentallyandoperatingontheserepresentations.3目前三页\总数三十七页\编于十四点OutlineUnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsReasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingLanguage4目前四页\总数三十七页\编于十四点1.UnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsMentalImages&MentalModelsConceptsandCategoriesPropositions5目前五页\总数三十七页\编于十四点1.1MentalImagesandMentalModelsMentalImageAvisualrepresentationofastimulus.MentalModelsRepresentationsofsystemsthatenablepeopletodescribe,explain,andpredictthewaythingswork.6目前六页\总数三十七页\编于十四点1.2ConceptsandCategoriesConceptsMentalrepresentationofaclassofobjects,ideas,oreventsthatsharecommonproperties.CategorizationTheprocessofgroupingobjectsconsideredequivalentandexcludingthosethatarenot.Visualized&morethanvisualimage(car)Well-defined&FuzzyConcepts(good)7目前七页\总数三十七页\编于十四点8目前八页\总数三十七页\编于十四点ConceptsanditsOrganizationSetTheorySetofDefining(core)FeaturesFeatureIntegrationModelPrototypes原型Bird----robin&penguin9目前九页\总数三十七页\编于十四点概念与归类狗样例定义特征德国牧羊犬猎狗长毛卷耳狗玩具狮子狗四足、有尾动物吠声、气喘、淌口水通常受驯养、友好能捉跳蚤10目前十页\总数三十七页\编于十四点水果样例的典型性11目前十一页\总数三十七页\编于十四点概念的形成Hypothesis-testingTheory整体策略部分策略同时性扫描连续性扫描保守性聚焦博弈性聚焦12目前十二页\总数三十七页\编于十四点1.3PropositionsThesmallestunitsof

meaning

thatcanstandaloneasanassertionandbejudgedtrueorfalse.13目前十三页\总数三十七页\编于十四点2.Reasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingReasoningProblemSolvingDecisionMakingFactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingParallelDistributedProcessingUsingComputerstoSimulateThoughtADifferentPerspective:psychodynamic/behavioralview14目前十四页\总数三十七页\编于十四点2.1ReasoningReasoningtheprocessbywhichpeoplegenerateandevaluatelogicalargumentsInductiveReasoning----observationreasoningfromspecificobservationstogeneratepropositionsthatareprobablytrue.DeductiveReasoning----ideaDrawingconclusionsfromassumptionsorpremises. 15目前十五页\总数三十七页\编于十四点三段论(Syllogism)AllA(s)areBCisanACisaB16目前十六页\总数三十七页\编于十四点三段论推理未婚者都不戴结婚戒指。小李未戴结婚戒指。所以，小李未婚。卡片一面是数字，一面是字母。如果卡片一面是字母A，另一面就是数字3。要验证第二个命题，必须翻什么卡片？AB3217目前十七页\总数三十七页\编于十四点2.2ProblemSolvingTheprocessoftransformingonesituationintoanotherthatmeetsagoal.18目前十八页\总数三十七页\编于十四点2.2.1TheProblem-solvingProcess Theproblemspace NoproblemInitialStateOperatorsGoalState19目前十九页\总数三十七页\编于十四点2.2.2ThreeComponentsInitialstateExistingofproblemOperatorsmentalandbehavioralprocessesaimedattransformingtheinitialstateuntiliteventuallyapproximatesthegoalstate.GoalstateProblemissolved20目前二十页\总数三十七页\编于十四点2.2.3StepsinProblemSolvingHollandetal.(1986):four-stepprocessDifferencesbetweenthetwostatesIdentifyandselectpossibleoperatorsApplytheoperators(Subgoals)ContinueusingoperatorsuntildifferencesareeliminatedWellorIll-definedproblemScience/Sociallife(信息和标准)21目前二十一页\总数三十七页\编于十四点Problem-SolvingStrategiesAlgorithmsSystematicproblem-solvingproceduresthatinevitablyproduceasolution.HeuristicsCognitiveshortcutsorRulesofThumbHypothesistestingExperience/Expectation/Motivation/Personality如何解决：半夜时分隔壁宿舍太闹/过得不开心22目前二十二页\总数三十七页\编于十四点2.3DecisionMakingDecisionmakingTheprocessbywhichanindividualweighstheprosandconsofdifferentalternativesinordertomakeachoice.Information-processingmodelsUtility/ProbabilityUtilityValueWeightedUtilityValueExpectedUtility23目前二十三页\总数三十七页\编于十四点24目前二十四页\总数三十七页\编于十四点RiskStrategies

(nonstatisticalriskestimate)Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetowin$100Suregainof$80Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetolose$100Surelossof$80Risk-averse/Risk-seekingstrategyOptimisticbias(whenestimateownrisks)25目前二十五页\总数三十七页\编于十四点2.4FactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingRepresentativeness&AvailabilityHeuristicDecidingwhetheranobjectorincidentbelongsinaparticularclass.Judgingthelikelihoodofsomethinghappeningonthebasisofitsavailabilityinmemory.ConfirmationBias2,4,6,MentalSetFunctionalFixedness26目前二十六页\总数三十七页\编于十四点2.5ParallelDistributedProcessingRuelhartetal.,1986:PDPmodelofcognitionTwopropositionsofPDPmodelParallelLetter-recognition/word-recognitionDistributed27目前二十七页\总数三十七页\编于十四点2.6UsingComputerstoStimulateThoughtArtificialIntelligenceGPS,GeneralProblemSolverELIZAExpertSystems28目前二十八页\总数三十七页\编于十四点2.7ADifferentPerspective:PsychodynamicandBehavioralViewofDecisionMakingRationaldecisionmakerofinformation-processingtheory.Decisionsinvolvemotivationandemotion,whichcanbetoomanyandirrationalandnotberepresentedinconsciousawareness.SyllogismaboutChairmanMaoWilson&Schooler(1991):草莓酱Wilsonetal.(1993)：艺术画29目前二十九页\总数三十七页\编于十四点AssignmentNo.4人类思维过程容易出现失误。为什么？ 请展开思路，从多个角度加以说明。30目前三十页\总数三十七页\编于十四点3.LanguageThesystemofsymbols,sounds,meanings,andrulesfortheircombinationthatconstitutestheprimarymodeofcommunicationamonghumans.31目前三十一页\总数三十七页\编于十四点MaintopicsonlanguageLanguageandThoughtTransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningFromBabblingtoBanteringNonverbalCommunicationIsLanguageDistincttoHumans?32目前三十二页\总数三十七页\编于十四点3.1LanguageandThoughtHununoo(Philippines):92namesforriceGender/timephraseinEnglishB.Whorf(1956):WhorfianHypothesis

LanguageshapesthoughtThoughtshapeslanguageRosch(1973):Danipeopleforcolor(onlytwo)TheUnitedStates/TheseUnitedStates33目前三十三页\总数三十七页\编于十四点3.2TransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningElementsofLanguagephoneme,morpheme,sentence(phrase),grammarSlipsoftheTongue:Misplaci