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TheNervousSystem
DivisionsCentralnervoussystem(CNS)Peripheralnervoussystem(PNS)Centralnervoussystem(CNS)Brain脑Telencephalon端脑Diencephalon间脑Cerebellum小脑Brainstem脑干
Midbrain中脑Pons脑桥Medullaoblongata延髓Spinalcord脊髓Neurons神经元
Cellbody胞体Axon轴突Dendrites树突
Neuroglia-glialcell胶质细胞
StructuralclassificationBipolarneuron
双极神经元
hasanaxonandadendritePseudounipolarneuron
假单极神经元hasacentralbranchandaperipheralbranchMultipolarneuron多极神经元hasanaxonandtwoormoredendritesFunctionalclassificationSensory(efferent)neuron感觉神经元Motor(afferent)neuron运动神经元Associationneuron联络神经元
Reflex:areactionoftheorganismbythenervoussysteminresponsetoastimulusReflexarc:has5basiccomponents
Receptor
↓Sensoryneurons
↓CNS
↓Moterneurons
↓EffectorReflexandreflexarcBasicterminologyinnervoussystemFasciculus
纤维束(tract):abundleofnervefiberswhichhavethesameorigin,termination,pathwayandfunctionReticularformation网状结构:anadmixtureofcross-crossingfiberswithlargerorsmallergroupsofnervecellsoccupyingthemeshesInthePNSGanglion神经节:acollectionofneuronalcellbodiesoutsidetheCNSNerve神经:abundleofnervefibersheldtogetherbyconnectivetissuesheathExternalfeaturesAlongcylindricalstructureandslightlyflattenedanteroposteriorly,Conusmedullaris(脊髓圆锥)Filumterminale(终丝)Caudaequina(马尾)Twoenlargements
Cervicalenlargement(颈膨大):correspondstotheC4totheT1segments
Lumbosacralenlargement(腰骶膨大):correspondstotheL2totheS3segmentsFissureandsulciAnteriormedianfissure前正中裂Posteriormediansulcus后正中沟Anterolateralsulcus前外侧沟-anterior(motor)rootsemergeseriallyPosterolateralsulcus后外侧沟-posterior(sensory)rootsenterspinalcord,eachbearaspinalganglionwhichconstitutesthefirstcell-stationofthesensorynervesRelationshipofsegments
ofspinalcordtovertebrae
Aportionofthecordthatgivesrisetoapairofspinalnerveconstitutesasegment.Thereare31segments8cervical12thoracic5lumbar5sacral1coccygeal
Internalstructures
Centralcanal中央管GraymatterAnteriorhorn(column)前角(柱)Posteriorhorn(column)后角(柱)Intermediatezone中间带Lateralhorn(column)侧角(柱)Anteriorgraycommissures灰质前连合Posteriorgraycommissures灰质后连合WhitematterAnteriorfuniculus前索lateralfuniculus外侧索Posteriorfuniculus后索Anteriorwhitecommisure白质前连合
Posteriorhorn(column):Marginallayer
(缘层)Substantiagelatinosa(胶状质)Nucleusproprius(后角固有核)Nucleusthoracicus(胸核)
insegmentsC8~L3
IntermediatezoneIntermediaolateralnucleus
(中间外侧核)(lateralhornorcolumn):liesinsegmentsT1~L3,containingsympatheticpreganglionicneuronsSacralparasympatheticnucleus(骶副交感核):liesinsegmentsS2~S4,containingparasympatheticpreganglionicneuronsIntermediomedialnucleus(中间内侧核)
:forsensationofviscera
Rexed’slamina板层posteriorhornisformedbylaminaⅠtoⅥ;IntermediatezonecorrespondingtolaminaⅦ;AnteriorhorniscomposedlaminaeⅧandⅨ;laminaⅩisthegraymattersurroundingthecentralcanal.ImportantSubdivisionofSpinalCordGrayMatterRegionLaminaNucleusPosteriorhornⅠMarginallayerⅡSubstantiagelatinosaⅢ,ⅣNucleuspropriusIntermediatezoneⅦNucleusthoracicus(C8~L3)ⅦIntermediolateralnucleus(T1~L3)ⅦSacralparasympatheticnucleus(S2~S4)ⅦIntermediomedialnucleusAnteriorhornⅨMotorneuronⅢ)WhitematterWhitemattercontainsthreekindsoffibers:ascending,descending,andfasciculusproprius
DescendingtractsTractSiteoforiginFuniculusTerminationFunctionLateralcorticospinalCerebralcortexLateralLaminaeⅣ~ⅨanteriorhornVoluntarymovementAnteriorcorticospinalCerebralcortexAnteriorRubrospinalRednucleusLateralLaminaeⅦ~ⅦExcitatoryofflexorsVestibulospinalHomolateralvestibularnucleiAnteriorLaminaeⅦ~ⅧExcitatoryofextensorsReticulospinalReticularformationAnteriorandlateralLaminaeⅦ~ⅧVoluntarymovementMediallongitudinalfasciculusVestibularnucleiAnteriorLaminaeⅦ~ⅧCoordinateneckwitheyemovementTec
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