双语微生物专题知识讲座

双语微生物专题知识讲座双语微生物专题知识讲座第1页要求：1，Turnoffyourphones;2，Itwouldbeappreciatedifyoudonotcomeintotheclassroomafterthebellhadrung;3，Don’tdoanythingthathasnorelationshipwithwhatwearelearning.双语微生物专题知识讲座第2页References:《EssentialMicrobiology》,writtenbyStuartHogg(theUniversityofGlamorgan,UK),andpublishedbyWiley.《BrockBiologyofMicroorganisms》（10,11,12th），M.T.Madiganetal，NewJersey,EnglewoodCliffs:PrenticeHall.《微生物学》（第二版）主编：沈萍，陈向东。高等教育出版社；.5，北京《微生物学》主编：张文治。高等教育出版社；.10《微生物学》（第六版）主编：李阜棣。中国农业出版社；，北京双语微生物专题知识讲座第3页汉字期刊微生物学报微生物学通报菌物系统应用与环境微生物学报病毒学报中国食用菌生物工程进展试验生物学报食品与发酵工业生物技术参考书微生物学教程周德庆微生物学沈萍工业微生物学岑沛霖Microbiology(fifthedtion)LansingM.Prescott;JohnP.Harley;DonaldA.Klein双语微生物专题知识讲座第4页Inthisopeningchapter,weoffersomeanswerstothefollowingquestions:

Whatismicrobiology?

ThehistoryfortheresearchofMicrobiology;Whyisitsuchanimportantsubject?

Howhavewegainedourpresentknowledgeofmicrobiology?双语微生物专题知识讲座第5页双语微生物专题知识讲座第6页双语微生物专题知识讲座第7页Anagarplatewithmicroorganismsisolatedfromadeep-watersponge.双语微生物专题知识讲座第8页1.Microbe&MicrobiologyWhatismicroorganismormicrobe?Microbesareadiversegroupoforganismsthatcanbedividedintotheviruses,unicellulargroups(Archaea,Eubacteria,protista,somefungiandsomechlorophyta)andasmallnumberoforganismswithasimplemulticellularstructure(thelargefungiandchlorophyta).Mostmicrobescannotbeseenwithouttheaidofamicroscope.双语微生物专题知识讲座第9页不一样研究学者对微生物定义：凡是肉眼看不见或看不清楚其个体全部生物总称。形体微小、结构简单、进化低等，只能借助光学显微镜或电子显微镜才能看清楚其个体形态全部生物总称。全部形体微小、单细胞或个体结构较为简单多细胞，甚至无细胞结构低等生物总称双语微生物专题知识讲座第10页Whatismicrobiology?thescience(logos)ofsmall(micro)life(bios).thestudyoflivingthingssosmallthattheycannotbeseenwiththenakedeye.Isthattrue?Bacterianeatlyfitthisdefinition,butwhataboutfungiandalgae?Thesetwogroupseachcontainmembersthatarefarfrommicroscopic.Ontheotherhand,certainanimals,suchasnematodeworms,canbemicroscopic,yetarenotconsideredtobethedomainofthemicrobiologist.Virusesrepresentanotherspecialcase;theyaremostcertainlymicroscopic,butbymostaccepteddefinitionstheyarenotliving.双语微生物专题知识讲座第11页Three-domainsystemThethree-domainsystemisabiologicalclassificationintroducedbyCarlWoesein1990thatdividescellularlifeformsintoarchaea,bacteria,andeukaryotedomains.Inparticular,itemphasizestheseparationofprokaryotesintotwogroups,originallycalledEubacteria(nowBacteria)andArchaebacteria(nowArchaea).Woesearguedthat,onthebasisofdifferencesin16SrRNAgenes,thesetwogroupsandtheeukaryoteseacharoseseparatelyfromanancestorwithpoorlydevelopedgeneticmachinery,oftencalledaprogenote.双语微生物专题知识讲座第12页

WoeseC,KandlerO,WheelisM(1990)."Towardsanaturalsystemoforganisms:proposalforthedomainsArchaea,Bacteria,andEucarya.".ProcNatlAcadSciUSA87(12):4576–9.双语微生物专题知识讲座第13页双语微生物专题知识讲座第14页ArchaeaDomain

-prokaryotic,nonuclearmembrane,distinctbiochemistryandRNAmarkersfromeubacteria,possessuniqueancientevolutionaryhistoryforwhichtheyareconsideredsomeoftheoldestspeciesoforganismsonEarth;traditionallyclassifiedasarchaebacteria;oftencharacterizedbylivinginextremeenvironments.双语微生物专题知识讲座第15页HalobacteriumNRC-1FerroplasmaacidophilumHerminiimonasglacieiPyrodictiumabyssi双语微生物专题知识讲座第16页BacteriaDomain

-prokaryotic,nonuclearmembrane,traditionallyclassifiedasbacteria,containallknownpathogenicprokaryoticorganisms,studiedfarmoreextensivelythanArchaea.

双语微生物专题知识讲座第17页EukaryaDomain–eukaryotes,nuclearmembraneKingdomProtistaorprotists;KingdomFungiorfungi;KingdomPlantaeorplants;KingdomAnimaliaoranimals.双语微生物专题知识讲座第18页Microbesinclude：Prokaryotes（原核微生物）Non-cellularmicrobes(非细胞型）：virus(病毒）Bacteria（细菌）Archaea（古菌）Eukaryotes（真核微生物）Cellularmicrobes（细胞型）Fungi（真菌）Algea（藻类）Protozoa（原生动物）双语微生物专题知识讲座第19页Bacteriaareprokaryotes;theothermicroorganismsareeukaryotes.Prokaryotecellslackanuclearmembraneandmembrane-boundorganelles.Recently,bacteriahavebeendividedintoeubacteriaandarchaebacteria,withthelattermorecloselyrelatedtoeukaryotecells.Fungiincludeyeasts,molds,andmushrooms.Virusesarenotcellularorganisms;theyareintra-cellularparasitesofanimals,plants,orbacteria.双语微生物专题知识讲座第20页Whyismicrobiologyimportant?

双语微生物专题知识讲座第21页Togetsomeideaoftheimportanceofmicrobiologyintheworldtoday,justconsiderthefollowinglistofsomegeneralareasinwhichtheexpertiseofamicrobiologistmightbeused:(1)medicine(2)environmentalscience(3)foodanddrinkproduction(4)fundamentalresearch(5)agriculture(6)pharmaceuticalindustry(7)geneticengineering.双语微生物专题知识讲座第22页Whilstthereareundoubtedlysomewhofearallmicrobesduetotheassociationofsomemicrobeswithvarioushumanillnesses,manymicrobesarealsoresponsiblefornumerousbeneficialprocessessuchasindustrialfermentation(e.g.theproductionofalcohol,vinegaranddairyproducts),antibioticproductionandasvehiclesforcloninginhigherorganismssuchasplants.ScientistshavealsoexploitedtheirknowledgeofmicrobestoproducebiotechnologicallyimportantenzymessuchasTaqpolymerase,reportergenesforuseinothergeneticsystemsandnovelmolecularbiologytechniquessuchastheyeasttwo-hybridsystem.双语微生物专题知识讲座第23页ThedevelopmentofMicrobiologyAntonivanLeeuwenhoek;LouisPasteur;RobertKoch;双语微生物专题知识讲座第24页MicroorganismshadbeenontheEarthforsome4000millionyears,whenAntonivanLeeuwenhoekstartedoutonhispioneeringmicroscopeworkin1673.MicroorganismswerefirstvisualizedbyAntonivanLeeuwenhoek(1632–1723),aDutchclothmerchantandanexpertlensgrinder.Hissimplemicroscopesmagnifieduptothreehundreddiameters.Intheeighteenthcentury,manypeoplestillbelievedthatlivingorganismscouldarisespontaneouslyfromorganicmatter—thedoctrineofabiogenesis,orspontaneousgeneration.双语微生物专题知识讲座第25页1664年，微生物学先驱列文虎克曾用原始显微镜对生长在皮革表面及蔷薇枯叶上霉菌进行观察。1676年，首次观察到了细菌。双语微生物专题知识讲座第26页Pasteurtrainedasachemist,andmadealastingcontributiontothescienceofstereochemistrybeforeturninghisattentiontospoilageproblemsinthewineindustry.Henoticedthatwhenlacticacidwasproducedinwineinsteadofalcohol,rod-shapedbacteriawerealwayspresent,aswellastheexpectedyeastcells.Thisledhimtobelievethatwhiletheyeastproducedthealcohol,thebacteriawereresponsibleforthespoilage,andthatbothtypesoforganismhadoriginatedintheenvironment.双语微生物专题知识讲座第27页InresponsetoacallfromtheFrenchAcademyofScience,hecarriedoutaseriesofexperimentsthatledtotheacceptanceofbiogenesis,theideathatlifearisesonlyfromalreadyexistinglife.Usinghisfamousswan-neckedflasks,hedemons-tratedin1861thataslongasdustparticles(andthemicroorganismscarriedonthem)wereexcluded,thecontentswouldremainsterile.双语微生物专题知识讲座第28页双语微生物专题知识讲座第29页ThefirstproofoftheinvolvementofbacteriaindiseaseandthedefinitiveproofofthegermtheoryofdiseasecamefromtheGermanRobertKoch.In1876KochshowedtherelationshipbetweenthecattlediseaseanthraxandabacilluswhichwenowknowasBacillusanthracis.双语微生物专题知识讲座第30页Kochinfectedhealthymicewithbloodfromdiseasedcattleandsheep,andnotedthatthesymptomsofthediseaseappearedinthemice,andthatrodshapedbacteriacouldbeisolatedfromtheirblood.Thesecouldbegrowninculture,wheretheymultipliedandproducedspores.Injectionofhealthymicewiththesespores(ormorebacilli)ledthemtootodevelopanthraxandonceagainthebacteriawereisolatedfromtheirblood.TheseresultsledKochtoformalizethecriterianecessarytoproveacausalrelationshipbetweenaspecificdiseaseconditionandaparticularmicroorganism.ThesecriteriabecameknownasKoch’spostulates,andarestillinusetoday.Koch’spostulates双语微生物专题知识讲座第31页Koch’spostulates:1,Themicroorganismmustbepresentineveryinstanceofthediseaseandabsentfromhealthyindividuals.2,Themicroorganismmustbecapableofbeingisolatedandgrowninpureculture.3,Whenthemicroorganismisinoculatedintoahealthyhost,thesamediseaseconditionmustresult.4,Thesamemicroorganismmustbere-isolatedfromtheexperimentallyinfectedhost.双语微生物专题知识讲座第32页柯赫定律概括以下：1.病原微生物一定存在于一切患病个体中，而在健康个体中不存在;2.一定能分离和纯培养所怀疑病原微生物;3.当分离病原微生物接种健康宿主时，一定造成相同疾病;4.相同病原微生物一定再从这种发病宿主中分离到。双语微生物专题知识讲座第33页Despitetheirvalue,itisnowrealisedthatKoch’spostulatesdohavecertainlimitations.Itisknownforexamplethatcertainagentsresponsibleforcausingdisease(e.g.viruses,prions:seeChapter10)can’tbegrownin

vitro,butonlyinhostcells.Also,thehealthyanimalinPostulate3isseldomhuman,soadegreeofextrapolationisnecessary–ifagentXdoesnotcausediseaseinalaboratoryanimal,canwebesureitwon’tinhumans?Furthermore,somediseasesarecausedbymorethanoneorganism,andsomeorganismsareresponsibleformorethanonedisease.双语微生物专题知识讲座第34页AlexanderFleming(1881-1955）双语微生物专题知识讲座第35页WhilePasteurandKochareoftenconsideredthefoundersofmicrobiology,theirworkdidnotaccuratelyreflectthetrue