2022-2023年福建省福州市大学英语6级大学英语六级

2022-2023年福建省福州市大学英语6级大学英语六级学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

Differentfromlargeorganicfarms,smallorganicfarmsweremainlyengagedin______.

2.

WhichisoneoftheservicesofferedbyKelly?

A.TomakesureyourCVmeetstherequirements.

B.TohelpfilltheCVonline.

C.TohelphandyourCVtothecompanies.

D.Toestablishatimetableforyou.

3.

ThereasonwhyEmery,whowasalreadyinhissixties,chasedandcaughtayoungmanwasthat______.

4.

AccordingtoLegato,prescriptiondragshaveplayedanimportantroleintheextensionoflifeexpectancysince______

5.

Internetusersarelesslikelytowanttowatch______programsonacomputerscreen.

6.Antipollutionlegislationshavebeenenactedthankstothecontinuedpressurefrom______.

A.grass-rootsorganizations

B.individualactivism

C.environmentalists

D.environmentalregulation

7.

Mostofthefoodsgrownandprocessedaccordingtothefederalstandardswillbeartheseal______.

8.

AccordingtoFredrikdeWahl,whatisthedifferencebetweenJoostandKaZaA&Skype?

A.KaZaAandSkypebenefitthedomainwheretheyinvolve.

B.KaZaAandSkypedonotimpactthedomainwheretheyinvolveatall.

C.Joostdoesn'tthreatenthedomainwhereitinvolves.

D.Joostnegativelyimpactsthedomainwhereitinvolves.

9.

Ifyou'reconsideringalargeuniversity,besuretofindout______andhowmanyaretaughtbyprofessors.

10.

Newtonwasneveragoodstudentandhadneverfinishedhisuniversitystudies.

A.YB.NC.NG

11.

Increasingone'soutputturnsouttobethemostimportantstrategyinfulfillingtheself-improvement.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

Toholdanattitudeofchallengeandserf-confidencetowardstestsandexaminations,youmustfirst______oftests.

13.

TheviewthattheminoritieslikeMr.Nardelliandhisfriendsareseizingmostofglobalization'sgainscouldbe______.

A.negativeB.popularC.radicalD.doubtful

14.

ANavycourtofinquiryruledthatthisaccidentwasattributedto______.

15.Vioxxshowednoconnectiontoheartproblemsinitsclinicaltrial.

16.

ReligiousconflictbetweensectsinIraqbecameworseduetothewar.

A.YB.NC.NG

17.Earth:MeltingintheHeat?

Glaciersaremelting;theicecapsaredisappearingintotheoceans;sealevelsmayrisebymanymetersasaconsequence.Indigenous(本土的)Arcticpeopleswillfindtheirfoodstocksgone,whilefreshwatersuppliesinAsiaandsouthAmericawilldisappearastheglacierswhichprovidethemmeltaway;penguins,polarbearsandsealswillfindtheirhabitatsgone,theirtraditionallivesunlivable.

Buthowrealisticisthispicture?Istheworld'sicereallydisappearing,orisitunscientifichotair?

AEuropeansatellitenamedCryosatwasdesignedtoprovidedefinitiveanswerstosomeofthesequestions.AlauncherfaultdestroyedthemissioninOctober2005,buttheEuropeanSpaceAgencyhasapprovedareplacement.Inthemeantime,hereisourglobalsnapshot.

TheAntarctic

Huge,pristine(质朴的),dramatic,unforgiving—theAntarcticiswherethebiggestofallglobalchangescouldbegin.

Thereissomuchiceherethatifitallmelted,sealevelsgloballywouldrisehugely—perhapsasmuchas80m.SaygoodbyetoLondon,NewYork,Sydney,Bangkok...infact,themajorityoftheworld'smajorcities.

Butwillithappen?ScientistsdividetheAntarcticintothreezones:theeastandwestAntarcticicesheets;andthePeninsula,thetongueoflandwhichpointsuptowardsthesoutherntipofSouthAmerica.

"EverybodythinksthattheAntarcticisshrinkingduetoclimatechange,buttherealityismuchmorecomplex,"saysDavidVaughan,aprincipalinvestigatorattheBritishAntarcticSurveyinCambridge,U.K."Partsofitappeartobethickeningasaresultofsnowfallincreases,butthePeninsulaisthinningatanalarmingrateduetowarming.TheWestAntarcticsheetisalsothinning,andwe'renotsureofthereasonwhy."

OntheUp

TemperaturesinthePeninsulaappeartobeincreasingataroundtwicetheglobalaverage—about2℃overthelast50years.Thosefiguresarebasedonmeasurementsmadebyinstrumentsatscientificstations.

Earlierthisyear,DavidVaughan'sgrouppublishedresearchshowingthatthevastmajorityofglaciersalongthePeninsula—87%ofthe244studied—areinretreat.Theicedumpedintotheoceanastheglaciersretreatshouldnotmakemuchdifferencetoglobalsealevels—perhapsafewcentimeters.

Moreworrying,potentially,arethevasticesheetscoveringtherestofAntarctica.Makingtemperaturemeasurementsforthecontinentasawholeisdifficult;itisavastplace—morethan2,000kmacross—therearefewresearchstations,andtemperaturesvarynaturallyby2～3℃fromyeartoyear.Butmeasurementsindicatethatinthewest,meltingisunderway.

"Aboutone-thirdoftheWestAntarcticicesheetisthinning,"saysDr.Vaughan,"onaveragebyabout10cmperyear,butintheworstplacesby3～4mperyear."

TherockonwhichtheWestAntarcticicerestsisbelowsealevel,andBritishAntarcticSurveyresearchersbelievethethinningcouldbeduetotheicesheetmeltingonitsunderside.

"Itmaybethattheoceaniswarmingandthat'scausingtheicetomelt,buttheremaybeothermasonsaswell;forexample,there'slotsofvolcanisminthatareaandsothatcouldchangehowmuchheatisdeliveredtotheundersideoftheicesheet."

CryosatshouldhelptopindownwhatishappeningattheWestAntarcticfringe.TheradaraltimetersonboarditspredecessorsERS1andERS2havebeenunabletomapthesteepslopesatthecoast,whereasCryosat'sinstrumentshouldbeabletocope.

IftheentireWestAntarcticicesheetdidmelt,sealevelsgloballywouldrise,byaround5m.Butatthemoment,thereisnosignofthathappening.

OnerecentscientificpaperattemptedtocalculateprobabilitiesforhowmuchWestAntarcticmeltingwoul

A.YB.NC.NG

18.

Fluvaccinescanreducedeathbyabout______percentamongoldpeople.

19.

ThereasonwhyaninformalagreementamongtheQuintmemberswouldnotworkisthatitisnotlegallycertified.

A.YB.NC.NG

20.

WhichisTRUEaboutIQtestaccordingtothepassage?

A.PeoplewhohasahigherIQisagenius.

B.IQtestmeasuresalimitedpartofaperson'sintelligence.

C.Hightestscoreshavelittletodowithrealgenius.

D.ThereisstillacontroversyonwhetherIQtestcantellallaboutthegenius.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.

【B11】

22.(35)

A.RobertRoss.

B.JohnFrost.

C.RobertFrost.

D.BorisPasternak.

23.

【B7】

24.(46)

25.(34)

A.Achangeinthestatusofeducatedpeople.

B.Achangeinthenatureofreading.

C.Anincreaseinthenumberofbooks.

D.Anincreaseintheaverageageofreaders.

26.听力原文：WeknowthenthatintheUS,it'sthejobofCongresstoproposenewlaws,whichwecallbills,andperhapstomodifythesebillsandthenwriteonthem.ButevenifthebillispassedinCongress,itstilldoesn'tbecomealawuntilthePresidenthasachancetoreviewit,too.Andifit'snottothePresident'sliking,thebillcanbevetoedorkilledineitheroftwoways.Oneisbyavetomessage.ThePresidenthastendaystovetothebillbyreturningittoCongress,alongwiththemessageexplainingwhyit'sbeingrejected.ThiskeepsthebillfrombecomingalawunlessoverwhelmingmajoritiesofbothHousesofCongressvotetoover-rightthePresident'sveto.Sometimestheydothat.Often,lawmakerssimplyrevisethevetoedbillandpassitagain.Thistime,intheform.thePresidentislesslikelytoobjectto,andlesslikelytowanttoveto.TheotherwaythePresidentcankillabillisbypocketveto.Here'swhathappens.IfthePresidentdoesn'tsignthebillwithintendays,andCongressadjournsduringthattime,thenthebillwillnotbecomelaw.NoticethatitisonlyattheendofanentiresessionofCongressthatthepocketvetocanbeused,notjustwheneverCongresstakesashorterbreak,say,forasummervacation.Afterapocketveto,thatparticularbillisdead.IfalawmakerinCongresswantstopushthematterintheirnextsession,they'llhavetostartalloverwithabrandnewversionofthebill.

(33)

A.HowthePresidentproposesnewlaws.

B.HowabillispassedbylawmakersinCongress.

C.HowthePresidentcanrejectaproposedlaw.

D.HowlawmakerscanforcethePresidenttosignabill.

27.(43)

28.(14)

A.Thestoriesprobablyweren'ttrue.

B.Tomdoesn'tusuallytellfunnystories.

C.She'ssurprisedTomwassoseriouslastnight.

D.ShewantstoknowwhereTomheardthestories.

29.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：(26)Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausesadeclineintheworld'saverageairtemperature.Inordertoprovethattheory,ecologistshaveturnedtohistoricaldatainrelationtoespeciallyhugevolcaniceruptions.Theysuspectthatvolcanoeseffectweatherchangesthataresimilartoairpollution.

OnesourceofinformationistheeffectoftheeruptionofTambora,avolcanoinSumbawa,theDutchEastIndiestheformernameoftheRepublicofIndonesiainApril1815.Thelargestrecordedvolcaniceruption,(27)Tomborathrew150milliontonsoffineashintothesky.Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.Forexample,recordsofweatherinEnglandshowthatbetweenAprilandNovember1815,theaveragetemperaturehadfallen4.5F.Duringthenexttwenty-fourmonths,Englandsufferedoneofthecoldestperiodsofitshistory.Farmers'recordsfromApril1815toDecember1818indicatefrostthroughoutthespringandsummerandsharpdecreasesincropandlivestockmarkets.(28)Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect,bythetimetheworldagriculturalcommoditycommunityhaddeteriorated,noonerealizedthecause.

Ecologiststodaywarnthatwefaceatwofoldmenace.Theever-presentpossibilityofvolcaniceruption,suchasthatofMt.St.HelensinWashington,addedtoman'spollutionoftheatmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,maybringusincreasinglycolderweather.

(27)

A.Theywereevidentinthedecreasedworldtemperature.

B.Theywereofseveraldays'durationworldwide.

C.TheywerefeltmainlyintheDutchEastIndies.

D.Theywereimmediatelyevidenttotheworld'sscientists.

30.听力原文：M:Youknow,I'vestudyingregularly,butI'mstillnotdoingwellinmyhistoryclass.

W:Maybeinsteadbfstudyinginyourroom,youshouldseatyourselfinaplacethathasfewerdistractions.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanadvisethemantodo?

(18)

A.Findaquietplacetostudy.

B.Changetheconditionsofhisroom.

C.Findamorecomfortableplacetostudy.

D.Avoiddistractionswhilestudyinginhisroom.

31.听力原文：W:Whatdoesitgoonwithyourdebateonthematterofmoney?

M:Somepeoplebelievemoneytalks.ButI'moftheopinionthatwe'vegottobeitsmasterandnotitsslaves.

Q:What'stheman'sopiniononmoney?

(15)

A.Weshouldspendourmoneywisely.

B.Wecannotlivewithoutmoney.

C.Wearenotslavesofmoney.

D.Weshouldlearntosavemoney.

32.听力原文：W:TherestaurantwearegoingtoiswellknownforitsChinesefood.

M:Well,Ihopewe'llbeabletofindatablewhenwegetthere.

Q:Whatarethespeakersgoingtodo?

(15)

A.Buyatableintheshop.

B.Eatatarestaurant.

C.Lookforanicerestaurant.

D.Orderamealbytelephone.

33.听力原文：W:Youknow,theBrownshaveinvestedalltheirmoneyinstocks.

M:Theymaythinkthat'sawisemove.Butthat'sthelastthingI'ddo.

Q:What'stheman'sopinionabouttheBrown'sinvestment?

(18)

A.HebelievestheBrownshavedoneasensiblething.

B.Hedoesn'tthinktheBrownsshouldmovetoanotherplace.

C.Hedoesn'tthinktheBrowns'investmentisawisemove.

D.HebelievesitisbetterfortheBrownstoinvestlater.

34.听力原文：W:Doyouliketorun?

M:Yeah,whenthepolicearechasingme.

W:FastlikeClement?

M:Who?

W:KerronClement.Hejustbroketheworldrecordinthe400meters.Didyouknowthathe'sonly19yearsold?Didyouseeitonthenews?

M:Iheardabitaboutit.

W:Okay.Well,let'slookattherest.ThisFloridasophomoreranthe400metersin44.57secondsattheNCAAIndoorTrackandFieldChampionships.Hebrokethemarkof44.63secondssetbyMichaelJohnsonin1995.

M:Hey，I'mfast.Icouldbeathimanyday.

W:Yeah,onlyifthereisa$20billblowinginthewindinfrontofyou.Let'sgobacktothestorynow.ClementisfromTrinidadandTobagoandmovedtotheUnitedStateswhenhewas13.HewasahighlydesirableathleteatLaPorteHighSchoolinTexas.BigsportsschoolslikeLouisianaStateUniversity,TexasandTennesseewereafterhim.HechoseFloridaandwastednotimeinmakinghismark.HewontheNCAAchampionshipinthe400meterhurdlesandthenwontheworldjuniorchampionshipinthesameevent.Atthejuniorchampionships,ClementcompetedfortheUnitedStatesafterearninghisU.S.citizenshiplastsummer.HeprobablycouldhavegonetotheOlympicsforTrinidadandTobagolastyear,butpreferredtobecomeanAmerican.WhydoyouthinkhewantedtobecomeanAmerican?

M:ProbablyAmericaishisnewhomeandithasbetter1ivingconditionsthanbackhome.

W:Yeah,somethinglikethat.Hesaidhelovescompetitionandhewantstotrainwiththebestintheworld,theAmericans.

(20)

A.ToconfirmthatthemaniscapableofbeatingClement.

B.Toshowhowsincereheis.

C.Togiveanexampleofhowtorunfast.

D.Tomakeajokeabouttheman'scomment.

35.(24)

A.Inplaceofphysicaltherapy.

B.Tocontrolbrainproblems.

C.Topreventheartdisease.

D.Torelievedepression.

36.(47)

37.听力原文：OneofBritain'sfewdistinctivecontributionstoworldculturemaybedoomed,accordingtoasurveythatsuggests(29)holidaypostcardsarebeingemailedandtextedintoextinction.Morethanhalfofthe1,000holidaymakersinterviewedsaidtheyhaddecidedtosendfewercards,turninginsteadtotheirelectronicrivals.Aquarteroftherespondentsdismissedpostcardsasold-fashionedandslowtoarrive.Afurther14%admittedthatthinkingofsomethingtofillthespacewastoochallenging,comparedwithacallhome.

ThomsonHolidayscommissionedthepoll.Itshead,ChrisMotterssaidthatiftheBritishpostcarddidbecomeextinct,theywouldloseforeversomethingofgreatimportancetothenation.HewasbackedbyMarieAngelouofSussexUniversity,whohasinvestigatedtheimportanceofsendingandreceivingpostcards.(30)"Postcardsarenothinglikephonecalls,instanttextinganddirectphotoshotsviathemobile,"shesaid."Alltheseareuseful,practicaldevices,butpostcardsoffersomethingelse,somethingadditionalthatisnotmundaneandsimplyfunctional,butimaginativeandpersonal.Theycanevoketherealatmosphereofyourholidayinawaythatnothingelsecando.They'realsoformorethanamoment--withsomepeopleaddingthemtocollectionsbuiltupoveryearsandyears."

(31)Postcard-collecting,isthirdonlytocoinsandstampsinBritain'salliedtraditionofcollectingthings.Thecountry'suniquelypostcard-relatedachievementsincludetheinventionin1902ofthe"dividedback".Withtheaddresstakinguphalfofthewritingarea,briefpostcardscribblesbecamethepioneertotoday'stextmessages.

(30)

A.MoreandmorepeopleareusedtotheInternet.

B.CellponesareBecominganimportantpartofourlife.

C.Postcardsareinthedangerofextinction.

D.Communicationsbetweenpeoplearebecomingeasier.

38.(21)

A.Students'weight.B.Maturity.C.Wealth.D.Beauty.

39.

【B6】

40.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：Lifeinthetwentiethcenturymustdemandpreparations.Today,allindividualsinacountrymusthaveadequateschoolingtopreparethemfortheirworksaswellasfortheirresponsibilitiesascitizens.Withthisfaithinmind,nationalleaderseverywhereareplacingmoreemphasisontheeducationoftheyoung.

IntheUnitedStates,governmentofficials,parents,andteachersareworkinghardtogivethechildren—tomorrow'sdecision-makers—bestpreparationavailable.

ThereisnonationalschoolpolicyintheUnitedStates.Eachofthefiftystatesmakesitsownrulesandregulationsforitsschools,buttherearemanysimilaritiesamongthefiftyschoolsystems.Publicschoolsinallstatesarcsupportedbytaxespaidbythecitizensoftheindividualstate.Inmoststatesthechildrenarerequiredtoattendschooluntiltheyreachtheageofsixteen.

Whentheybecomesixyearsold,childrenbeginelementaryschool.Aftersixyearsinelementary,theygointojuniorhighschoolandremainthereforthreeyears.Thelastthreeyearsoftheirpublicschooleducationarespentinseniorhighschoolfromwhichtheygraduateattheageofeighteen.

Agreatnumberofhighschoolgraduatescontinuetheireducationinoneofthemanycollegesoruniversitiesinthecountry.Afterfouryears,theyreceiveabachelor'sdegree.Somecontinuestudyingforamaster'sdegreeandperhapsadoctor'sdegree.

(27)

A.SchoolandEducation.

B.IndividualsintheUnitedStates.

C.ResponsibilitiesasCitizens.

D.Tomorrow'sDecision-makers.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.

Bysaying"I'mjuststartingtolive,"Tommeansthat______.

A.heisjustbeginningtounderstandtherealmeaningoflife

B.heisjustbeginningtoenjoylifeasalovinghusband

C.helivedanunhappylifebeforeandisnowstartingtochange

D.heisbeginningtofeelregretforwhathedidtohiswifebefore

42.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Forthreedecadeswe'veheardendlesslyaboutthevirtuesofaerobic(increasingoxygenconsumption)exercise.Medicalauthoritieshavepraisedrunningandjumpingasthekeytogoodhealth,andmillionsofAmericanshavetakentothetreadmill(踏车)toreaptherewards.Butthestoryischanging.EveryonefromtheAmericanHeartAssociationtothesurgeongeneral'sofficehasrecentlyembracedstrengthtrainingasacomplementtoaerobics.Andasweightliftinghasgonemainstream,sohastheonceobscurepracticeknownas"SuperSlow"training.Enthusiastsclaimthatbypumpingironatasnail'space-makingeach"rep"(repeat)last14secondsinsteadoftheusualseven—youcansafelyplaceextraordinarydemandsonyourmuscles,andcallforthanextraordinaryresponse.Slowliftingmaynotbetheonlyexerciseyouneed,assomeadvocatesbelieve,butthebenefitsareoftendramatic.

Almostanyonecanhandlethisroutine.Theonlyrequirementsarecompletefocusandatolerancefordeepmuscularburn.Foxeachexercise—legpress,benchpress,shoulderpressandsoon—yousetthemachinetoprovideonlymoderateresistance.Butasyoudrawouteachrep,deprivingyourselfofimpetus,theweightsoonfeelsunbearable.Defyingtheimpulsetostop,youkeepgoinguntilyoucan'tcompletearep.Thenyousustainyourvaineffortfor10moresecondswhiletheweightsinksgraduallytowarditscradle.Intense?Uncomfortable?Totally.Butonceyouembracemusclefailureasthegoaloftheworkout,itcanbecomealmostpleasure.

Thegoalisnottoburncalorieswhileyou'reexercisingbuttomakeyourbodyburnthemallthetime.Runningafewmilesmaymakeyousweat,butitexpendsonly100caloriespermile,anditdoesn'tstimulatemuchboneormuscledevelopment.Strengthtrainingdoesn'tburnmanycalories,either.Butwhenyoupushamuscletofailure,yousetoffapourofphysiologicalchanges.Asthemusclerecoversoverseveraldays,itwillthickenandthenewmuscletissuewilldemandsustenance.Bythetimeyouaddthreepoundsofmuscle,yourbodyrequiresanextra9000caloriesamonthjusttobreakeven.Holdyourdietsteadyand,veryquickly,youarevaporizingbodyfat.

Onemighthavebenefitedfromanystrength-trainingprogram.Butadvocatesinsisttheslowtechniqueissaferandmoreeffectivethantraditionalmethods.

ManyAmericanshavetakentotreadmillforyearsbyvirtueof______.

A.itsinherentawardstotheirhealth

B.itsgreaterconsumptionofoxygen

C.thecomplimentpaidbyauthorities

D.theactualbenefitsfromtheexercise

43.

Whatmayhappentocomputercriminalsoncetheyarecaught?

A.Withabadreputationtheycanhardlyfindanotherjob.

B.Theywillbedeniedaccesstoconfidentialrecord

C.Theymaywalkawayandeasilyfindanotherjob.

D.Theymustleavethecompanyheisinandgotojail.

44.

AccordingtoAnnClarke,theNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork______.

A.shouldgatherevidencetodiscreditIngham'sclaims

B.shouldrequirethattheresearchbytheirbiologistsberegulated

C.shouldn'tdemandthatInghambedisciplinedforvoicingherviews

D.shouldn'tappeasetheoppositioninsuchaquietway

45.

ThepassagesuggeststhattheFrenchchild______.

A.onlyassociateswithadults

B.isasheisbecauseoftheclimate

C.isnottreatedasachild

D.isforcedtobehavelikeanadult

46.

InviewofNetpurists,______.

A.thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture

B.moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb

C.theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset

D.thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests

47.

Inthelastsentenceofthelastbutoneparagraph,theauthorwrote"Whatdeathlesspowerliesinthehandsofsuchaperson.""suchaperson"referstosomebody______.

48.

WhatdidRooseveltsayinhisspeechinChicago?

49.

Judgingfromcontext,thephrase"globalcuisine"probablymean______.

50.Thatbadrelationshipmaycauseworsesleep,whichmayworsentherelationship,suggeststhatsleepandrelationshipare______.

51.Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbelikelytoagreewith?

A.Inmostofthehealth-careindustry,therelationshipbetweenadoctorandapatientisthesameasasellerandabuyer.

B.Fewpatientsarereluctanttoobjecttothecourseofthetreatmentprescribedbyadoctorortoquestionthecostoftheservices.

C.Thepayer,whetherinsurancecarrierorthegovernment,islesslikelytoagreewillinglytopaymentdemandswhenthepatient'sillnessisregardedasserious.

D.Themoreserioustheillnessofapatient,thelesslikelyitisthatthepatientwillobjecttothecourseoftreatmentprescribedortoquestionthecostofservices.

52.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehiredrentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm'shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforce,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersonGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

Accordingtothepassage,______astheemployees'sownbusinessappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

53.

【C10】

54.Throughsocialnetworking,youcan______.

A.makefriends,businessconnectionsorfindanappointment

B.findsomeusefulinformationaboutoursociety

C.asksomeonetohelpyoufinishyourownbusiness

D.getprivateinformationaboutyourfriends

55.

Accordingtotheauthor,______.

A.driversshouldapplycourtesyproperly

B.stricttrafficregulationsarebadlyneeded

C.roadcourtesyshouldbevaluedinanycircumstance

D.driversshouldencourageoldladiestocrosstheroad

56.Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtaindatabothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthattendtoencourageordiscouragemoneyspending