《高级英语》教案

《高级英语》教案

uADVANCEDENGLISH”TEACHINGNOTES

FOREIGNLANGUAGESDEPARTMENT

课程名称：高级英语

教学对象：英语本科三、四年级学生

教学内容：ADVANCEDENGLISH(BookOne&BookTwo)

教学重点:

1.文化背景知识；对课文的理解；语法的难点；作者的写作特

点；词汇；有关英语修辞手法。

2.语言基本功的训练（听，说，读，写，译）

3.培养学生进行语言教学的基本技能

每周学时：4节（每班）

考试方式：形成性评价与终结性评价相结合

教学方法：GeneralMethodology,Lecture,Reports,Discussion,

Demonstration,Learner-basedTeaching.

教学目的:

1.Toimprovestudents;fourlanguageskills:listening,speaking,

readingandwriting.

2.Tocultivatestudents'basicskillsinEnglishlanguageteaching.

3.Toacquireacertaindegreeofskillinanalyzingthestructures

ofeachtext.

4.Tounderstandthedifficultlanguagepointsineachlesson.

5.Toimprovestudents'abilityinoralpresentationand

demonstration.

6.TodevelopanappreciationoftheEnglishlanguageandits

importanceasour

linguisticbridgetotherestoftheworld.

7.Toarousethedesiretoimproveone'sownspeechhabitsforbetter

communicationinviewofthefactthatstudentsarepreparingto

beEnglishlanguageteachers.

教学基本要求：

1、提高独立工作能力，学会查找有关参考书，会自己动手写注释、做笔

记。

2、培养分析、欣赏写作技巧的能力。

3、掌握基本的英语修辞手段的使用技巧。

4、准确掌握课文内容，学会分析课文的写作技巧，并能将其应用于写作。

5、培养语篇分析能力，学会词语释义，即用英语解释英语短语或句型转

换。

6、逐步培养对语言与文化之间的关系的敏感性。

7、学习、巩固构词法、区分同义词的差别，更好地掌握词义。

课程基本内容和学时分配：

第一学期：

本学期的教学内容：张汉熙主编的《高级英语》第一册的1至8单元，共

72学时。

教学安排：本学期共需学习8个单元，平均每个单元约需9课时。其中背

景知识介绍、相关文化知识介绍及文章结构概述约需1学时，课文讲解

约需5学时，课后练习约需3学时。

教学要求：要求学生课前对每个单元的相关文化背景知识作必要的了解,

预习课文；练习用英语对词语、句子进行释义；认识和辨别课文中出现的

各种修辞手法；了解英语中各种文体的作用和特点；在老师指导下分析、

欣赏文章的写作技巧、文章的结构、语言特点；学会查找参考书，并自己

动手写注释、做笔记等。

Unit1:TheMiddleEasternBazaar

I.AdditionalBackgroundKnowledge

1.MiddleEasternCountries

2.ArchitectureofGothicStyle

II.IntroductiontothePassage

1.Typeofliterature:apieceofobjectivedescription

2.Thepurposeofapieceofobjectivedescription:

---torecordandreproduceatruepicturewithopinionsand

emotionsoftheauthorexcluded

3.Waysofdevelopingapieceofobjectivedescription:

---tobeginwithabriefgeneralpicture,dividetheobjectinto

partsandorganizethedetaileddescriptioninorderofspace

III.EffectiveWritingSkills

1.makingeffectiveuseofspecificverbs

2.usingadjectivesaccurately

3.usingfivehumansenses---hearing,smelling,seeing,

tastingandtouchingtomakethe

descriptionvivid

4.usingrhetoricaldevicesproperly

IV.RhetoricalDevices

1.simile

2.metaphor

3.assonance

4.onomatopoeia

V.SpecialDifficulties

1.paraphrasingsomesentences

2.translatingsomeparagraphs

3.identifyingfiguresofspeech

VI.Questions

1.Whatisabazaar?CanyounamesomeoftheMiddleEastern

countriesinwhichsuchbazaarsarelikelytobefound?

2.Nameallthemarketsinthebazaar.Whatkindofeconomydo

youthinktheyrepresent?Givefactstosupportyourview.

3.Whatscenedoyoufindmostpicturesqueinthebazaar?Why?

Unit2:Hiroshima---"theLiveliest“CityinJapan

byJacquesDanvoir

I.AdditionalBackgroundKnowledge

1.TheCityofHiroshima

2.Thefirstdroppingofanatomicbomb—“LittleBoy”

II.IntroductiontothePassage

1.Typeofliterature:apieceofradioreport

2.Thepurposeofapieceofradioreport:toinformtheauditors

ofthetruth

3.Somecharacteristicsofradioreport:authenticityand

objectivity

III.EffectiveWritingSkills

1.accuratelyrecordingthedialogueswithsomeJapaneseto

reinforcetheauthenticityofthereport

3.carefullyobservinganddescribingdetailstoreinforcethe

authenticityofthereport

3.vividandhumorousdescriptiontomakethereportinteresting

IV.RhetoricalDevices

1.metaphor

2.anti-climax

V.SpecialDifficulties

1.readingbetweenthelines

2.paraphrasingsomesentences

VI.Questions

1.Whatwasthewriter'sattitudetowardsHiroshima?

2.WasHiroshimainanywaydifferentfromotherJapanesecities?

3.Eveninthisshortdescriptiononemayfindsomeoftheproblems

ofJapan,oratleast,ofHiroshima.Canyousaywhattheyare?

4.HowdotheJapanesethemselveslookatHiroshima?Why?

VII.DetailedTeachingNotes:

Hiroshima-the"Liveliest”City

InJapan

1.TheMapofJapan

Hiroshima

Hiroshima,cityonsouthwesternHonsh?Island,Japan,capitalof

HiroshimaPrefecture,attheheadofHiroshimaBay.Thecitywas

foundedin1594onsixislandsinthe?taRiverdelta.Hiroshima

grewrapidlyasacastletownandcommercialcity,andafter1868

itwasdevelopedasamilitarycenter.OnAugust6,1945,during

WorldWarII(1939-1945),thefirstatomicbombtobeusedagainst

anenemypositionwasdroppedonthecitybytheUnitedStatesArmy

AirForces(seeNuclearWeapons).AccordingtoU.S.estimates60,000

to70,000peoplewerekilledormissingasaresultofthebomband

manymoreweremadehomeless.(In1940thepopulationofHiroshima

hadbeen343,698.)Theblastalsodestroyedmorethan10sqkm(4

sqmi)ofthecity,completelydestroying68percentofHiroshima's

buildings;another24percentweredamaged.EveryAugust6since

1947,thousandsparticipateininterfaithservicesinthePeace

MemorialParkbuiltonthesitewherethebombexploded.In1949

theJapanesededicatedHiroshimaasaninternationalshrineofpeace.

Afterthewar,thecitywaslargelyrebuilt,andcommercial

activitieswereresumed.Machinery,automobiles,foodprocessing,

andthebrewingofsakearethemainindustries.Thesurrounding

area,althoughmountainous,hasfertilevalleyswheresilk,rice,

andwheatareproduced.Population(1990)1,085,705.

2.TheBombingofHiroshima

OnAugust6,1945,duringWorldWarII,theUnitedStatesdropped

thefirstatomicbombonHiroshima,aJapanesecityandmilitary

center.Anestimated60,000to70,000peoplewerekilledorreported

missing,andthousandsmoreweremadehomeless.Sixteenhoursafter

theattack,U.S.PresidentHarryS.Truman'sreportoftheevent

wasbroadcasttoradiolisteners.

Theexplosionproducesgreatamountsofheat,ashockwaveand

intenseradiation.Theregionoftheexplosionbecomes

radioactivelycontaminatedandradioactiveproductsmaybe

depositedelsewhereasfallout.

At8:15a.m.onAugust6,1945,byorderofPresidentTruman,the

firstAtomicbomb,nicknamedLittleBoywasexplodedoverapoint

nearthecentreofHiroshima,destroyingalmosteverythingwitha

radiusof830-1,450meters.Thedamagebeyondthisareawas

considerable,andover71,000peoplewerekilledinstantly.Many

morelaterdiedofinjuriesandtheeffectsofradiation.Casualties

numberednearly130,000.Survivorsarestilldyingofleukaemia,

perniciousanaemiaandotherdiseasesinducedbyradiation.Almost

98%ofthebuildingsweredestroyedorseverelydamaged.

TheJapanesededicatedpost-warHiroshimatopeace.Adestroyedarea

named“PeaceCity"hasbeensetasideasamemorial.ApeacePark

wasbuild.Aspecialhospitalbuiltheretreatspeoplesuffering

fromexposuretoradiationandconductsresearchintoitseffects.

3.Rhetoric

tenor(subject):theconcept,object,orpersonmeantinametaphor

vehicle(reference):amediumthroughwhichsomethingisexpressed,

achieved,ordisplayed

Simile:Asimilemakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikethingshaving

atleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Thetwothings

comparedmustbedissimilarandthebasisofresemblanceisusually

anabstractquality.Thevehicleisalmostalwaysintroducedbythe

wordlikeoras.

Self-criticismisasnecessarytousasairorwater.

Thewaterlaygreyandwrinkledlikeanelephant，sskin.

Myverythoughtswereliketheghostlyrustleofdeadleaves.

Thebuswentasslowlyasasnail.

Hereyeswerejetblack,andherhairwaslikeawaterfall.

Thecomparisonispurelyimaginative,thatis,theresemblance

betweenthetwounlikethingsinthatoneparticularaspectexists

onlyinourminds,andnotinthenatureofthethingsthemselves.

Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.

Metaphorisconsideredthemostimportantandbasicpoeticfigure

andalsothecommonestthemostbeautiful.

Snowclothestheground.

Thetownwasstormedafteralongsiege.

Boysandgirls,tumblinginthestreetsandplaying,weremoving

jewels.

Ihadalumpinmythroat

Atlastthisintermezzocametoanend...

Iwasagaincrushedbythethought...

…whenthemeaning…sankin,joltingme...

Metonymy（借代、换喻）

Shewasagirlwhoexcitedtheemotions,butIwasnotonetolet

myheartrulemyhead.

Hetooktothebottle.

…littleoldJapanadriftamidbeigeconcrete

skyscrapers…strugglebetweenkimonoandtheminiskirt

IthoughtthatHiroshimastillfelttheimpact

Metonymycanbederivedfromvarioussources:

a.Namesofpersons

UncleSam:theUSA

b.Animals

thebear:theSovietUnion

thedragon:theChinese(afightbetweenthebearandthedragon)

c.Partsofthebody

heart:feelingsandemotions

head,brain:wisdom,intelligence,reason

greyhair:oldage

d.Profession:

thepress:newspapers,reportersetc.

HemetthepressyesterdayeveningattheGrandHotel.

thebar:thelegalprofession

e.locationofgovernment,businessetc.

DowningStreet:theBritishGovernment

theWhiteHouse:theUSpresidentandhisgovernment

theCapitalHill:USCongress

WallStreet:USfinancialcircles

Hollywood:Americanfilmmakingindustry

Euphemism:thesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive

expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggeststhunpleasant,e.g:

Hewassentencedtoprison---Heisnowlivingatthegovernment's

expenses.

Theboyisabitslowforhisage.

togotoheaven—dead

togotothebathroom,doone'sbusiness,answerthenature;scall,

putanendtomylife.

Eachdayofsufferingthathelpstofreemefromearthlycares.

Irony:

Hiroshima---theLiveliestCityinJapan

thegoodfortunethatmyillnesshasbroughtme

Anti-Climax:

atownknownthroughouttheworldforits---oysters

Alliteration:

sliptoastop

testedandtreated

RhetoricalQuestion

WasInotatthesceneofthecrime?

4.DetailedStudyoftheText:

1.slip:tomoveslidingly,smoothly,secretlyorunnoticed,it

carriesastrongerimplicationofafrictionlessthanslide.

2.lump:amassofsth.solidwithoutaspecialsizeofshape

alumpoflead,sugar

Blackcoffee,2lumps,please!

ahardswellingonthebody

Shewasafraidwhenshefeltalumpinherleftbreast

tohavealumpinone，sthroat:

tohaveatightfeelinginthethroatbecausestrongemotion,such

assorroworgratitude,tohaveone'sthroatchoked,tohavea

feelingofpressure,beingunabletobreath,atightsensationin

thethroatcausedbyunexpressedpity,sorrow,excitement,etc.

Allduringherhusband'sfuneral,shehad

John，smotherhada...athiscollegegraduation.

Thestrongsensationofexcitementandsorrowmademeunableto

breatheortospeakasifmythroatwaschoked,asifmythroatgot

blockedbysth.solid.

3.onmymind:troublingone'sthoughts,causinganxiety,

unhappiness.Whenyouhavesthonyourmind,youcan'tgetridof

it,youarecompletelypreoccupied,andobsessed.

Hisfailureweighsheavilyonhimmind.

Hehasgottoomuchonhismindtoworryaboutyourproblem.

Iamgladyouwanttotalkaboutthis.It'sbeenonmymindforweeks.

cf:

inone'smind:thinkabout,thinkof

IthinkIknowwhat'sinyourmind.

Hermotherwasalwaysinhermind.

4.theveryactofsteppingonthissoil:

actandaction:

Actionrefersprimarilytotheprocessofacting;acttotheresult,

thethingsdone.Anactionisusuallyregardedasoccupyingsome

timeandinvolvingmorethanonestep;anactismorefrequently

thoughtofasmomentaryofinstantaneousandasindividual.

Therescueofashipwreckedcrewisaheroicactionwhilethe

launchingofthelifeboat,abraveact.

acourseofaction

onthissoil:onthisland,onthisearth,ground

ThewordSOILconveysastrongemotion,itisanemotiveword.

Apersoninexilecomesbacktohismotherland,hekneelsdownto

kissthesoil.

Hereissuggeststheemotionoftheauthor.Hethinkshiscountry

isresponsiblefortheA-bombdestruction.Heispreoccupied.He

hasthefeelingofatoning(makingrepayment)forthecrime.

5.adventure:ajourneythatisstrangeandexcitingandoften

dangerous,sth.youdoorasituationyoubecomeinvolvedinthat

isratherunusual,excitinganddangerous.Fromthetextitselfone

canclearlyseethatthemeaningis"trip"sinceitisfollowed

bythisword.

TheAdventuresofTomSawyer,HuckleberryFinn

6.reportorial:(notinLongmanorALD)

belongingto,of,aboutareporter,theadj.formofreporter

7.crime:anoffencewhichispunishablebylaw

Here:animmoralact

8.appear

Appear,Look,andSeemcanmeantobeasstatedinone'sviewor

judgement,butnotnecessarilyinfact.

Seemsuggestsanopinionbasedonsubjectiveimpressionratherthan

objectivesigns.

Heseemstired.

MyothervisitstoBeijingweretwentyyearsago.Howwoulditseem

aftersuchalongtime?

Lookimpliesthattheopinionisbasedonageneralvisual

impression.

Hislipslookedunnatural.

Helooksnervous.

Appearsuggestsadistortedimpression,suchascanbeproducedby

arestrictedpointofview.

Histonguecouldmaketheworseappearthebetterreason.

Heappearednottohaveheardwhathadbeensaidabouthim.

Heappears/seems/lookstobe/likeanhonestman.

9.preoccupy:tofillthethoughtsorholdtheinterestof,tofill

one'smindcompletelysothatnotenoughattentionisgiventoother

presentmatters

Whenheispreoccupiedwithhishobby,hehasnoideaofwhatis

goingonaroundhim.

Iwastoopreoccupiedtohearthebell.

Hehadapreoccupiedlookonhisface,asifsth.wastroublinghim.

preoccupation:extremeconcernforsth.

Readingishismainpreoccupation.

ItseemedtomethattheJapanesedidnothavethesameextreme

concernwhichisbotheringme.

Iwastotallyabsorbedintheconsiderationofthecrime,butthe

Japanesedidnotappeartobeso.

Mymindwascompletelyfilledwithsadthoughts

10.rubshoulderswith:tomeetandmixwith(people)

Thisisnotthesortofclubwherethegreatrubshoulderswiththe

humble.

Apersoninmypositionrubsshoulderswithallkindsofpeople.

Inourclass,peopleofalltrades(porter,carpenter,coppersmith,

etc.)rubbershoulderswitheachother.

11.oblivious:beunawareof,notnoticing,unconsciousof,lacking

mindfulattention

Theirgovernmentisobliviousoftherightsofthegoverned.

Iamobliviousofmyformerfailure.

IwassopreoccupiedwiththebookthatIwasobliviousofthe

surroundings.

IwassopreoccupiedwiththebeautifulwomanImetonthebusthat

Iwasobliviousofthepickpocketbesideme/ofwhattheconductress

wasyellingwhenthebuscametoastop.

12.bob:tomoveupanddownquicklyandrepeatedly

Thecorkonthefishinglinebobbedupanddownonthewater.

13.rite:formofbehaviourwithafixedpattern.Ariteisaseries

ofwordsandactionswhichasafixedorderandwhichisusedfor

aspecialreligiouspurpose.

Idon，tknowmuchabouttheritesofthatchurch.

Secretsocietyhastheirspecialrites.

ceremonial/burial/funeralrites

theritesofhospitality

themarriageriteofthechurch

Ritualactionsarealwaysdoneinexactlythesamewaywhenevera

particularsituationarises,(aslightlyhumoroususe).

OnSundaywemakeourritualvisittothepubatlunchtime.

14.formula:anexpressionwhichisoftenusedinaparticular

situation,esp.onethathascometosoundstupidandmeaningless

Theyexchangethesetofconventionally/customarilyfixedpattern

ofdailygreetings.

15.facade:frontorfaceofabuildingtowardsastreetoropen

place

16.grin:broadsmilethatshowstheteeth,itintendstoimplynaive

cheerfulness

17.rear-viewmirror:amirror（asinanautomobile）thatgivesa

viewoftheareabehindthevehicle

18.martyr:personwhoisputtodeathorcausedtosufferforhis

beliefsorforthesakeofagreatcauseorprinciple

amartyrtoacause/love（殉情）/duty（殉职）

Eternallifetotherevolutionarymartyrs!（革命英雄永垂不朽）

v.:toputtodeath,causetosuffer,totorture,outofcruelty

19.lurch:tomovewithirregularsuddenmovements,tomove

unsteadily,clumsily,withheavyrollingandswayingbackandforth

20.inresponseto:asananswerto

Inresponsetoyourinquiries,weregrettoinformyouthatwecannot

helpyouinthismatter.

TwiceIputtherequesttohimbuthesaidnothinginresponse.

21.twist:towindanumberofthreads,etc.together

tomakearopebytwistingthreads

totwistthehairtomakeitcurl

toturn,tochangedirectionabruptly

totwistthecapofatubeoftoothpaste

Hetwistedmyarm.

Givethehandleatwist,thatwillopenthebox.

22.screech:makeaharsh,piercingsound,tomakeasharp,

high-pitchednoise

23.halt:tostoporpause,mainlyusedinthephrase"cometoa

halt

24.ignorance:lackofknowledge

Pleaseforgiveourignorance.

Poverty,diseaseandignoranceremainmajorworldproblems.

Weareincompleteignoranceofhisplan.

ignorant:Tobeignorantofsth.isnottoknowit.

HeisquiteignorantofLatin.

Shewasignorantofhispresence.

cf:

disregard:totreatasnotworthyofnotice

HedisregardedTom,andspokestraighttome.

Wedisregardedthegossipandrumours.

neglect:togivenoortoolittleattentionorcareto

Youareneglectingyourwork/duty.

Thereisafactorwhichwemustcertainlynotneglect.

neglect:failtodosth.becauseofcarelessness

Heneglectedtoreturnthebooktothelibrary.

Don'tneglecttolock(locking)thedoorwhenyouleave.

Toignoresth.istopretendnottoknoworseeit.

Shesawhimcomingbutignoredhim.

Itisnotaquestionthatcanbeignored.

Ofthesethreewords,ignoreisthestrongestandneglectisthe

weakest

Itisapointofhonorwiththetaxidrivertotakethe

passengertowhicheverdestinationhewantstogo.

25.intermezzo:shortmusicalcompositiontobeplayedbetweenthe

actsofadramaoranopera,oronethatconnectsthemaindivisions

ofalargemusicalworksuchasasymphony.Thiswordisusedvery

lighted-heartedhere

26.Ifoundmyselfinfrontofthegiganticcityhall.

cf:Igottothefrontof...

Thefirstsentenceindicatessuddenness,unconsciousness.I

suddenlydiscoveredthatIwasinfrontofthecityhall.

gigantic:aclosesynonymofgiant,fromwhichitisderived,very

likelytobeusedinmetaphoricalextensions.

giant:infairytales,averybig,strongcreatureintheformof

aman,butoftenunfriendlytohumanbeingsandverycrueland

stupid.

Insomeculture,eg.Greek,Scandinavian,AmericanIndian,giants

werebelievedtobethefirstraceofpeoplelivedonearth.

gigantic:titanic,massive,huge

27.usher:officialdoorkeeper,amanwhoshowspeopletotheir

seatsonanimportantoccasion,(orinatheatre,cinema)

28.heave:togiveout(asadsound)hephrase“toheave

asigh/groan”

Weallheavedasighofreliefwhentheworkwasdone.

sigh:anactoflettingoutadeepbreathslowlyandwithasound,

usu.expressingtiredness,sadnessorsatisfaction

Shenodded,sighedandwentoncooking.

Hegaveanotherdeepsigh.

29.sketch:todrawroughlyandquicklywithoutlinesbutlittle

detail

30.embankment:awidewallofstonesorearth,whichisbuildto

keepariverfromoverflowingitsbanks,ortocarryaroadorrailway

overlowground

cf:

bank:landlongthesideofariver,lake,etc.

shore:thelandalongtheedgeofalargestretchofwater

beach:ashoreofanocean,sea,orlakeorthebankofarivercovered

bysand,smoothstonesorlargerpiecesofrock

coast:thelandnexttothesea

Whenmeaninglandborderingabodyorstreamofwater,thefourwords

arecomparable.

Shoreisthegeneralwordforthelandimmediatelyborderingonthe

sea,alake,oralargestream.

Coastdenotesthelandalongthesearegardedespeciallyasa

boundary.

Beachappliestothepebblyorsandyshorewashedbytheseaora

lake

arockyshorewithhereandthereacovewithabeach

Bothshoreandbeachmaydenotearesortfrequentedforpleasure

orvacation.Inthisuseshoremayspecificallyindicatesproximity

tothesea,andbeachaplaceadaptedtotheuseofswimmersor

sunbathers.

spendthesummerattheshore

spendapartofeachdayatthebeach

Bankdenotesthesteeporslopingmarginofastream.

31.barge:alargelowboatwithaflatbottom,usedmainlyfor

carryingheavygoodsonacanalorriver

32.moor:tofaster(aship,boat)toland,tothebedofthesea,

etc.bymeansofropes,chainsananchor,etc.

33.arresting:striking,attractingandholdingattention.This

wordaddstostrikingthesuggestionofcapturingattention

arrestingbeauty/story

arrest:toseizeinthenameoflawandusu.putinprison,tocatch

andfix(esp.sb.'sattention)

Thebrightlightsarresttheboy'sattention.

34.spectacle:sth.seen,sth.takingplacebeforetheeyes,esp.

sth.fine,remarkable

Thebigarmyparadeonnationaldayisagrandspectacle.

Theeruptingvolcanoisawonderfulspectacle.

Theopeningceremonyoftheexhibitionwasafinespectacle.

35.adrift:afloatwithoutcontrol,drivenaboutbytheseaorwind

ahasthemeaningof"away,from,of,in,on,etc.

aboard:ontheboard,ontheboat

afire:tosetsth.onfire:Thehousewasafire.

afloat:onwater

afoot:onfootIcameafoot.

36.beige

khaki/flannel/indanthrine

mohair/palace/melton/cashmere

37.amid:fmlandlit.among,inthemiddleof

38.incessant:neverstopping,itimpliesceaselessor

uninterruptedactivity

39.stun:tomakeunconsciousbyhittingthehead

Therobbersstunnedtheguardbybanginghimonthehead.

Hewasstunnedbythenewsofhisfather，sdeath.

stunning:veryattractive,delightful,beautiful,makingyoubecome

intoxicated

40.costume:theclotheswornbypeopleataparticulartimein

historyorinaparticularcountry

amuseumofcostume

portraitsofpeopledressedin17th-centurycostume

asetofclotheswornbyanactororperformerorbysb.atafancy

dressparty

bathing/swimming/riding/huntingcostume

Hewasinacademiccostume.

41.tread:towalkorstep,toputthefootdownon

(Notice:themindisfixedonthefeet)

42.cautious:havingorshowinggreatcare,asiftheremightbe

somedanger,esp.fearoffailureorharmtooneselforothers,act

verycarefullysoastoavoidortominimizedtherisksofdisaster

Thethiefcautiouslyopenedthedoor.

Thetroopsadvancedwithgreatcaution.

43.twinge:asuddensharp