2023年英国社会与文化知识点试题

chapter1AgeneralsurveyUK全称:Officialname---theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.----theUnitedKingdomoftheUK每个nation旳capitalCapitalcityNationalEmblemEnglandLondonroseScotlandEdinburghThistle蓟花WalesCardiff加旳夫Daffodil水仙花NorthernIrelandBelfast贝尔法斯特Shamrock三叶草NorthernIreland:LoughNeagh:thelargestlakeinBritainwhichcoversanareaof396k㎡(内伊湖)3、Scotland:BenNevis:thehighestmountaininBritain（本尼维斯山）4、Edinburgh:1.thecapitalcityofScotland2.economiccenterofScotland3.atouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninUK(RoyalMiles&PrincesStreet)皇家英里大道&王子大街（1）Edinburghcastle(十字皇宫）:symbolofEdinburgh&situatedonamoundofVolWindsorcastle(温莎城堡）:largestoccupiedcastleHolyroodpalace（荷里路德宫）：theofficialresidence（住处）oftheMonarchoftheUnitedKingdominScotland,locatedatthebottomoftheRoyalMileinEdinburgh,attheoppositeendtoEdinburghCastleThestoneofdestiny命运之石Coronationstone加冕石==referredtoinEnglandReferendum苏格兰公投EnglandMountain-thePennines(北乃恩山脉)BackboneofthecentralNorthernEnglandLondonEast-poorWest-richimportantriverinLondon：Thames泰晤士河LondonEye：thelargestFerrisWheel摩天轮inEurope/BigBen=ElizabethTowerthelargestfour-facedchimingclockWestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特教堂PalaceofWestminster威斯敏斯特宫HouseofParliament国会大厦BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫FurtherinformationNationalcurrency（本国货币）：GBP=GreatBritainPound（英镑）Nationalday：Queen’sBirthday2ndSaturdayofJunesince1952实际=April21,1926Nationalflag：UnionFlagadoptedonJan1st1801Nationalflower：roseLocation：WesternEurope6、Geography(Q:DescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain?).Location---LocatedoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope---anislandcountrysurroundedbyfourseas.tothesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromcontinentalEurope.totheeastbytheNorthSea.tothewestbytheIrishsea.tothenorthbytheAtlanticOcean7、Land&People.veryunevenlydistributed:90%urban10%rural.Britainmultiracialsocietyand1in20peopleareofnon-Europeanethnicity8、Climate:aFavorableMaritimeClimate（海洋性气候）Q:.arainy,d（温和旳）wintersandcoolsummers.asteadyandreliable（稳定旳）rainfallthroughouttheyear.asmallrangeoftemperature(4-6℃inthenorthinWinter,and12-17℃inthesouthinsummer)AndFactor影响原因.ThesurroundingwatersQ:.south-westwinds.NorthAtlanticDrift（北大西洋漂流）9、TheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealthOfficialname+TheBritishIsles-----GreatBritain(England,Wales,Scotland)-----NorthernIreland(alsoknownasUlster)-----TheRepublicofIreland(alsotheIrishRepublic,formerlyEire)-----NumeroussmallerislandsBritishIslesBritishIslesUnitedKingdomIrelandRepublicNorthernOfIrelandIrelandGreatBritainScotlandWalesEnglandWalesEnglandChapter2.Government1、政治体制--议会制君主立宪制ConstitutionalMonarchy君主立宪制ParliamentaryDemocracy议会民主制2、Monarch君主:QueenElizabethⅡBorn:April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1952Officiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrunBythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister3、MagnaCarta(=GreatCharter)大宪章KingJohn(agreedin)1215Q:WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave?-Shereignsbutdoesnotrule(临朝不理政)Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers:.anintegralpartofthelegislature.headoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudiciarybranches.thecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown.”supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEngland4、Parliament:LegislativebodyLocatedinWestminsterQ:ParliamentconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLords&theHouseofCommonsParliament（aFrenchwordforatalking-place).Femalesallowedtovoteuntil1918.Aby-electionisheldwhenaMemberofParliamentdies,retiresorresigns(递补选举)Q:MainFunctionofParliament:.tomakelaws.tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment.tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney.todebatethemajorissuesofthedayTheHouseofLords上议院ConsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(神职议员)andthelordsTemporal(世俗议员）withtheLordchancellor（大法官）asthePresidentoftheHouseTheheadoftheHouseofCommons--theSpeaker议长NextonlytothePrimeMinisterHouseofCommonsnumberofmembers6505.Executive行政Executivebody:theSovereign,PrimeMinister&CabinetNo.10DowningStreet唐宁街10号→Legislature-Parliament→HouseofLords(semi-political)→HouseofCommons(Political)Monarch(non-political)→Executive:PrimeMinister&Cabinet(Political)→Judiciary:HouseofLords(non-political)Chapter3GeneralElection&PoliticalParties1.GeneralElection(1)Theelectorate(选民，有选举权者):About99%ofthepopulation(excludingcriminals,insane(疯旳）people,etc)intheUKhaverighttovote.(2)Constituencies(选区):about650(3)Thetermofaparliament:5years(4)Thepartywhichholdsamajorityoftheseatsinparliamentformsagovernment,withitspartyleaderasPrimeMinster(5)InBritainthecitizensaged18oroverhavetherighttovote.(6)InBritainacandidatemustbeatleast21oroverwiththedeposit（押金）of500pounds.(7)TheUK’sFirst-Past-the-Post(简朴多数票当选)electoralsystem.Q:Itwascoinedasananalogytohorseracing1).Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.2).Allotherrunnersautomaticallyandcompletelylose.3).Itis“winner-takes-all”(赢者统吃)4).Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvoteswins.UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,2023TheConservativeParty,ledbyDavidCameron,wonthelargestnumberofvotesandseatsbutstillfelltwentyseatsshort.Thisresultedinahungparliament（悬垂议会）wherenopartywasabletocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.Coalitiontalks（联合申明）beganimmediatelybetweentheConservativesandtheLiberalDemocratsandlastedforfivedays.OnTuesday11May,BrownannouncedhisresignationasPrimeMinister,makingtheendof13yearsofLabourgovernment.ThiswasacceptedbyQueenElizabethⅡ,whotheninvitedDavidCamerontoformagovernmentandbecomePrimeMinister2.PoliticalPartiesHistoryofPoliticalParties---Priortothemid-19th:TheTory(托利党)TheWhig(辉格党)---Betweenthemid19thcenturyand1920s:TheTories--theConservativeParty(保守党)TheWhig--theLiberalParty(自由党)---Post1920s:TheConservativePartyTheLabourParty2.1.Conservatives:thefeaturesoftheConservativePartyQ:.relativelyrichandprivileged.thepartyofthecentral-right.opposedtogreatchangesinsociety.haveabeliefinprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol.maintenanceoftheexistinginstitutionsasitspolicyBigNames.WinstonChurchill:PM1940-1945&1951-1955.MargretThatcher:PM1979-1990.DavidCameron:PM2023-present2.2.LabourParty:ThefeatureoftheLabourPartyQ:.relativelypoorandunderprivileged.thepartyofcentral-left(thereformist,non-revolutionary).aimingatthenationalizationasthemeansofproductionanddistribution.fewresourcesandheavilydependentonthetradeunions.haveamajoreffectonUK’sNationalHealthServiceBigNamesTonyBlair1997-2023GordonBrown2023-2023EdwardMiliband2023-2023JeremyCorbyn2023-present2.3.ScottishNationalParty苏格兰民族党2023第三大党2.4.UnitedKingdomIndependenceParty英国独立党Chapter4EconomyIntroduction:FactoryoftheworldBritishDisease---amockingtermQ:Whatis“BritishDisease”?(1)atermusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdeclineafterthewars.(2)Britain’sslowgrowthofproductivity,soaringinflation,andlargeunemploymentamajordevelopedcapitalistcountry6thlargesteconomyin20233periodsofBritaineconomicevolution.Steadydevelopmentinthe50sand60s;.Economicrecessioninthe70s;.Economicrecoveryinthe80s;.Bythe1880s,dominantintheworld,*onethirdoftheworld’smanufacturedgoods*halfitscoalandiron*halfitscotton.By1900,overtakenbyUSandGermany6.ReasonsforRelativeDeclineQ:WhatcausestherelativedeclineofUKEconomy?(1).heavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar.(2).theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover-decolonization殖民地独立(lossesofrawmaterial&market).(3).militaryexpense(untiltheprocessofdecolonizationcompletedinthe1960s).$.lackedinvestmentinmodernequipmentandnewproducts.$.lowratesofdomesticindustrialinvestment$.highrateofoverseasinvestment$.lackofacloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks.Absolutedeclinea.Introductionandrelativedeclineb.ReasonsforrelativedeclineEconomyc.RecentHistoryThecurrentPrimaryIndustriesUKeconomySecondaryIndustriesTertiaryIndustriesCasesAnalysisPositiveEffectsNegativeEffects7.Primaryindustries--EnergyProduction.5%ofnationalwealth.Coal.oilandgas:NorthSea(declinesince1999).producerandexporter.offshoreoilindustry8.Secondaryindustries*manufacturing(20%ofnationalwealth)Pharmaceuticals(GlaxoSmithKline),chemicals(ICI)Aerospace航天(3rdlargestintheworld)Electronicsindustry(4thlargestintheworld)9.Tertiaryindustries.Serviceindustries(65ofnationalwealth).Domesticactivity:retailing,tourism.Internationalservices(10%~70%).Financialandbusinessservices10.LondonStockExchange(伦敦证券交易所)In2023,amarketcapitalization(资本总额)ofUS$2.63trillion,madeitthefourthlargeststockexchangeintheworldandthelargestinEuropeChapter5literatureOldEnglishPeriod(449-1066)Background:TheAnglo-SaxonsfromNorthernEuropebroughttheirlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish,aswellasaspecificpoetictradition.OldEnglishliteratureisalsocalledAnglo-SaxonLiterature.Beowulf《贝奥武夫》:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons北欧大陆盎人迁移英格兰旳英雄史诗，杀死海怪(seamonsterGrendel)LateMedieval(中世纪)EnglishLiterature(1066-14thcentury)difficultiesandcalamities(灾害),suchasfamine,plague,andwar,(darkage)theBlackDeathfolkliterature(民间文学)RobinHood《罗宾汉》*GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟-thefatherofEnglishpoetry(wisdom,humor,humanity)TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》(26stories)Itismadeupofaseriesofstoriestoldbypilgrims(朝圣者）toentertaineachotherontheirwaytotheChristianChurchatCanterburyEnglishRenaissancePeriod(15thcentury-early17thcentury)StaredinItalyTheRenaissance-aFrenchwordwhichmeansrebirthorrevivalHumanism人文主义-theessence(本质)oftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing(人旳尊严)&theimportanceofthepresentlife(爱惜当下).PeakofEnglishRenaissance:ElizabethanDrama英国文艺复兴时期旳巅峰:伊丽莎白戏剧*WilliamShakespeare威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616)Tragedies:RomeoandJuliet,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear李尔王,Macbeth麦克白HistoricalPlays:RichardⅢ,RichardⅡ,HenryⅣ,HenryⅤComedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇,AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦,TwelfthNight,TheTempest,TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行诗(Afourteen-linelyricpoemwithasingletheme,usuallywritteniniambicpentameter)抑扬格五步格诗*ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)Utopia《乌托邦》*JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674)ParadiseLost《失乐园》*FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根Essays《随笔》4.TheNeoclassicalPeriod(新古典主义时期1660-1798)*AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)AnEssayonMan人论(=ParadiseLost)*SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguage/London(英语辞典)9年*JonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特Gulliver'sTravels格列夫游记*DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记*HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁英国小说之父TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding弃婴汤姆.琼斯旳故事5.TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期(1798-1832).twomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic)*RobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯ARed,RedRose一朵红红旳玫瑰/AuldLongSyne往昔时光*WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯(beganwith)LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集/IWanderedLonelyasaCloud“湖畔”派诗人:WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治RobertSouthey骚赛*SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治TheRimeofAncientMariner古舟子咏*GeorgeGordonByron乔治.戈登.拜伦DonJuan唐.璜*JohnKeates约翰.济慈OdetotheWestWind西风颂*WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克SongsofInnocence天真之歌SongsofExperience经验之歌SirWalterScott沃尔特.斯科特爵士(endedin)Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》(12世纪英国”狮心王”查理)*JaneAusten简.奥斯丁upper-middle-classSenseandSensibility理智与情感PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见Emma爱玛6.TheVictorianPeriod(1837-1901)维多利亚时期*CharlesDickens查尔斯.狄更斯OliverTwist雾都孤儿ATaleofTwoCities双城记GreatExpectations远大前途TheBronteSisters*CharlotteBronteJaneEyre简爱*EmilyBronteWutheringHeights咆哮山庄*AnneBronteAgnesGrey安格尼斯.格雷*WilliamThackeray威廉.萨克雷VanityFair名利场*ThomasHardy托马斯.哈代TessoftheD’Urbervilles德伯家旳苔丝*OscarWilde奥斯卡.王尔德TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快乐王子故事集TheNightingaleandtheRose夜莺与玫瑰TheModernPeriod*GeorgeBernardShaw乔治.伯纳.萧SaintJoan圣女贞德Pygmalion卖花女(MyFairLady窈窕淑女)Chapter6EducationTheUKSchoolSystem:compulsory(义务)betweenagesof5and16years,totalof11years1、Co-educatedSchools:1).admitbothboysandgirls联合教育学校2).AcademicYear:dividedintothreeterms,withholidaysatChristmas,Easter,andinthesummer3).followtheNationalCurriculumguide-linessetdownbygovernment2、StateSchool:totallyfundedbythegovernmentandfree3、IndependentSchool:foundedbythefeeschargedtotheparents(publicschool公学)4、PrimaryEducation:Pre-schoolingwhichcalledNurserySchool5、SecondarySchools:1).GrammarSchools(文法中学3%)：“the11plus”examination,preparingstudentsforhighereducation.2).ComprehensiveSchools(综合中学83%):Noentranceexam,generaleducation.3).SecondaryModernSchool(现代中学7%)6、ThehighSchoolCurriculum:1)16years:GCSEExamination2)16-18yearsA-LevelCourse:3-4subjectsstudentschoosethesubjectstheywishtostudy.3)18years:A-LevelExaminationGCSE:GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(中学生毕业证书)7、HigherEducation:receivefundsfromthecentralgovernment.Theamountoffundingisbasedonitssize,thenumberofstudentsitteaches,andtheresearchitconducts8、EntranceProcedures:1).Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.2).Admission--selectiononbasisofAlevelresults&aninterview9、FamousUniversities:1)TheUniversityofOxford:1.TheoldestuniversityintheEnglishspeakingword.2.TeachingexistedatOxfordin1096anddevelopedrapidlyfrom1167.TheUniversityofCambridge:second-oldest...(1281)---TwocharacteristicsofOxfordandCambridgeCollegesystem(学院制度)Tutorialsystem(导师制度)3)TheUniversityofLondon:1.Itwasfoundedin1836.(联邦制大学)2.afederationofcolleges4)BuckinghamUniversity:theonlyindependentuniversity5)OpenUniversity:UKlargestuniversityforpart-timehigherChinese&BritishEducationSystemYearChinaAgeBritainYear5PrimarySchool11ElementarySchool622733844955106611SecondarySchool77JuniorMiddleSchool1288139914GCSECourseGCSEExaminations1010SeniorMiddleSchool15111116A-LevelCourseA-LevelExaminations12121713ChineseHigherEducationEliteedu.VSMassedu.EnrollmentexpansionResourcesarestrainingEducationqualityissufferingIntensecompetitioninthejobmarketUnit7BritishForeignRelation---imperialhistory---geopoliticaltraits地缘政治特点HowForeignPolicyismade?ForeignPolicy→ThePM&Cabinet→GovernmentdepartmentsWhenthesecondworldwarended,itwasstillthelargestmilitarypowerinwesternEurope.TheNuclearClubRussia,USA,France,Britain,Israel,China,India,Pakistan,NorthKoreaWhydoesBritainhaveitsnuclearnavalforce?---Becauseit’satraditionalseapower.MemberofUNSecurityCouncil联合国安理会---oneofthefivepermanentmembers(greatinfluence)---othermembers--Russia,China,theUS,FranceMemberoftheEuropeanUnionSince1973MemberofNATO北约---NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization---asystemofcollectivedefenseTheCommonwealthofNations英联邦国家---TheBritishcommonwealthisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.殖民地TheUKanditsrelationwiththeUSA.AlliedduringWWⅡ√.WorkedtogetheragainstUUSR√.The1956SuezCrisis×Conclusion.Britainisnolongerasuperpower,butitstillhasgreatinfluenceinmilitarypowerintheworld(navy,nuclear).Britainforeignpolicyinfluencedmainlybyitshistoryandgeopoliticaltraits..Britainsitsataveryimportantseatinmanyinternationalinstitutions,suchastheUN,theEU,NATO,Commonwealth,etc.Chapter8TheBritishMediaWhatfunctionsdoyouthinkthemediahave?.videaforumforpeopletoexpresstheirviews.seekadvice.givepeopleentertainment.serveforthepoliticalandeconomicsystem.workasamonitorNewspaper(types)Thequalitypress(thebroadsheets)严厉类大版面报纸Thetabloids(thegutterpress)通俗类小版面报纸SomequalitynewspaperinUKTimes《泰晤士报》oldestdailynewspaperTheDailyTelegraph《每日电讯报》--工党右TheGuardian《卫报》TheObserver《观测家报》oldestSundaynewspaperSometabloidsinUK.TheDailyMail《每日邮报》--保守党DailyMirror《每日镜报》--工党TheSun《太阳报》Chapter9SportsFootballFootballAssociation(FA)FootballHooligans流氓，恶棍Policepatrolthestreets,pubsnearthefootballgroundsareclosed,andshopslocktheirdoor.TennisWimbledon温布尔顿GolfByScottishatSt.Andrew’s圣安德鲁斯HorseRacingRoyalAscot英国皇家爱斯科赛马会Equestrianism马术Chapter10FestivalReligionsholiday:Christmas/EasterNationalholiday:Queen'sbirthdayRegionalholiday:EnglandBonfireNight篝火之夜NorthernIreland:St.Patrick’sDay圣帕特里克节3.17Sco