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KeytotheExerciseofUnit2VocabularyBuilding1.mess2.preference3.aimlessly4.remarkable/marked5.decisice6.shipment7.fiery8.physically9.action10.housing1.aptitudeattitude2.accountcountedcounted3.talentintelligenceClozeotherjust/onlyhassome/manythanrefusesee/know/understandthatwithoutIfready/willing/educated/taughtwrong/incorrect/erroneousSectionB4.C5.C9.A10.C11.BText21.C2.C3.D4.D5.A6.CUnit3BodyLanguagePonderingquestionsWhatisBodyLanguage?

Non-verbalCommunication

Non-linguisticCommunication

CommunicationwithoutWordsHaveyoueverwatchedpeopleusingbodylanguage?Doyouknowthemeaningsofit?Haveyouevernoticedwhatkindofbodylanguagedoyouprefer?InterestingBodyLanguageFeaturesFromOtherCultures

Youmayoccasionallyhearthephrase‘theworldisgettingsmaller’.Indeed,theInternet,increasedairtravelandtradelinksbetweencountriescanallbecitedascontributoryfactorsinthisageofglobalisation.Morethaneverithasneverbeensoimportanttolearnandunderstandthedifferenceinbodylanguagebetweencultures.Youmightbesurprisedtolearnthatsmalleverydaygesticulations手势inwesternculturemaybeperceivedasrudeandignorantinothercultures.Similarly,certainaspectsofbodylanguageinotherculturesmayseemoverlyfamiliarorinvasivetothosethataremorereserved.KissingKissinginthewesternworldisacomplexthing.Apersoncankissandbekissedaffectionately,platonically友谊式地orpassionately.Thereisaworldofdifferenceinappropriatenessbetweenapeck轻吻andasmooch[smuːtʃ]热吻.Kissingbetweentheoppositesexesiswidespreadbothprivatelyandpublicly.Insomemoreconservativecultures,kissingamembertheoppositesexinpublicisadefinitefauxpas[‘fəu’pɑ:]失礼,especiallyindeeplyreligioussocieties.InChinaandJapan,kissingisnotusualasagreeting.WhilstcountriessuchastheUSA,AustraliaandtheUKhaveyettoseemenkissingasagreeting,awelcomingplatonickissonbothcheekswiththesamesexisamatterofcourseinmanyregions,especiallyaroundtheMediterranean,NorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast.PointingInthewesternworld,weoftenpointatthingstohelpexplainapoint.Althoughitissometimesconsideredrudetopointdirectly,ageneralpointwiththeforefingerataninanimateobject静物isfine.However,inmanyAsiancountries,suchasChina,pointingwiththeforefingerinpublicisconsideredquiterude.Thealternativeistogesticulatetowardsthepointofinterestwithanopenpalmthatfacesupwards.TheRightHandshakeThewayyoumeetandgreetsomeoneisperhapsoneofthemostdiversebodylanguagepracticesintheworld.Whereyoucomefromwilloftendeterminethewaythatyougreetaperson.Inthewesternworld,handshakesbetweenmenandwomenareofcoursethemostwidespreadformofgreeting.Inlessformalcircumstances,huggingandakissonthecheekarealsocommonlypractised.ThisalsotendstobethecasenowformanyMiddleEastern,AfricanandAsiancountries,particularlyinbusinesssituations.Butagain,certainsocialetiquette['ɛtɪkɛt]willcomeintoplay–forinstanceinastrictMuslimculture,kissingawomaninpublic,especiallyifsheisunmarried,wouldnotbeacceptable.Amanwouldonlyshakehandswithawomanifsheofferedhimherhandfirst.ThereisalsomoreemphasisplacedonusingthecorrecthandinMuslimandHindusociety.Thelefthandisconsideredunclean,sopracticessuchashandshakingandeatingareonlyeverperformedwiththerighthand.BowingThehistoricactofbowingisstillverymuchinpracticeinplaceslikeJapan,ChinaandKorea.Thesecountriesaresteepedinaculturewhererespectforeldersandthoseinauthorityisoftheutmostimportance,andaresometimesregardedasthemostreservedculturesintheworld.Inthewesternworld,directeyecontactisseenasasignofstrengthandinterest–inmanyAsiancountriesitisperceivedasrude.However,didyouknowthatbowingcanvarybetweendifferentculturesandregions?Thewayyoubowcanalsodependonthesocialsituationandthereasonyouarebowing.Forinstance,thewayyoubowwhengreetingsomeonecanbedifferenttoabowofapologyorthanks.Inthewesternworld,directeyecontactisseenasasignofstrengthandinterest.ButinmanyAsiancountriesitisperceivedasrude,sothereisnodirecteyecontactwhenbowing.InJapan,eyecontactisgenerallynotdirectwheninconversation–apersonwilltendtolooktowardsthecollar衣领areainstead.MisunderstoodTherearecertainbodylanguageactsthatmanywesternersmightnotevenconsidertoberudeabroad.Forinstance,bitingyourthumbinItalyisconsideredrude,butItaliansmaynotrealisethatsittingwiththesoles鞋底ofyourfeetonshowintheMiddleEastwouldbeseenashighlydisrespectful.Likewise,someonefromtheMiddleEastmaynotrealisethatgreetingamemberofthesamesexwithakissonbothcheekswouldbedeeplyinappropriate.AMuslimpersonbelievesthatbowingisonlyappropriateinworship.AChinesepersonmaynotrealisethataBritishpersonwouldconsidertheirmorerelaxedattitudetospittinginpublicverybadmanners,andaBritishpersonmaynotconsiderthatmakingthe‘OK’signwiththeindexfinger食指andthumbinBrazilwouldbeseenashighlyoffensive.Ifyouintendtotravelabroad,itisalwaysworthresearchingthesocialetiquetteofyourdestination.Religion,socialstanding,genderandtheregioncanallaffectwhatisconsideredappropriate,whatisnormalandwhatisexpected.Alittleeffortinunderstandingotherculturesinthiswaycanproveinvaluablewithensuringasuccessfulandenjoyableexperience.Text1:SignalWithoutWordsSpend5minutesskimmingText

1whilebearingthequestionsof1-10onPage39inmind.2.B3.A4.B5.C6.A7.A8.C9.B10.CWhatisSignalWithoutWords?Whatissnapjudgment?snapjudgment/decision:ajudgmentordecisionmadequickly,withoutcarefulthoughtordiscussionHowmanyformsof"snapjudgment"canyouname?Is"snapjudgment"soundorunsound?What’sthestructureofthetext?Two“telling”formsofbehaviorClothes

apersonwearsornamentsColorpreferencesPreferencesinarchitectureandfurnitureConclusion:Perhapssnapjudgmentsaren’tsounsoundafterall.Proposal:

CommunicationwiththebodyevidencesProposal:Communicationwiththebody

Whatisthemainideaofpara1?Thoughpeopleconsideritunsound,theyoftenmakesnapjudgmentsandmayfindthemtobefairlyreliable.Snap:tobreakwithasuddensharpnoise,ortomakesthbreakwithasuddensharpnoise.snapjudgment/decision:ajudgmentordecisionmadequickly,withoutcarefulthoughtordiscussionSound:

sensibleandlikelytoproducetherightresults.Thebookisfullofsoundadvice.Sbwhoissoundcanbedependedontomakegooddecisionsandgivegoodadvice.Heisverysoundonmattersoflaw.Proposal:CommunicationwiththebodyWhatisthemainideaofpara2-3?Whypeopleconsidersnapjudgmentunsound.antipathy:afeelingofstrongdislikeorhostilitytowardssomeoneorsomethingantipathyto/towardsagrowingantipathytowardsthegovernmentShe'doftenspokenofherantipathytowardsLondon.

assume=presume:tothinkthatsthistrue,althoughyoudonothavedefiniteproof假定,设想,assume(that)Ididn'tseeyourcar,soIassumedyou'dgoneout.itis/seemsreasonabletoassume(that)Itseemsreasonabletoassumethatthebookwaswrittenaround70AD.Ithinkwecansafelyassumethatinterestrateswillgoupagainsoon.letus/let'sassume(that)(=usedwhenthinkingaboutapossibleeventorsituationanditspossibleresults)Letusassumeforamomentthatwecouldindeedfireher,shouldwe?WhenitgottomidnightandPaulwasstillnotback,Ibegantoassumetheworst(=thinkthattheworstpossiblethinghadhappened).Proposal:CommunicationwiththebodyWhatisthemainideaofpara4-5?Behavioralsciences’opinionsnapjudgmentmaysendinformation,andtheirevidencesaboutit.behavioral:adjformofbehaviorThethingsthatapersonoranimaldoesoverestimate:tothinksthisbetter,moreimportantthatitreallyis.Acalculation,judgment,orguessthatistoolarge.Oppositetounderestimatepartially=partly:notcompletely,Rememberthatyouarepartiallyresponsiblefortheirunhappiness.aspiration:astrongdesiretohaveorachievesomething=ambition渴望到达旳目旳,雄心,建立丰功伟绩旳强烈愿望ahighlevelofpoliticalaspirationaspirationoftheaspirationsoftheworkingclassesaspirationfortheirhopesandaspirationsforthefutureconviction:averystrongbelieforopinion深信,确信religious/politicalconvictionsawomanofstrongpoliticalconvictionsdeep/strongconvictionconvictionthatThestudentspossesstheconvictionthattheycanmakeadifferencetotheircommunity.token:somethingthatrepresentsafeeling,fact,eventetc作为…旳标志atokenofyourgratitude/respect/appreciationPleaseacceptthisgiftasasmalltokenofourappreciation.aringgivenintokenoflove一只象征爱情而给旳戒指Weshookhandsasatokenofourfriendship.我们握手，以表达我们旳友谊。CollegeringaringwornbystudentsandalumniintheUnitedStatestocommemoratetheircollegegraduationAclassring(alsoknownasagraduate,seniorring,orgradring)isaringwornbystudentsandalumniintheUnitedStatestocommemoratetheirgraduation,generallyforahighschool,college,oruniversity.ThePhiBetaKappaKeyThePhiBetaKappaSocietyisanacademichonorsocietywithmissionsto"celebrateandadvocateexcellenceintheliberalartsandsciences;andforinductionofthemostoutstandingstudentsofartsandsciencesatAmerica’sleadingcollegesanduniversities."FoundedonDecember5,1776,isamongtheoldestundergraduatesocietiesintheUnitedStates.Todaythereareoverhalfamillionlivingmembers.PhiBetaKappa(ΦΒΚ)standsfor"Loveoflearningistheguideoflife."ThesymboloftheSocietyisagoldenkeyengravedontheobversewiththeimageofapointingfinger,threestars,andtheGreeklettersfromwhichthesocietytakesitsname.ThestarsaresaidtodaytorepresenttheambitionofyoungscholarsandthethreedistinguishingprinciplesoftheSociety:friendship,morality,andlearning.Onthereversearefoundtheinitials"SP"inscript,whichstandfortheLatinwordsof"PhilosophicalSociety".trait:aparticularqualityinsomeone'scharacter一种人旳性格方面旳特征,明显旳特点personality/charactertraits性格特征markedJapanesetraits日本人旳明显特点nationaltraits民族性amentalillnessassociatedwithparticularpersonalitytraitsperceive:notice,see,orrecognizesomethingThatmorning,heperceivedachangeinFranca'smood.Catsarenotabletoperceivecolor.perceivethatHeperceivedthattherewasnootherwayoutofthecrisis.TheMiddleAgesTheMiddleAgesofEuropeanhistory(adjectiveformmedievalormediaeval)areaperiodinhistorywhichlastedforroughlyamillennium,commonlydatedfromthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthe5thcenturytothebeginningoftheEarlyModernPeriodinthe16thcentury,markedbythedivisionofWesternChristianityintheReformation,theriseofhumanismintheItalianRenaissance,andthebeginningsofEuropeanoverseasexpansion.TheVictorianeraoftheUnitedKingdomwastheperiodofQueenVictoria'sreignfromJune1837toJanuary1901.Two“telling”formsofbehaviorClothes

apersonwearsornamentsColorpreferencesPreferencesinarchitectureandfurnitureConclusion:Perhapssnapjudgmentsaren’tsounsoundafterall.Proposal:

Communicationwiththebodyevidencesstance:thepositionofastandingpersonoranimal=posture一种站立旳人或者动物旳姿势stance:anopinionthatisstatedpubliclystanceonWhatisyourstanceonenvironmentalissues?stanceagainstastrongstanceagainstabortiontake/adoptastanceThePresidenthasadoptedatoughstanceonterrorism.takeamoderatestance