固体废弃物全过程管理

固体废弃物全过程管理第1页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一4-1PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFMSW

ImportantphysicalcharacteristicsofMSWincludespecificweight,moisturecontent,particlesizeandsizedistribution,fieldcapacity,andcompactedwasteporosity.第2页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一SpecificWeightSpecificWeightisdefinedastheweightofamaterialperunitvolume.BecausethespecificweightofMSWisoftenreportedasloose,asfoundincontainers,uncompacted,compacted,andthelike,thebasisusedforthereportedvaluesshouldalwaysbenoted.Specificweightdataareoftenneededtoassessthetotalmassandvolumeofwastethatmustbemanaged.Unfortunately,thereislittleornouniformityinthewaysolidwastespecificweightshavebeenreportedintheliterature.Frequently,nodistinctionhasbeenmadebetweenuncompactedorcompactedspecificweights.第3页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一TypeofwasteSpecificweight,lb/yd3Moisturecontent,%byweightrangetypicalrangetypicalResidential(uncompacted)foodwaste220-81049050-8070paper70-2201504-106cardboard70-135854-85plastics70-22011001-42textiles70-1701106-1510rubber,170-3402201-42leather170-4402708-1210yardwastes170-38017030-8060wood220-54040015-4020glass270-8103301-42Tincans85-2701502-43Aluminum110-4052702-42Othermetal220-19405402-43Dirt,ash,etc.540-16858106-128Ashes1095-140012556-126rubbish150-3052205-2015第4页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一TypeofwasteSpecificweightMoisturecontent,%byweightrangetypicalrangetypicalResidentialyardwastes)Leaves(looseanddry)50-25010024-0-4030Greengrass(looseanddry)350-5040040-8060Greengrass(wetandcompacted)1000-1400100050-9080yardwaste(shredded)450-60050020-7050yardwaste(composted)450-65055040-6050municipalIncompactortruck300-76050015-4020InlandfillNormallycompacted610-84076015-4025Wellcompacted995-1250101015-4025第5页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一TypeofwasteSpecificweightMoisturecontent,%byweightrangetypicalrangetypicalcommercialFoodwaste(wet)800-160091050-8070appliance250-3403050-21Woodencrates185-27018510-3020Treetrimmings170-30525020-8050Rubbish(combustable)85-30520010-3015Rubbish(noncombustable)305-6105055-1510Rubbish(mixed)235-30527010-2515ConstructionanddemolitionMixeddemolition(combustable)Mixeddemolition(uncombustable)MixedConstruction(combustable)Brokenconcrete1685-2695505-675305-6052020-3035239560544025952-104-154-150-5488-第6页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一TypeofwasteSpecificweightMoisturecontent,%byweightrangetypicalrangetypicalindustrialChemicalsludges(wet)1350-1885168575-9980Flyash1180-151513502-104Leatherscraps170-4202706-1510Metalscrap(heavy)2530-337030000-5-Metalscrap(light)840-151512450-5-Metalscrap(mixed)1180-253015150-5-Oilstars,asphalts1350-168516000-52Sawdusts170-59049010-4020Textiles170-3703056-1510Wood(mixed)675-114084030-6025第7页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一TypeofwasteSpecificweightMoisturecontent,%byweightrangetypicalrangetypicalagriculturalAgricultural(mixed)675-126594540-8050Deadanimals340-840605--Fruitwastes(mixed)420-126560560-9075Manure(wet)1515-1770168575-9694Vegetablewastes(mixed)340-118060560-9075第8页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一MoistureContentThemoisturecontentofsolidwastesusuallyisexpressedinoneoftwoways.Inthewet-weightmethodofmeasurement,themoistureinasampleisexpressedasapercentageofthewetweightofthematerial;inthedry-weightmethod,itisexpressedasapercentageofthedryweightofthematerial.Thewet-weightmethodisusedmostcommonlyinthefieldofsolidwastemanagement.第9页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一Inequationform,thewet-weightmoisturecontentisexpressedasfollows:

第10页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一ParticleSizeandsizeDistributionThesizeandsizedistributionofthecomponentmaterialsinsolidwastesareanimportantconsiderationintherecoveryofmaterials,especiallywith①mechanicalmeanssuchastrommelscreens②magneticseparators.

第11页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一Thesizeofawastecomponentmaybedefinedbyoneormoreofthefollowingmeasures:第12页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一FieldCapacityDefinition:Thefieldcapacity(场地持水量)ofsolidwasteisthetotalamountofmoisturethatcanberetainedinawastesamplesubjecttothedownwardpullofgravity.Thefieldcapacityofwastematerialsisofcriticalimportanceindeterminingtheformationofleachateinlandfills.Waterinexcessofthefieldcapacitywillbereleasedasleachate.Thefieldcapacityvarieswiththedegreeofappliedpressureandthestateofdecompositionofthewaste.Afieldcapacityof30percentbyvolumecorrespondsto30in/100in.Thefieldcapacityofuncompactedcommingledwastesfromresidentialandcommercialsourcesisintherangeof50to60percent.第13页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一PermeabilityofCompactedWasteThehydraulicconductivityofcompactedwastesisanimportantphysicalpropertythat,toalargeextent,governsthemovementofliquidsandgasesinalandfill.Thecoefficientofpermeabilityisnormallywrittenas固有渗透性水的动力黏度渗透系数第14页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一4-2CHEMICALPROPERTIESOFMSWInformationonthechemicalcompositionofthecomponentsthatconstituteMSWisimportantinevaluatingalternativeprocessingandrecoveryoptions.

Forexample,thefeasibilityofcombustiondependsonthechemicalcompositionofthesolidwastes.Typically,wastescanbethoughtofasacombinationofsemimoistcombustibleandnoncombustiblematerials.

第15页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一Ifsolidwastesaretobeusedasfuel,thefourmostimportantpropertiestobeknownare:1.Proximateanalysis2.Fusingpointofash3.Ultimateanalysis(majorelements)4.Energycontent

WheretheorganicfractionofMSWistobecompostedoristobeusedasfeedstockfortheproductionofotherbiologicalconversionproducts,theinformationwemustknow:1）themajorelements(ultimateanalysis)thatcomposethewaste,2）thetraceelementsinthewastematerials.

第16页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一ProximateAnalysisProximateanalysisforthecombustiblecomponentsofMSWincludesthefollowingtests:1.Moisture(lossofmoisturewhenheatedto105℃for1h)2.Volatilecombustiblematter(additionallossofweightonignitionat950℃inacoveredcrucible)3.Fixedcarbon(combustibleresidueleftaftervolatilematterisremoved)4.Ash(weightofresidueaftercombustioninanopencrucible)第17页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一FusingPointofAsh

definition

Thefusingpointofashisdefinedasthattemperatureatwhichtheashresultingfromtheburningofwastewillformasolid(clinker)byfusionandagglomeration.

Notation:Typicalfusingtemperaturesfortheformationofclinkerfromsolidwasterangefrom2000to2200℉(1100to1200℃).第18页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一UltimateAnalysisofSolidWasteComponentsUltimateAnalysisofSolidWasteComponentstypicallyinvolvesthedeterminationofthepercentC,H,O,N,Sandash(sometimeshalogen).

Thepurpose:TocharacterizethechemicalcompositionoforganicmattersinMSW.第19页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一EnergyContentofSolidWasteComponentsTheenergycontentoftheorganiccomponentsinMSWcanbedetermined(1)byusingafullscaleboilerasacalorimeter,(2)byusingalaboratorybombcalorimeter(3)bycalculation,iftheelementalcompositionisknown.Becauseofthedifficultyininstrumentingafull-scaleboiler,mostofthedataontheenergycontentoftheorganiccomponentsofMSWarebasedontheresultsofbombcalorimetertests.第20页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一EssentialNutrientsandOtherElements

WheretheorganicfractionofMSWistobeusedasfeedstockfortheproductionofbiologicalconversionproductssuchascompost,methane,andethanol,informationontheessentialnutrientsandelementsinthewastematerialsisofimportancewithrespecttothemicrobialnutrientbalanceandinassessingwhatfinalusescanbemadeofthematerialsremainingafterbiologicalconversion.TheessentialnutrientsandelementsfoundintheprincipalmaterialsthatcomposetheorganicfractionofMSWarereportedinTable4-6.

第21页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一第22页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一4-3BIOLOGICALPROPERTIESOFMSWtheorganicfractionofmostMSWcanbeclassifiedasfollows（Excludingplastic,rubber,andleathercomponents

）:1.Water-solubleconstituents,suchassugars,starches,aminoacids,andvariousorganicacids,2.Hemicellulose,acondensationproductoffive-andsix-carbonsugars,3.Cellulose,acondensationproductofthesix-carbonsugarglucose,第23页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一

4.Fats,oils,andwaxes(蜡),whichareestersofalcoholsandlong-chainfattyacids,5.Lignin,apolymericmaterialcontainingaromaticringswithmethoxylgroups(-OCH3),theexactchemicalnatureofwhichisstillnotknown(presentinsomepaperproductssuchasnewsprintandfiberboard),6.Lignocellulose,acombinationofligninandcellulose,7.Proteins,whicharecomposedofchainsofaminoacids.第24页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一PerhapsthemostimportantbiologicalcharacteristicoftheorganicfractionofMSWisthatalmostalloftheorganiccomponentscanbeconvertedbiologicallytogasesandrelativelyinertorganicandinorganicsolids.

TheproductionofodorsandthegenerationoffliesarealsorelatedtotheputresciblenatureoftheorganicmaterialsfoundinMSW(e.g.,foodwastes).

第25页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一BiodegradabilityofOrganicWasteComponents

Volatilesolids(VS)content,determinedbyignitionat550℃,isoftenusedasameasureofthebiodegradabilityoftheorganicfractionofMSW.

〔TheuseofVSindescribingthebiodegradabilityoftheorganicfractionofMSWismisleading,assomeoftheorganicconstituentsofMSWarehighlyvolatilebutlowinbiodegradability(e.g.,newsprintandcertainplanttrimmings).〕第26页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一Alternatively,thelignincontentofawastecanbeusedtoestimatethebiodegradablefraction,usingthefollowingrelationship:第27页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一ThebiodegradabilityofseveraloftheorganiccompoundsfoundinMSW,basedonlignincontent,isreportedinTable4-7.AsshowninTable4-7,wasteswithhighlignincontents,suchasnewsprint,aresignificantlylessbiodegradablethantheotherorganicwastesfoundinMSW.Therateatwhichthevariouscomponentscanbedegradedvariesmarkedly.Forpracticalpurposes,theprincipalorganicwastecomponentsinMSWareoftenclassifiedasrapidlyandslowlydecomposable.

第28页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一第29页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一ProductionofOdorsOdorscandevelopwhensolidwastesarestoredforlongperiodsoftimeon-sitebetweencollections,intransferstations,andinlandfills.Thedevelopmentofodorsinon-sitestoragefacilitiesismoresignificantinwarmclimates.Typically,theformationofodorsresultsfromtheanaerobicdecompositionofthereadilydecomposableorganiccomponentsfoundinMSW.第30页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一BreedingofFliesInthesummertimeandduringallseasonsinwarmclimates,flybreedingisanimportantconsiderationintheon-sitestorageofwastes.Fliescandevelopinlessthantwoweeksaftertheeggsarelaid.Thelifehistoryofthecommonhouseflyfromeggtoadultcanbedescribedasfollows:第31页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一Theextenttowhichfliesdevelopfromthelarval(maggot)stageinon-sitestoragecontainersdependsonthefollowingfacts:Ifmaggotsdevelop,theyaredifficulttoremovewhenthecontainersareemptied.Thoseremainingmaydevelopintoflies.Maggotscanalsocrawlfromuncoveredcansanddevelopintofliesinthesurroundingenvironment.

第32页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一4-4PHYSICAL,CHEMICAL,ANDBIOLOGICALTRANSFORMATIONSOFSOLIDWASTEThepurposeofthissectionistointroducethereadertotheprincipaltransformationprocessesthatcanbeusedforthemanagementofMSW.Thesetransformationscanoccureitherbytheinterventionofpeopleorbynaturalphenomena.

第33页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一Solidwastecanbetransformedbyphysical,chemical,andbiologicalmeans.Onemustunderstandthetransformationprocessesthatarepossibleandtheproductsthatmayresultbecausetheywillaffectdirectlythedevelopmentofintegratedsolidwastemanagementplans.

第34页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一PhysicalTransformationsTheprincipalphysicaltransformationsthatmayoccurintheoperationofsolidwastemanagementsystemsinclude

(1)componentseparation,(2)mechanicalvolumereduction,(3)mechanicalsizereduction.

comment:Physicaltransformationsdonotinvolveachangeinphase(e.g.,solidtogas),unlikechemicalandbiologicaltransformationprocesses.

第35页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一ComponentSeparation.Componentseparationisthetermusedtodescribetheprocessofseparating,bymanualand/ormechanicalmeans,

identifiablecomponentsfromcommingledMSW.Componentseparationisusedto

transformaheterogeneouswasteintoanumberofmore-or-lesshomogeneouscomponents.

第36页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一MechanicalVolumeReduction.Volumereduction(sometimesknownasdensification)isthetermusedtodescribetheprocesswherebytheinitialvolumeoccupiedbyawasteisreduced,usuallybytheapplicationofforceorpressure.Inmostcities,thevehiclesusedforthecollectionofsolidwastesareequippedwithcompactionmechanismstoincreasetheamountofwastecollectedpertrip.第37页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一MechanicalSizeReduction.Sizereductionisthetermappliedtothetransformationprocessesusedtoreducethesizeofthewastematerials.Theobjectiveofsizereductionistoobtainafinalproductthatisreasonablyuniformandconsider-ablyreducedinsizeincomparisonwithitsoriginalform.Inpractice,thetermsshredding,grinding,andmillingareusedtodescribemechanicalsize-reductionoperations.

第38页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一ChemicalTransformationsChemicaltransformationsofsolidwastetypicallyinvolveachangeofphase.Toreducethevolumeand/ortorecoverconversionproducts,theprincipalchemicalprocessesusedtotransformMSWinclude

(I)combustion(chemicaloxidation),(2)pyrolysis,(3)gasification.

Allthreeoftheseprocessesareoftenclassifiedasthermalprocesses.第39页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一Combustion(ChemicalOxidation).Combustionisdefinedasthechemicalreactionofoxygenwithorganicmaterials,toproduceoxidizedcompoundsac-companiedbythe

emissionoflightandrapidgenerationofheat.Inthepresenceofexcessairandunderidealconditions,thecombustionoftheorganicfractionofMSWcanberepresentedbythefollowingequation:

第40页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一Pyrolysis.Pyrolysisisthetermusedtodescribetheprocess.

Incontrastwiththecombustionprocess,whichishighlyexothermic,thepyrolyticprocessishighlyendothermic.

Forthisreason,destructivedistillationisoftenusedasanalternativetermforpyrolysis.

第41页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一Gasification.Thegasificationprocessinvolvespartialcombustionofacarbonaceousfuelsoastogenerateacombustiblefuelgasrichincarbonmonoxide,hydrogen,andsomesaturatedhydrocarbons,principallymethane.Thecombustiblefuelgascanthenbecombustedinaninternalcombustionengineorboiler.第42页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一Whenagasifierisoperatedatatmosphericpressurewithairastheoxidant,theendproductsofthegasificationprocessare(1)alow-Btugastypicallycontainingcarbondioxide(CO2),carbonmonoxide(CO),hydrogen(H2),methane(CH4),nitrogen(N2);(2)acharcontainingcarbonandtheinertsoriginallyinthefuel,(3)condensibleliquidsresemblingpyrolytic

oil.

第43页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一OtherChemicalTransformationProcesses.Example:Thehydrolyticconversionofcellulosetoglucose,followedbythefermentationofglucosetoethylalcohol.第44页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一BiologicalTransformationsThebiologicaltransformationsoftheorganicfractionofMSWmaybeusedtoreducethevolumeandweightofthematerial;toproducecompost,ahumus-likematerialthatcanbeusedasasoilconditioner;toproducemethane.Theprincipalorganismsinvolvedinthebiologicaltransformationsoforganicwastesarebacteria,fungi(真菌),yeasts,andactinomycetes（放线菌）.Thesetransformationsmaybeaccomplishedeitheraerobicallyoranaerobically,dependingontheavailabilityofoxygen.第45页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一AerobicComposting.Leftunattended,theorganicfractionofMSWwillundergobiologicaldecomposition.Theextentandtheperiodoftimeoverwhichthedecompositionoccurswilldependon

thenatureofthewaste,

themoisturecontent,

theavailablenutrients,otherenvironmentalfactors.Undercontrolledconditions,yardwastesandtheorganicfractionofMSWcanbeconvertedtoastableorganicresidueknownascompostinareasonablyshortperiodoftime(fourtosixweeks).第46页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一CompostingtheorganicfractionofMSWunderaerobicconditionscanberepresentedbythefollowingequation:

第47页，共53页，2023年，2月20日，星期一AnaerobicDigestion.ThebiodegradableportionoftheorganicfractionofMSWcanbeconvertedbiologicallyunderanaerobicconditionstoa