泛读3第二版学习

泛读3第二版学习第1页/共61页I.TeachingObjectives:1.ReadingSkill:Skimming

2.TextStudy:ModelsforUnderstandingHistory

II.Teachingkeypoints:Tolearnthehistorymodelsandtheories;III.Teachingdifficultpoints:1.Tolearnhowtounderstandhistory;2.Tolearnandpracticethereadingskill–skimmingskillfully.第2页/共61页IV.Lead-inquestions1.Whatishistory?

Historyisthepast,orasRomanphilosopherCicero

['sisərəu]西塞罗（古罗马政治家、雄辩家、著作家）

says,“Historyisthewitnessthattestifiestothepassingoftime”.Itisarecordofimportanteventsthateverhappenedandeventsthathaschangedthepeople’slives.Forexample,theIndustrialRevolutioninEuropeinthe18thcenturyreformedthewholeEuropeanlandscape,bringinggreatimprovementsintheeconomicandtechnologicalaspects.ItmodernizedthewholeofEurope.That’sahistoricalevent.

Historyispresentedandrecordedinmanyforms.Itcanbeinprimarysourcesorsecondarysources,writtenandnon-written.Historyisaroundus,fromyourdiarytoyourhistorytextbook,fromthefolksongthatyourgrandmataughtyoutooralmemoirsfromvictimsofthewar.Theseareallformsofhistory.

第3页/共61页Historyisalsosomethingthatprofoundlylinkstothepresent,andeventhefuture.Whatourpredecessorshaddoneinthepaststillaffectus.TaketheAgeofReason理性时代asanexample,inthe18thcentury,thereweremanyEnlightenmentideasgenerated.Theseideaslaidthefoundationfortheuniversalcorevaluesandconstitutions,likebasichumanrightsandfreedomofspeech.2.Doyoubelievethatwecanreallyknowthetruthofhistory?第4页/共61页Itdependson,oritishardtoanswer.Forthepastevents,somearerecorded,butsomearelost.Forthoserecorded,wearenotsuretheauthorcouldrecordthemsubjectivelyorobjectively.3.Doyouthinkitmeaningfultostudyhumanhistory?Historyisthecoreofourlife.Weareonepartinhistorylikeadropwaterintheocean.Itishumanbeingswhocreatehistoryandhistoryitselfguidesustowalklessoncrookedroads弯路.Itisworthlearningfromhistory.第5页/共61页V.PracticeofskimmingAskSstofindtheidenticalunitorwordasquicklyastheycanandcrossitoutandtheteachertimesthespeedoftheirwork.1.Letterperception(25seconds)2.wordperception(25seconds)第6页/共61页VI.Wordpretest1.ToaskSstofinishdoingtheEXX.inWordPretest.(4minutes)2.Tochecktheanswers.第7页/共61页1.underlying:[,ʌndə'laiiŋ]adj.notobvious,difficulttodiscoverorrevealadj.潜在的；根本的；在下面的；优先的underlie:vt.hidebehind,bethecauseorbasisofsth.过去式underlay,过去分词underlain,现在分词underlying.2.subscribeto:

[səb'skraib]agreeto,support,contribute订阅；同意；捐款3.covenant['kʌvənənt]:agreement,contract契约，盟约，合同第8页/共61页4.tribulation:

[,tribju'leiʃən]sufferings,disasters苦难；磨难；忧患

Thetrialsandtribulationsofeverydaylife生活的磨难5.flyinthefaceof:

goagainst;becontrarytovt.悍然不顾6.succumb

[sə'kʌm]consentreluctantly

vi.屈服；死；被压垮:vi.givein,固定搭配~to7.garb

[ɡɑ:b]:vt.dress,orwearastrangeclothes(尤指不寻常的)装束

shawl

[ʃɔ:l]n.围巾，长方形披巾vt.用披巾包裹第9页/共61页8.shed:vt.getridof,pouroutindropsorsmallquantitiesvt.流出；摆脱；散发；倾吐e.g.shedtears,GodshedHisgraceonThee(you).shedlighton:makefreefromconfusionorambiguity;makeclear为…提供线索，使…清楚的显现，阐明…Heshedhisimageasapushyboss.pushy

['puʃi]adj.有进取心的；爱出风头的；有冲劲的；固执己见的adj.markedbyaggressiveambitionandenergyandinitiative

Shedyourclothes.9.discern

[di'sə:n,-'zə:n]view,detect,spot,observe,perceive,seevt.识别；领悟，认识vi.看清楚，辨别第10页/共61页VI.TextI

ModelsforUnderstandingHistoryAskSstospend6minutesskimmingText

1whilebearingthequestionsof1-6

onPage58inmind.Andthenchecktheanswers.Keys:1.ModelsforUnderstandingHistory

2.C3.A4.B5.C6.C

AskSstospend6minutesrereadthetextagainandthendecidewhethereachofthestatementsonpage58istrueorfalse.Andthenchecktheanswers.Keys:7.F8.F9.T10.F11.F

12.T第11页/共61页VII.UnderstandingofTextI7.1Comprehensionquestions⑴

Whatdoes"model"mean?thewaytohelppeopletointerpretandassemblethefactsofhistory.⑵Howmanymodelsforunderstandinghistory?Whatarethey?3models:thehistoryofmankindisarecordofprogressandthatfutureprospectsarebright.thingswregettingworseovertimeandthattheprospectsforthefutureweregrim.（

unpleasant,depressing,anddifficulttoaccept.严酷的;令人沮丧的）periodsofaccomplishmentarefollowedbyperiodsofdecay第12页/共61页7.2Topic-centeredAnalysisofText

PartI(Para1)Themodelsofunderstandinghistorycanbesortedintothreebroadcategories.PartII(Para2-4)ModeAbelievesthatthehistoryofmankindisarecordofprogressandthatfutureprospectsarebright.PartIII(Para5)ModelBisthatthingsweregettingworseovertimeandthattheprospectsforthefutureweregrim.第13页/共61页PartIV(Para6-9)Historyiscomplicated.Periodsofaccomplishementarefollowedbeperiodsofdecay.PartV(Para10-11)Conclusion:Suggesttherightattitudeforhistory:Thetrickistomovebeyondthesimplemodelsandtothinkcriticallyaboutwhatevertimeperiodtheyarestudying.第14页/共61页7.3ThestructureoftheTexttheauthor'schioce:criticaleyesModelC:upanddownModelB:downModelA:upthegenerallead-in第15页/共61页7.3.1.Lead-inunderlying:underlyingcause/principle/problemetc:thecause,ideaetcthatisthemostimportant,althoughitisnoteasilynoticed.Thereisanunderlyingassumptionthatyoungerworkersareeasiertotrain.assumptionsththatyouthinkistruealthoughyouhavenodefiniteproofalotofpeoplemaketheassumptionthatpovertyonlyexistsintheThirdWorld.第16页/共61页7.3.2ModelAthefutureofmankindisbetterandbrighterthebenifitsofthismodel:flatteringtooneselfandone'scontemporariesallowsonetofacethefuturewithoptimismtherepresentativesofthismodel:HegelmanyAmericanhistorians第17页/共61页GeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegel

(1770–1831)aGermanphilosopher,andoneofthecreatorsofGermanidealism.Hegelinfluencedwritersofwidelyvaryingpositions,includingbothhisadmirerssuchasMarx,andhisdetractorssuchasNietzsche.

[‘ni:tʃə]尼采Hegeldevelopedacomprehensivephilosophical"system",toaccountinanintegratedanddevelopmentalwayfortherelationofmindandnature,thesubjectandobjectofknowledge,andpsychology,thestate,history,art,religion,andphilosophy.围绕思维与存在的辩证同一这个基本命题，黑格尔建立起令人叹为观止的客观唯心主义体系:绝对精神自我发展的三个阶段：逻辑学、自然哲学、精神哲学。这是人类思想史上最惊人的大胆思考之一。恩格斯后来给其以高度的评价：“近代德国哲学在黑格尔的体系中达到了顶峰，在这个体系中，黑格尔第一次—这是他的巨大功绩—把整个自然的、历史的和精神的世界描写为处于不断运动、变化、转化和发展中，并企图揭示这种运动和发展的内在联系。”黑格尔的代表作品有《精神现象学》、《逻辑学》、《哲学全书》、《法哲学原理》、《哲学史讲演录》、《历史哲学》和《美学》等。第18页/共61页unify=unite:ifyouunifytwoormorepartsorthings,oriftheyunify,theyarecombinedtomakeasingleunithismusicunifiestraditionalandmodernthemes.strongsupportforthewarhasunifiedthenation.oppositetodivide第19页/共61页俾斯麦(Ottovon,1815-1898,德国政治家,德意志帝国

第一任首相)OttoEduardLeopoldvonBismarck(1815–1898)

['bizma:k]wasaPrussian普鲁士Germanstatesmanandaristocratofthe19thcentury.AsMinister-PresidentofPrussiafrom1862–1890,heoversawtheunificationofGermany.In1867hebecameChancelloroftheNorthGermanConfederation.WhentheGermanEmpirewasformedin1871,heservedasitsfirstChancelloruntil1890andpracticedRealpolitik

[rei'a:lpɔliti:k]权力政治,whichgainedhimthenickname"TheIronChancellor".WilhelmI霍亨索伦王室,alsoknownasWilhelmtheGreat

(WilliamFrederickLouis,German:WilhelmFriedrichLudwig)(1797–1888)wastheKingofPrussia(2January1861–9March1888)andthefirstGermanEmperor(18January1871–9March1888).UndertheleadershipofWilhelmandhisChancellorOttovonBismarck,PrussiaachievedtheunificationofGermanyandtheestablishmentoftheGermanEmpire.GermanEmperor;KingofPrussiaBismark第20页/共61页7.3.3ModelBgoldenagegrimyfutureHowdoesthismodelfittheoutlinesofScripture?Paradise

theearthAdam&EvethroughGod'scovenantswithNoah,Abraham,MosesfulfillinJesusback第21页/共61页Theword,scripture,hasbeenfirmlyattachedtotheBibleinthatitisused32timesin32versesintheKingJamesBible.TheBibleisthecentralreligioustextofJudaismandChristianity.ChristianityrecognisestheOldTestamentwhichincludesthreeparts:theTorah

[‘tɔrə,’təu-,təu‘rɑ:]律法(“teaching”or“law”),theNevi’im先知(“prophets”),andtheKetuvim圣卷，著作(“writings”)..Scripture第22页/共61页AndallChristiansalsorecognisetheNewTestament,acollectionofearlyChristianwritingsthatconsistsoftheGospels福音书,theActsoftheApostles使徒行传》;《圣经·新约》第五章(OftenshortenedtoActs)

,theEpistles

/ɪ‘pɪsəl/使徒书信;《圣经·新约》中的各卷书，原为早期基督徒的书信

,andtheApocalypse

[ə‘pɔkəlips]启示；天启；世界末日第23页/共61页AdamandEve

AdamandEvewere,accordingto

thechapters1-5ofGenesisoftheBible,thefirstmanandwomancreatedbyGod.InGenesis1GodcreatesAdaminhisimage,andgiveshimdominionoverthelivingthingshehascreated.Genesis2Godcausesthemantosleep,andcreatesawomanfromhisrib.ThatisEve.Genesis3,

theserpenttemptsEvetoeatfromthetreeofknowledge,tellingherthatitwillnotleadtodeath;shesuccumbs,andgivesthefruittoAdam.thus,theybrokeGod'scommandbyeatingfromthetree.Godcursesthemwithhardlaborandwithpaininchildbirth,andbanishesthemfromhisgarden.Genesis4and5givethestoryofAdamandEve'sfamilyaftertheyleavethegarden.

第24页/共61页grim:=harsh,makingyoufeelworriedorunhappywhenhelosthisjob,hisfuturelookedgrim.lookingorsoundingveryserious.I'llsurvive,hesaidwithagrimsmile.verybad,ugly,orunpleasanttheweatherforecastisprettygrim.trend:ageneraltendencyinthewayasituationischangingordevelopingtrendupward/downward:atendencyforsthtoincreaseordecrease第25页/共61页God'scovenantwithNoah['nəuə]

ThebiblicalstoryofNoahiscontainedinthebookofGenesis,chapters6–9

，God,saddenedatthewickednessofmankind,decidedtosendagreatdeluge

['delju:dʒ]洪水todestroyalllife.ButhesawthatNoahwasarighteousman,andinstructedhimtobuildanarkandgatherhimselfandhisfamilywitheverytypeofanimal,maleandfemale.AndsotheFloodcame,andalllifewasextinguished,exceptforthosewhowerewithNoah.第26页/共61页AndthenNoahbuiltanaltartoGodandmadeanoffering."AndwhentheLordsmelledthepleasingodour,theLordsaidinhisheart,'Iwillneveragaincursethegroundbecauseofman,fortheinclinationofman'sheartisevilfromhisyouth;neitherwillIeveragaindestroyeverylivingcreatureasIhavedone.Whiletheearthremains,seed-timeandharvest,coldandheat,summerandwinter,dayandnight,shallnotcease'."ThenGodspoketoNoahthattheanimalswouldfearman;andinreturn,manwasforbiddentoeat“fleshwithitslife,thatis,itsblood.”AndGodforbademurder,andgaveacommandment:“Befruitfulandmultiply,bringforthabundantlyontheearthandmultiplyinit.”Andasasignofhiscovenant,hesettherainbowinthesky,“thesignofthecovenantwhichIhaveestablishedbetweenmeandallflesh（众生，人类）thatisupontheearth."第27页/共61页God'scovenantwithAbrahamAccordingtoGenesis,AbrahamwasthetenthgenerationfromNoahandthe20thfromAdam.AbrahamwassentbyGodfromhishomeinUrKaśdimandHarrantoCanaan[‘keinən]迦南,thelandpromisedtohisdescendantsbyYahweh

[’ja:wei;ja:va:]耶和华InCanaan,Abrahamenteredintoacovenant:inexchangeforrecognitionofYHWHashisGod,Abrahamwillbeblessedwithinnumerableprogeny子孙andthelandwouldbelongtohisdescendants:

"Leaveyourcountry,yourpeopleandyourfather'shouseholdandgotothelandIwillshowyou.IwillmakeyouintoagreatnationandIwillblessyou;Iwillmakeyournamegreat,andyouwillbeablessing.Iwillblessthosewhoblessyou,andwhoevercursesyouIwillcurse;andallpeoplesonearthwillbeblessedthroughyou."

–Genesis12:1-3第28页/共61页God‘scovenantwithMoses[’məuziz]

摩西areligiousleader,lawgiver,andprophetAccordingtotheBookofExodus,MoseswasborninatimewhenwarthreatenedandthelargeincreaseinthenumberofhispeopleconcernedtheEgyptianPharaoh

[‘fεərəu]法老，暴君whowasworriedthattheymighthelpEgypt'senemies.Moses'Hebrewmother,Jochebed,hidhimwhenthePharaohorderedallnewbornHebrewboystobekilled,andheendedupbeingadoptedintotheEgyptianroyalfamily.AfterkillinganEgyptianslave-master,MosesfledacrosstheRedSeatoMidianwherehetendedtheflocksofJethro,apriestofMidianontheslopesofMt.Horeb.

['hɔ:reb]何烈山（又作西奈山）AftertheTenPlagues瘟疫wereunleashed释放onEgypt,MosesledtheHebrewpeopleoutofEgypt,acrosstheRedSea,wheretheybasedthemselvesatHorebandcompassed包围thebordersofEdom

以东（雅各之兄，以扫别名）.

Itwasatthistime,thataccordingtotheBible,MosesreceivedtheTenCommandments.第29页/共61页God'scovenantwithJesusJesustheChrististhecentralfigureofChristianity.hewasaJewwhowasregardedasateacherandhealer医治者.HewasbaptizedbyJohntheBaptist,andwascrucified['kru:si,fai]inJerusalemontheordersoftheRomanPrefect行政长官ofJudaea

[dʒu:‘diə]犹太（地名）,PontiusPilate彼拉多（钉死耶稣的古代罗马犹太总督）,onthechargeofsedition煽动againsttheRomanEmpire.ChristianbelievesthatJesusisdivine,theMessiah[mi‘saiə]救星whosecomingwasprophesiedintheOldTestament,andthathewasresurrected复活

[,rezə'rekt]afterhiscrucifixion.ChristianspredominantlybelievethatJesusisthe“SonofGod”andthesecondpersonintheTrinity

[‘triniti]三位一体whocametoprovidesalvationandreconciliation和解withGodbyhisdeathfortheirsins.第30页/共61页Revelation

[,revə‘leiʃən]

启示（录）WithinasetofmostlyreligiousbeliefsRevelationreferstotheactofrevealingordisclosing,ormakingsomethingobviousandclearlyunderstoodthroughactiveorpassivecommunicationwithsupernaturalentities实体(divine,...).Itisbelievedthatrevelationcanoriginatedirectlyfromadeity神,orthroughanagent,suchasanangel.Onewhohasexperiencedsuchcontactwithorcommunicationfromthedivine神学家isoftencalledaprophet.ChristianityregardsvariedcollectionsofbooksknownastheBibleasauthoritativeandwrittenbyhumanauthorsundertheinspirationoftheHolySpirit圣灵.InanumberofpassagestheBibleclaimsdivineinspirationforitself.Besidesthedirectaccountsofwrittenrevelation,suchasMosesreceivingtheTenCommandments.andintheNewTestament,JesustreatstheOldTestamentasauthoritativeandsaysit“cannotbebroken”,“AllScriptureisGod-breathedandisusefulforteaching,rebuking指责，非难,correctionandtraininginrighteousness".

authoritative[ɔː'θɒrɪtətɪv;-,teɪtɪv]

adj.有权威的；命令式的；当局的第31页/共61页covenant['kʌvənənt]:alegalagreementinwhichsbpromisestopayapersonororganizationanamountofmoneyregularlyhecovenantedtopay$30phecy['prɔfisi]:astatementthatsth.willhappeninthefuture,esp.onemadebysbwithreligiousormagicpowersTheprophecythatDavidwouldbecomekingwasfulfilled.thepoweroractofmakingstatementsaboutwhatwillhappeninthefutureShehadthegiftofprophecy.第32页/共61页tribulation

[,tribju'leiʃən]:serioustroubleoraseriousproblem.accomplishment=achievement:sthsuccessfulorimpressivethatisachievedafteralotofeffortandhardworkItwasamajoraccomplishmentforaplayerwhohadbeeninjuredsorecently.theactoffinishingorachievingsthgoodtheaccomplishmentofpolicygoalsanabilitytodosthwell,ortheskillinvolvedindoingsthwell.技艺playingthepianoisoneofhermanyaccomplishment.第33页/共61页7.3.4ModelCperiodsofaccomplishmentperiodsofdecaythingsdeteriorateanddecaywithage第34页/共61页decay:

damagegraduallytobeslowlydestroyedbyanaturalchemicalprocess,ortomakesthdothis.ifbuildings,structures,orareasdecay,theirconditiongraduallybecomesworse.iftraditionalbeliefs,standardsetcdecay,peopledonotbelieveinthemorsupportthemanymore.deteriorate

[di'tiəriəreit]:tobecomeworse,todevelopintoabadorworsesituationJane'shealthhasdeteriorated.第35页/共61页flyinthefaceofsth:tobetheoppositeofwhatmostpeoplethinkisreasonable,sensible,ornormal.Helikestoflyinthefaceofconvention大会，惯例，习俗.exception:sthorsbthatisnotincludedinageneralstatementordoesnotfollowaruleorpatternwiththeexceptionofsb/sthwealllaughed,withtheexceptionofMaggie马吉（女名）.第36页/共61页supernatural:impossibletoexplainbynaturalcauses,andthereforeseemingtoinvolvethepowersofgodsormagicempower:togivesbmorecontrolovertheirownlifeorsituationTheVotingRightsActwasneededtoempowerminoritygroups.togiveapersonororganizationthelegalrighttodosthThePresidentisempoweredtoappointjudgestotheSupremeCourt.reverse:tochangesth,suchasadecision,judgment,orprocesssothatitistheoppositeofwhatitwasbeforeMorechangesarerequiredtoreversethetrendtowardscentralisedpower.第37页/共61页Greekcity-statesAcity-stateisanindependentcountrywhoseterritoryconsistsofacitywhichisnotadministeredaspartofanotherlocalgovernment.Whereasthenation-statesrelyonacommonheritage共同继承的财产,beitlinguistic,historical,economic,etc.,thecity-statereliesonthecommoninterestinthefunctionoftheurbancenter.Theurbancenteranditsactivitysuppliesthelivelihoodsofallurbanites['ɜːb(ə)naɪt]

inhabitingthecity-state.thecity-statecomesfromtheword“polis”城邦；都市国家

.Eachcitywascomposedofseveraltribes.Metics外邦人(residentforeigners)andslaveslayoutsidethisorganization.Birthtypicallydeterminedcitizenship.Eachpoliswouldalsoworshipanumberofpatron[‘peitrən]保护人，赞助deities/’deɪtɪ/

神灵forprotectionandkeptitsownparticularfestivalsandcustoms.Poliswasfrequentlydividedintothreetypesofinhabitants.Thefirst,andhighest,“group”ofinhabitantsarecitizenswithpoliticalrights.Thentherearethecitizenswithoutpoliticalrights.Lastlytherearethenon-citizens.第38页/共61页AlexandertheGreat(356–323BC)anAncientGreekkingofMacedon

['mæsidən]马其顿王国whocreatedoneofthelargestempiresinancienthistory.AlexanderdiedinBabylonin323BC,beforehavingthechancetorealizeaseriesofplannedcampaigns,beginningwithaninvasionofArabia.IntheyearsfollowingAlexander'sdeath,hisempirewastornapartinaseriesofcivilwars,whichresultedintheformationofanumberofstatesruledbyMacedoniannobility.

[,mæsi'dəunjən]AlthoughbothAlexander’sreignandempirewereshort-lived,theculturalimpactofhisconquestslastedforcenturies.Alexanderisoneofthemostwellknownfiguresofantiquity古代

[æn'tikwəti],andisrememberedforhistacticalability,hisconquests,andthespreadofGreekcivilizationintotheeast.HewasgreatlyinfluencedbyAristotle.第39页/共61页succumb

[sə'kʌm]to=givein:tostopopposingsborsththatisstrongerthanyou,andallowthemtotakecontrol.Ginasuccumbedtotemptationandhadasecondservingofcake.ifyousuccumbtoanillness,youbecomeveryillordieofit.

About400,000Americanssuccumbeachyeartosmoking-relatedillnesses.第40页/共61页TheRomanRepublicwasthephaseoftheancientRomancivilizationcharacterizedbyarepublicanformofgovernment;aperiodwhichbeganwiththeoverthrowoftheRomanmonarchy.

['mɔnəki]n.君主政体；君主国；君主政治TheRomanRepublicwasgovernedbyacomplexconstitution,whichcenteredontheprinciplesofaseparationofpowersandchecksandbalances.Romealsosawitsterritoryexpandduringthisperiod,fromcentralItalytotheentireMediterraneanworld.ManyofRome'slegalandlegislativestructurescanstillbeobservedthroughoutEuropeandtherestoftheworldbymodernstatesandorganizations.TheRomans'LatinlanguagehasinfluencedgrammarandvocabularyacrossEuropeandtheworld.RomanRepublic第41页/共61页RomanEmpire

ThetermisusedtodescribetheRomanstateduringandafterthetimeofthefirstemperor,Augustus.

[ɔ:‘gʌstəs]奥古斯都RomanexpansionbeganinthedaysoftheRepublic,butreacheditszenithunderEmperorTrajan[‘treidʒən]图拉真.

BecauseoftheEmpire'svastextentandlongendurance,Romaninfluenceuponthelanguage,religion,architecture,philosophy,law,andgovernmentofnationsaroundtheworldlaststothisday.Inthelate3rdcenturyAD,Diocletian戴克里先〈意〉罗马皇帝establishedthepracticeofdividingauthoritybetweentwoemperors,oneinthewesternpartoftheempireandoneintheeast,inordertobetteradministerthevastterritory.TheWesternRomanEmpirecollapsedin476,whiletheEasternRomanorByzantine

[bi'zæntain】Empire拜占庭endureduntil1453withthecaptureofConstanti‘nople君士坦丁堡bytheOttomanTurks土耳其人ledbyMehmedII.第42页/共61页DarkAgesItreferstoaperiodofculturaldeclineorsocietalcollapsethatsupposedlytookplaceinWesternEuropebetweenthefallofRomeandthe"Renaissance".['rɛnəsɑns]TheconceptofaDarkAgewascreatedinthe1330sbytheItalianscholarPetrarch.

['pet,ra:k]彼特拉克（1304-1374，意大利诗人，学者、欧洲人文主义运动的主要代表）

Petrarchwrotethathistoryhadhadtwoperiods:theclassicperiodoftheGreeksandRomans,followedbyatimeofdarkness,inwhichhesawhimselfasstillliving.LaterhistoriansexpandedthetermtorefertothetransitionalperiodbetweenRomantimesandtheHighMiddleAges.PopularculturehasfurtherexpandedonthetermasavehicletodepicttheMiddleAgesasatimeofbackwardness落后,extendingitspejorative

['pi:dʒərətive]贬义的useandexpandingitsscope.第43页/共61页AndhumanistsbelievedonedaytheRomanEmpirewouldriseagainandrestoreclassicculturalpurity,andsobythelate14thandearly15thcenturies,humanistssuchasLeonardoBrunibelievedtheyhadattainedthisnewage,andthatathird,ModernAgehadbegun.Theagebeforetheirown,whichPetrarch['pet,ra:k]彼特拉克hadlabelleddark,thusbecamea"middle"agebetweentheclassicandthemodern.Thefirstuseoftheterm"MiddleAge"appearedaround1439.第44页/共61页Renaissance['rɛnəsɑns]

aculturalmovementthatspanned（lasted）roughlythe14thtothe17thcentury,beginninginFlorenceintheLateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.Asaculturalmovement,itencompassed(included)arebirthoflearningbasedonclassicalsources古典源流

,thedevelopmentoflinearperspective线条透视；直线透视图inpainting,andgradualbutwidespreadeducationalreform.Traditionally,thisintellectualtransformationhasresultedintheRenaissancebeingviewedasabridgebetweentheMiddleAgesandtheModernera.['iərə,'εərə]AlthoughtheRenaissancesawrevolutionsinmanyintellectualpursuits,

itisbestknownforitsartisticdevelopmentsandthecontributionsofLeonardodaVinci,Michelangelo

[,maɪkel'ɑ:ndʒelɔ:]米开朗基罗,Shakespeare,etcwhoinspiredtheterm"Renaissanceman"文艺复兴人；多才多艺的人

第45页/共61页Protestant

['prɔtistənt]新教的；新教徒的

ReformersThe‘ProtestantReformers’werethosetheologians神学者

[,θi:ə'ləudʒiən],churchmen,andstatesmenwhosecareers,works,andactionsbroughtabouttheProtestantReformationofthesixteenthcentury.thewideningspreadoftheProtestantReformationoverEuropeintodiversifyingmovementslikeLutheranism

['lu:θərənizəm]

路德教教义

,Anglicanism,['æŋɡlikənizəm]英国国教

Calvinism

['kælvinizəm]

加尔文主义；加尔文教派

,andArminianism.

[ɑ:'miniənizəm]荷兰神学家阿米纽派教义

theywantedtoclarifythetraditionalCatholicChurch大公教会；天主教；天主教会

andsetuporturnbacktotheNewTestamentchurch新约圣经教会

:theearlychurchthatbelievedinthebasicprinciplesofGod's.itseldompaysattentiontotheformsbutthespirits.第46页/共61页7.3TheOutlineofWesternHistory(Britain)RomanRepublicRomanEmpireDarkAgesRenaissanceReligiousReformationAgeofReason理性时代VictorianAgemodernsocietyGreakcity-states第47页/共61页VIII.Review1.WhatistheModelC?2.CouldyouillustratethisModelthroughthedescriptionofwesternhistory?(P.57-61)3.WhatdoyouknowaboutRomanRepublicandEmpire?4.HowabouttheDarkAgesandRenaissance?第48页/共61页thecommanderoftheContinentalArmyintheAmericanRevolutionaryWar(1775–1783)andservedasthefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica(1789–1797).ForhiscentralroleintheformationoftheUnitedStates,heisoftenreferredtoasthefatherofhiscountry.hewas"firstinwar,firstinpeace,andfirstintheheartsofhiscountrymen".WashingtonhasbeenconsistentlyrankedbyscholarsasoneofthegreatestU.S.Presidents.GeorgeWashington(1732–1799)第49页/共61页strive:tomakeagreatefforttoachievesthIwasstillstrivingtobesuccessful.garb:aparticularstyleofclothing,esp.clothesthatshowyourtypeofworkorlookunusualtoga:alongloosepieceofclothingwornbypeopleinancientRome（古罗马的）宽外袍

第50页/共61页JamesMadison(1751–1836)詹姆斯·麦迪逊（美国前总统）

anAmericanpoliticianandpoliticalphilosopherwhoservedasthefourthPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1809–1817),andoneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates.the“FatheroftheConstitution”,whowastheprincipalauthorofthedocument,whodraftedmanybasiclawsandwasresponsibleforthefirsttenamendments修正案totheCon